Merge branch 'master' into fix-menu-item-embed

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ about: Create a report to help us improve Avalonia
 title: ''
 labels: bug
 assignees: ''
-
 ---
 
 **Describe the bug**
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 
 **To Reproduce**
 Steps to reproduce the behavior:
+
 1. Go to '...'
 2. Click on '....'
 3. Scroll down to '....'
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
 If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
 
 **Desktop (please complete the following information):**
- - OS: [e.g. Windows, Mac, Linux (State distribution)]
- - Version [e.g. 0.10.0-rc1 or 0.9.12]
+
+- OS: [e.g. Windows, Mac, Linux (State distribution)]
+- Version [e.g. 0.10.0-rc1 or 0.9.12]
 
 **Additional context**
 Add any other context about the problem here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+  - name: Questions, Discussions, Ideas
+    url: https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/discussions/new
+    about: Please ask and answer questions here.
+  - name: Avalonia Community Support on Gitter
+    url: https://gitter.im/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia
+    about: Please ask and answer questions here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ about: Suggest an idea for this project
 title: ''
 labels: enhancement
 assignees: ''
-
 ---
 
 **Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Avalonia.Markup.csproj

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
   <PropertyGroup>
     <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
     <RootNamespace>Avalonia</RootNamespace>
+    <Nullable>Enable</Nullable>
+    <WarningsAsErrors>CS8600;CS8602;CS8603</WarningsAsErrors>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <None Remove="Markup\Parsers\Nodes\ExpressionGrammer" />

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Data/Binding.cs

@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the name of the element to use as the binding source.
         /// </summary>
-        public string ElementName { get; set; }
+        public string? ElementName { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the relative source for the binding.
         /// </summary>
-        public RelativeSource RelativeSource { get; set; }
+        public RelativeSource? RelativeSource { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the source for the binding.
         /// </summary>
-        public object Source { get; set; }
+        public object? Source { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the binding path.
@@ -59,24 +59,36 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets a function used to resolve types from names in the binding path.
         /// </summary>
-        public Func<string, string, Type> TypeResolver { get; set; }
+        public Func<string, string, Type>? TypeResolver { get; set; }
 
-        protected override ExpressionObserver CreateExpressionObserver(IAvaloniaObject target, AvaloniaProperty targetProperty, object anchor, bool enableDataValidation)
+        protected override ExpressionObserver CreateExpressionObserver(IAvaloniaObject target, AvaloniaProperty targetProperty, object? anchor, bool enableDataValidation)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
-            anchor = anchor ?? DefaultAnchor?.Target;
-            
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+
+            anchor ??= DefaultAnchor?.Target;
             enableDataValidation = enableDataValidation && Priority == BindingPriority.LocalValue;
 
-            INameScope nameScope = null;
+            INameScope? nameScope = null;
             NameScope?.TryGetTarget(out nameScope);
 
             var (node, mode) = ExpressionObserverBuilder.Parse(Path, enableDataValidation, TypeResolver, nameScope);
 
+            if (node is null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Could not parse binding expression.");
+            }
+
+            IStyledElement GetSource()
+            {
+                return target as IStyledElement ??
+                    anchor as IStyledElement ??
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Could not find binding source: either target or anchor must be an IStyledElement.");
+            }
+
             if (ElementName != null)
             {
                 return CreateElementObserver(
-                    (target as IStyledElement) ?? (anchor as IStyledElement),
+                    GetSource(),
                     ElementName,
                     node);
             }
@@ -96,9 +108,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    return CreateSourceObserver(
-                        (target as IStyledElement) ?? (anchor as IStyledElement),
-                        node);
+                    return CreateSourceObserver(GetSource(), node);
                 }
             }
             else if (RelativeSource.Mode == RelativeSourceMode.DataContext)
@@ -111,15 +121,11 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             }
             else if (RelativeSource.Mode == RelativeSourceMode.Self)
             {
-                return CreateSourceObserver(
-                    (target as IStyledElement) ?? (anchor as IStyledElement),
-                    node);
+                return CreateSourceObserver(GetSource(), node);
             }
             else if (RelativeSource.Mode == RelativeSourceMode.TemplatedParent)
             {
-                return CreateTemplatedParentObserver(
-                    (target as IStyledElement) ?? (anchor as IStyledElement),
-                    node);
+                return CreateTemplatedParentObserver(GetSource(), node);
             }
             else if (RelativeSource.Mode == RelativeSourceMode.FindAncestor)
             {
@@ -128,10 +134,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
                     throw new InvalidOperationException("AncestorType must be set for RelativeSourceMode.FindAncestor when searching the visual tree.");
                 }
 
-                return CreateFindAncestorObserver(
-                    (target as IStyledElement) ?? (anchor as IStyledElement),
-                    RelativeSource,
-                    node);
+                return CreateFindAncestorObserver(GetSource(), RelativeSource, node);
             }
             else
             {

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Data/BindingBase.cs

@@ -38,22 +38,22 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the <see cref="IValueConverter"/> to use.
         /// </summary>
-        public IValueConverter Converter { get; set; }
+        public IValueConverter? Converter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets a parameter to pass to <see cref="Converter"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public object ConverterParameter { get; set; }
+        public object? ConverterParameter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the value to use when the binding is unable to produce a value.
         /// </summary>
-        public object FallbackValue { get; set; }
+        public object? FallbackValue { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the value to use when the binding result is null.
         /// </summary>
-        public object TargetNullValue { get; set; }
+        public object? TargetNullValue { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the binding mode.
@@ -68,26 +68,27 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the string format.
         /// </summary>
-        public string StringFormat { get; set; }
+        public string? StringFormat { get; set; }
 
-        public WeakReference DefaultAnchor { get; set; }
+        public WeakReference? DefaultAnchor { get; set; }
 
-        public WeakReference<INameScope> NameScope { get; set; }
+        public WeakReference<INameScope>? NameScope { get; set; }
 
         protected abstract ExpressionObserver CreateExpressionObserver(
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             AvaloniaProperty targetProperty,
-            object anchor,
+            object? anchor,
             bool enableDataValidation);
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public InstancedBinding Initiate(
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             AvaloniaProperty targetProperty,
-            object anchor = null,
+            object? anchor = null,
             bool enableDataValidation = false)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+
             anchor = anchor ?? DefaultAnchor?.Target;
 
             enableDataValidation = enableDataValidation && Priority == BindingPriority.LocalValue;
@@ -133,18 +134,13 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             ExpressionNode node,
             bool targetIsDataContext,
-            object anchor)
+            object? anchor)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
 
             if (!(target is IDataContextProvider))
             {
-                target = anchor as IDataContextProvider;
-
-                if (target == null)
-                {
-                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot find a DataContext to bind to.");
-                }
+                target = anchor as IDataContextProvider ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot find a DataContext to bind to.");
             }
 
             if (!targetIsDataContext)
@@ -171,10 +167,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             string elementName,
             ExpressionNode node)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
 
-            NameScope.TryGetTarget(out var scope);
-            if (scope == null)
+            if (NameScope is null || !NameScope.TryGetTarget(out var scope) || scope is null)
                 throw new InvalidOperationException("Name scope is null or was already collected");
             var result = new ExpressionObserver(
                 NameScopeLocator.Track(scope, elementName),
@@ -188,9 +183,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             RelativeSource relativeSource,
             ExpressionNode node)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
 
-            IObservable<object> controlLocator;
+            IObservable<object?> controlLocator;
 
             switch (relativeSource.Tree)
             {
@@ -220,7 +215,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             object source,
             ExpressionNode node)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(source != null);
+            _ = source ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(source));
 
             return new ExpressionObserver(source, node);
         }
@@ -229,7 +224,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             ExpressionNode node)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(target != null);
+            _ = target ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
 
             var result = new ExpressionObserver(
                 () => target.GetValue(StyledElement.TemplatedParentProperty),
@@ -240,7 +235,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             return result;
         }
 
-        protected IObservable<object> GetParentDataContext(IAvaloniaObject target)
+        protected IObservable<object?> GetParentDataContext(IAvaloniaObject target)
         {
             // The DataContext is based on the visual parent and not the logical parent: this may
             // seem counter intuitive considering the fact that property inheritance works on the logical
@@ -252,7 +247,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
                 .Select(x =>
                 {
                     return (x as IAvaloniaObject)?.GetObservable(StyledElement.DataContextProperty) ??
-                           Observable.Return((object)null);
+                           Observable.Return((object?)null);
                 }).Switch();
         }
 

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Data/MultiBinding.cs

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the <see cref="IMultiValueConverter"/> to use.
         /// </summary>
-        public IMultiValueConverter Converter { get; set; }
+        public IMultiValueConverter? Converter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets a parameter to pass to <see cref="Converter"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public object ConverterParameter { get; set; }
+        public object? ConverterParameter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the value to use when the binding is unable to produce a value.
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the relative source for the binding.
         /// </summary>
-        public RelativeSource RelativeSource { get; set; }
+        public RelativeSource? RelativeSource { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the string format.
         /// </summary>
-        public string StringFormat { get; set; }
+        public string? StringFormat { get; set; }
 
         public MultiBinding()
         {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         public InstancedBinding Initiate(
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             AvaloniaProperty targetProperty,
-            object anchor = null,
+            object? anchor = null,
             bool enableDataValidation = false)
         {
             var targetType = targetProperty?.PropertyType ?? typeof(object);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             }
         }
 
-        private object ConvertValue(IList<object> values, Type targetType, IMultiValueConverter converter)
+        private object ConvertValue(IList<object?> values, Type targetType, IMultiValueConverter? converter)
         {
             for (var i = 0; i < values.Count; ++i)
             {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
             }
 
             var culture = CultureInfo.CurrentCulture;
-            values = new System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection<object>(values);
+            values = new System.Collections.ObjectModel.ReadOnlyCollection<object?>(values);
             object converted;
             if (converter != null)
             {

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Data/RelativeSource.cs

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the type of ancestor to look for when in <see cref="RelativeSourceMode.FindAncestor"/>  mode.
         /// </summary>
-        public Type AncestorType { get; set; }
+        public Type? AncestorType { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets a value that describes the type of relative source lookup.

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Data/TemplateBinding.cs

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         ISetterValue
     {
         private bool _isSetterValue;
-        private IStyledElement _target;
-        private Type _targetType;
+        private IStyledElement _target = default!;
+        private Type? _targetType;
 
         public TemplateBinding()
         {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         public InstancedBinding Initiate(
             IAvaloniaObject target,
             AvaloniaProperty targetProperty,
-            object anchor = null,
+            object? anchor = null,
             bool enableDataValidation = false)
         {
             // Usually each `TemplateBinding` will only be instantiated once; in this case we can
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the <see cref="IValueConverter"/> to use.
         /// </summary>
-        public IValueConverter Converter { get; set; }
+        public IValueConverter? Converter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets a parameter to pass to <see cref="Converter"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public object ConverterParameter { get; set; }
+        public object? ConverterParameter { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the binding mode.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the name of the source property on the templated parent.
         /// </summary>
-        public AvaloniaProperty Property { get; set; }
+        public AvaloniaProperty? Property { get; set; }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public string Description => "TemplateBinding: " + Property;
@@ -164,10 +164,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Data
         {
             if (e.Property == StyledElement.TemplatedParentProperty)
             {
-                var oldValue = (IAvaloniaObject)e.OldValue;
-                var newValue = (IAvaloniaObject)e.OldValue;
-
-                if (oldValue != null)
+                if (e.OldValue is IAvaloniaObject oldValue)
                 {
                     oldValue.PropertyChanged -= TemplatedParentPropertyChanged;
                 }

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/BindingExpressionGrammar.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ using Avalonia.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
+#nullable enable
+
 namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 {
     internal enum SourceMode
@@ -271,8 +273,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             }
             else if (mode.SequenceEqual("parent".AsSpan()))
             {
-                string ancestorNamespace = null;
-                string ancestorType = null;
+                string? ancestorNamespace = null;
+                string? ancestorType = null;
                 var ancestorLevel = 0;
                 if (PeekOpenBracket(ref r))
                 {
@@ -424,19 +426,19 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class PropertyNameNode : INode
         {
-            public string PropertyName { get; set; }
+            public string PropertyName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
         }
 
         public class AttachedPropertyNameNode : INode
         {
-            public string Namespace { get; set; }
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
-            public string PropertyName { get; set; }
+            public string Namespace { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string PropertyName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
         }
 
         public class IndexerNode : INode
         {
-            public IList<string> Arguments { get; set; }
+            public IList<string> Arguments { get; set; } = Array.Empty<string>();
         }
 
         public class NotNode : INode, ITransformNode { }
@@ -447,20 +449,20 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class NameNode : INode
         {
-            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
         }
 
         public class AncestorNode : INode
         {
-            public string Namespace { get; set; }
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
+            public string? Namespace { get; set; }
+            public string? TypeName { get; set; }
             public int Level { get; set; }
         }
 
         public class TypeCastNode : INode
         {
-            public string Namespace { get; set; }
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
+            public string Namespace { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
         }
     }
 }

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/ExpressionObserverBuilder.cs

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 {
     public static class ExpressionObserverBuilder
     {
-        internal static (ExpressionNode Node, SourceMode Mode) Parse(string expression, bool enableValidation = false, Func<string, string, Type> typeResolver = null,
-            INameScope nameScope = null)
+        internal static (ExpressionNode? Node, SourceMode Mode) Parse(string expression, bool enableValidation = false, Func<string, string, Type>? typeResolver = null,
+            INameScope? nameScope = null)
         {
             if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(expression))
             {
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             object root,
             string expression,
             bool enableDataValidation = false,
-            string description = null,
-            Func<string, string, Type> typeResolver = null)
+            string? description = null,
+            Func<string, string, Type>? typeResolver = null)
         {
             return new ExpressionObserver(
                 root,
@@ -45,10 +45,11 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             IObservable<object> rootObservable,
             string expression,
             bool enableDataValidation = false,
-            string description = null,
-            Func<string, string, Type> typeResolver = null)
+            string? description = null,
+            Func<string, string, Type>? typeResolver = null)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(rootObservable != null);
+            _ = rootObservable ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(rootObservable));
+
             return new ExpressionObserver(
                 rootObservable,
                 Parse(expression, enableDataValidation, typeResolver).Node,
@@ -61,10 +62,10 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             string expression,
             IObservable<Unit> update,
             bool enableDataValidation = false,
-            string description = null,
-            Func<string, string, Type> typeResolver = null)
+            string? description = null,
+            Func<string, string, Type>? typeResolver = null)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(rootGetter != null);
+            _ = rootGetter ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(rootGetter));
 
             return new ExpressionObserver(
                 rootGetter,

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/ExpressionParser.cs

@@ -11,25 +11,25 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
     internal class ExpressionParser
     {
         private readonly bool _enableValidation;
-        private readonly Func<string, string, Type> _typeResolver;
-        private readonly INameScope _nameScope;
+        private readonly Func<string, string, Type>? _typeResolver;
+        private readonly INameScope? _nameScope;
 
-        public ExpressionParser(bool enableValidation, Func<string, string, Type> typeResolver, INameScope nameScope)
+        public ExpressionParser(bool enableValidation, Func<string, string, Type>? typeResolver, INameScope? nameScope)
         {
             _typeResolver = typeResolver;
             _nameScope = nameScope;
             _enableValidation = enableValidation;
         }
 
-        public (ExpressionNode Node, SourceMode Mode) Parse(ref CharacterReader r)
+        public (ExpressionNode? Node, SourceMode Mode) Parse(ref CharacterReader r)
         {
-            ExpressionNode rootNode = null;
-            ExpressionNode node = null;
+            ExpressionNode? rootNode = null;
+            ExpressionNode? node = null;
             var (astNodes, mode) = BindingExpressionGrammar.Parse(ref r);
 
             foreach (var astNode in astNodes)
             {
-                ExpressionNode nextNode = null;
+                ExpressionNode? nextNode = null;
                 switch (astNode)
                 {
                     case BindingExpressionGrammar.EmptyExpressionNode _:
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
                         nextNode = ParseFindAncestor(ancestor);
                         break;
                     case BindingExpressionGrammar.NameNode elementName:
-                        nextNode = new ElementNameNode(_nameScope, elementName.Name);
+                        nextNode = new ElementNameNode(_nameScope ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid element name binding with null name scope!"), elementName.Name);
                         break;
                     case BindingExpressionGrammar.TypeCastNode typeCast:
                         nextNode = ParseTypeCastNode(typeCast);
                         break;
                 }
-                if (rootNode is null)
+                if (node is null)
                 {
                     rootNode = node = nextNode;
                 }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         private FindAncestorNode ParseFindAncestor(BindingExpressionGrammar.AncestorNode node)
         {
-            Type ancestorType = null;
+            Type? ancestorType = null;
             var ancestorLevel = node.Level;
 
             if (!(node.Namespace is null) && !(node.TypeName is null))
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         private TypeCastNode ParseTypeCastNode(BindingExpressionGrammar.TypeCastNode node)
         {
-            Type castType = null;
+            Type? castType = null;
             if (!(node.Namespace is null) && !(node.TypeName is null))
             {
                 if (_typeResolver == null)

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/Nodes/ElementNameNode.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
     {
         private readonly WeakReference<INameScope> _nameScope;
         private readonly string _name;
-        private IDisposable _subscription;
+        private IDisposable? _subscription;
 
         public ElementNameNode(INameScope nameScope, string name)
         {

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/Nodes/FindAncestorNode.cs

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
     public class FindAncestorNode : ExpressionNode
     {
         private readonly int _level;
-        private readonly Type _ancestorType;
-        private IDisposable _subscription;
+        private readonly Type? _ancestorType;
+        private IDisposable? _subscription;
 
-        public FindAncestorNode(Type ancestorType, int level)
+        public FindAncestorNode(Type? ancestorType, int level)
         {
             _level = level;
             _ancestorType = ancestorType;

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/Nodes/StringIndexerNode.cs

@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
             var list = target as IList;
             var dictionary = target as IDictionary;
             var indexerProperty = GetIndexer(typeInfo);
-            var indexerParameters = indexerProperty?.GetIndexParameters();
+            ParameterInfo[] indexerParameters;
 
-            if (indexerProperty != null && indexerParameters.Length == Arguments.Count)
+            if (indexerProperty != null && (indexerParameters = indexerProperty.GetIndexParameters()).Length == Arguments.Count)
             {
                 var convertedObjectArray = new object[indexerParameters.Length];
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < Arguments.Count; i++)
                 {
-                    object temp = null;
+                    object? temp = null;
 
                     if (!TypeUtilities.TryConvert(indexerParameters[i].ParameterType, Arguments[i], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out temp))
                     {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
 
         public IList<string> Arguments { get; }
 
-        public override Type PropertyType
+        public override Type? PropertyType
         {
             get
             {
@@ -144,15 +144,15 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
             var list = target as IList;
             var dictionary = target as IDictionary;
             var indexerProperty = GetIndexer(typeInfo);
-            var indexerParameters = indexerProperty?.GetIndexParameters();
+            ParameterInfo[] indexerParameters;
 
-            if (indexerProperty != null && indexerParameters.Length == Arguments.Count)
+            if (indexerProperty != null && (indexerParameters = indexerProperty.GetIndexParameters()).Length == Arguments.Count)
             {
                 var convertedObjectArray = new object[indexerParameters.Length];
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < Arguments.Count; i++)
                 {
-                    object temp = null;
+                    object? temp = null;
 
                     if (!TypeUtilities.TryConvert(indexerParameters[i].ParameterType, Arguments[i], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out temp))
                     {
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers.Nodes
             return true;
         }
 
-        private static PropertyInfo GetIndexer(TypeInfo typeInfo)
+        private static PropertyInfo? GetIndexer(TypeInfo? typeInfo)
         {
             PropertyInfo indexer;
 

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/PropertyPathGrammar.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using Avalonia.Data.Core;
 using Avalonia.Utilities;
 
+#nullable enable
+
 namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 {
 #if !BUILDTASK
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             var parsed = new List<ISyntax>();
             while (state != State.End)
             {
-                ISyntax syntax = null;
+                ISyntax? syntax = null;
                 if (state == State.Start)
                     (state, syntax) = ParseStart(ref r);
                 else if (state == State.Next)
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             return parsed;
         }
         
-        private static (State, ISyntax) ParseNext(ref CharacterReader r)
+        private static (State, ISyntax?) ParseNext(ref CharacterReader r)
         {
             r.SkipWhitespace();
             if (r.End)
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
                 });
         }
 
-        static (string ns, string name) ParseXamlIdentifier(ref CharacterReader r)
+        static (string? ns, string name) ParseXamlIdentifier(ref CharacterReader r)
         {
             var ident = r.ParseIdentifier();
             if (ident.IsEmpty)
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             return true;
         }
         
-        private static (State, ISyntax) ParseAfterProperty(ref CharacterReader r)
+        private static (State, ISyntax?) ParseAfterProperty(ref CharacterReader r)
         {
             if (TryParseCasts(ref r, out var rv))
                 return rv;
@@ -184,20 +186,20 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class PropertySyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
                 => obj is PropertySyntax other
                    && other.Name == Name;
         }
         
         public class TypeQualifiedPropertySyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string Name { get; set; }
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
-            public string TypeNamespace { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string? TypeNamespace { get; set; }
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
                 => obj is TypeQualifiedPropertySyntax other
                    && other.Name == Name
                    && other.TypeName == TypeName
@@ -207,14 +209,14 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
         public class ChildTraversalSyntax : ISyntax
         {
             public static ChildTraversalSyntax Instance { get;  } = new ChildTraversalSyntax();
-            public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is ChildTraversalSyntax;
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj) => obj is ChildTraversalSyntax;
         }
         
         public class EnsureTypeSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
-            public string TypeNamespace { get; set; }
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string? TypeNamespace { get; set; }
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
                 => obj is EnsureTypeSyntax other
                    && other.TypeName == TypeName
                    && other.TypeNamespace == TypeNamespace;
@@ -222,9 +224,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
         
         public class CastTypeSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
-            public string TypeNamespace { get; set; }
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+            public string? TypeNamespace { get; set; }
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
                 => obj is CastTypeSyntax other
                    && other.TypeName == TypeName
                    && other.TypeNamespace == TypeNamespace;

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/SelectorGrammar.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ using System.Linq;
 using Avalonia.Data.Core;
 using Avalonia.Utilities;
 
+#nullable enable
+
 // Don't need to override GetHashCode as the ISyntax objects will not be stored in a hash; the 
 // only reason they have overridden Equals methods is for unit testing.
 #pragma warning disable 659
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             var selector = new List<ISyntax>();
             while (!r.End && state != State.End)
             {
-                ISyntax syntax = null;
+                ISyntax? syntax = null;
                 switch (state)
                 {
                     case State.Start:
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             return State.TypeName;
         }
 
-        private static (State, ISyntax) ParseMiddle(ref CharacterReader r, char? end)
+        private static (State, ISyntax?) ParseMiddle(ref CharacterReader r, char? end)
         {
             if (r.TakeIf(':'))
             {
@@ -190,7 +192,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
             }
         }
 
-        private static (State, ISyntax) ParseTraversal(ref CharacterReader r)
+        private static (State, ISyntax?) ParseTraversal(ref CharacterReader r)
         {
             r.SkipWhitespace();
             if (r.TakeIf('>'))
@@ -325,11 +327,11 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class OfTypeSyntax : ISyntax, ITypeSyntax
         {
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
             public string Xmlns { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 var other = obj as OfTypeSyntax;
                 return other != null && other.TypeName == TypeName && other.Xmlns == Xmlns;
@@ -338,11 +340,11 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class IsSyntax : ISyntax, ITypeSyntax
         {
-            public string TypeName { get; set; }
+            public string TypeName { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
             public string Xmlns { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 var other = obj as IsSyntax;
                 return other != null && other.TypeName == TypeName && other.Xmlns == Xmlns;
@@ -351,9 +353,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class ClassSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string Class { get; set; }
+            public string Class { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is ClassSyntax && ((ClassSyntax)obj).Class == Class;
             }
@@ -361,9 +363,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class NameSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is NameSyntax && ((NameSyntax)obj).Name == Name;
             }
@@ -371,11 +373,11 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class PropertySyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public string Property { get; set; }
+            public string Property { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public string Value { get; set; }
+            public string Value { get; set; } = string.Empty;
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is PropertySyntax && 
                     ((PropertySyntax)obj).Property == Property && 
@@ -385,7 +387,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class ChildSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is ChildSyntax;
             }
@@ -393,7 +395,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class DescendantSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is DescendantSyntax;
             }
@@ -401,7 +403,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class TemplateSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is TemplateSyntax;
             }
@@ -409,9 +411,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class NotSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public IEnumerable<ISyntax> Argument { get; set; }
+            public IEnumerable<ISyntax> Argument { get; set; } = Enumerable.Empty<ISyntax>();
 
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return (obj is NotSyntax not) && Argument.SequenceEqual(not.Argument);
             }
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
 
         public class CommaSyntax : ISyntax
         {
-            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            public override bool Equals(object? obj)
             {
                 return obj is CommaSyntax or;
             }

src/Markup/Avalonia.Markup/Markup/Parsers/SelectorParser.cs

@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="s">The string.</param>
         /// <returns>The parsed selector.</returns>
-        public Selector Parse(string s)
+        public Selector? Parse(string s)
         {
             var syntax = SelectorGrammar.Parse(s);
             return Create(syntax);
         }
 
-        private Selector Create(IEnumerable<SelectorGrammar.ISyntax> syntax)
+        private Selector? Create(IEnumerable<SelectorGrammar.ISyntax> syntax)
         {
             var result = default(Selector);
             var results = default(List<Selector>);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Markup.Parsers
                             results = new List<Selector>();
                         }
 
-                        results.Add(result);
+                        results.Add(result ?? throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid selector!"));
                         result = null;
                         break;
                     default:

src/Skia/Avalonia.Skia/SKTypefaceCollection.cs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Skia
 
             weight -= weight % 100; // make sure we start at a full weight
 
-            for (var i = (int)key.Style; i < 2; i++)
+            for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
             {
                 // only try 2 font weights in each direction
                 for (var j = 0; j < 200; j += 100)
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Skia
                 }
             }
 
-            //Nothing was found so we use the first typeface we can get.
-            return typefaces.Values.FirstOrDefault();
+            //Nothing was found so we try to get a regular typeface.
+            return typefaces.TryGetValue(new Typeface(key.FontFamily), out typeface) ? typeface : null;
         }
     }
 }

src/Windows/Avalonia.Direct2D1/Media/DrawingContextImpl.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
         private readonly ILayerFactory _layerFactory;
         private readonly SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTarget _renderTarget;
         private readonly DeviceContext _deviceContext;
+        private readonly bool _ownsDeviceContext;
         private readonly SharpDX.DXGI.SwapChain1 _swapChain;
         private readonly Action _finishedCallback;
 
@@ -51,10 +52,12 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
             if (_renderTarget is DeviceContext deviceContext)
             {
                 _deviceContext = deviceContext;
+                _ownsDeviceContext = false;
             }
             else
             {
                 _deviceContext = _renderTarget.QueryInterface<DeviceContext>();
+                _ownsDeviceContext = true;
             }
 
             _deviceContext.BeginDraw();
@@ -96,6 +99,13 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
             {
                 throw new RenderTargetCorruptedException(ex);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (_ownsDeviceContext)
+                {
+                    _deviceContext.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -151,7 +161,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
             using (var d2dSource = ((BitmapImpl)source.Item).GetDirect2DBitmap(_deviceContext))
             using (var sourceBrush = new BitmapBrush(_deviceContext, d2dSource.Value))
             using (var d2dOpacityMask = CreateBrush(opacityMask, opacityMaskRect.Size))
-            using (var geometry = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.RectangleGeometry(_deviceContext.Factory, destRect.ToDirect2D()))
+            using (var geometry = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.RectangleGeometry(Direct2D1Platform.Direct2D1Factory, destRect.ToDirect2D()))
             {
                 if (d2dOpacityMask.PlatformBrush != null)
                 {

src/Windows/Avalonia.Direct2D1/Media/GeometryImpl.cs

@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public IGeometryImpl Intersect(IGeometryImpl geometry)
         {
-            var result = new PathGeometry(Geometry.Factory);
-
+            var result = new PathGeometry(Direct2D1Platform.Direct2D1Factory);
             using (var sink = result.Open())
             {
                 Geometry.Combine(((GeometryImpl)geometry).Geometry, CombineMode.Intersect, sink);
-                return new StreamGeometryImpl(result);
+                sink.Close();
             }
+            return new StreamGeometryImpl(result);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Windows/Avalonia.Direct2D1/Media/Imaging/WicBitmapImpl.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
     /// </summary>
     public class WicBitmapImpl : BitmapImpl
     {
-        private BitmapDecoder _decoder;
+        private readonly BitmapDecoder _decoder;
 
         private static BitmapInterpolationMode ConvertInterpolationMode(Avalonia.Visuals.Media.Imaging.BitmapInterpolationMode interpolationMode)
         {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
         /// <param name="fileName">The filename of the bitmap to load.</param>
         public WicBitmapImpl(string fileName)
         {
-            using (BitmapDecoder decoder = new BitmapDecoder(Direct2D1Platform.ImagingFactory, fileName, DecodeOptions.CacheOnDemand))
+            using (var decoder = new BitmapDecoder(Direct2D1Platform.ImagingFactory, fileName, DecodeOptions.CacheOnDemand))
             {
                 WicImpl = new Bitmap(Direct2D1Platform.ImagingFactory, decoder.GetFrame(0), BitmapCreateCacheOption.CacheOnDemand);
                 Dpi = new Vector(96, 96);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
         /// <returns>The Direct2D bitmap.</returns>
         public override OptionalDispose<D2DBitmap> GetDirect2DBitmap(SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTarget renderTarget)
         {
-            FormatConverter converter = new FormatConverter(Direct2D1Platform.ImagingFactory);
+            using var converter = new FormatConverter(Direct2D1Platform.ImagingFactory);
             converter.Initialize(WicImpl, SharpDX.WIC.PixelFormat.Format32bppPBGRA);
             return new OptionalDispose<D2DBitmap>(D2DBitmap.FromWicBitmap(renderTarget, converter), true);
         }

src/Windows/Avalonia.Direct2D1/Media/StreamGeometryImpl.cs

@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1.Media
         public IStreamGeometryImpl Clone()
         {
             var result = new PathGeometry(Direct2D1Platform.Direct2D1Factory);
-            var sink = result.Open();
-            ((PathGeometry)Geometry).Stream(sink);
-            sink.Close();
+            using (var sink = result.Open())
+            {
+                ((PathGeometry)Geometry).Stream(sink);
+                sink.Close();
+            }
+
             return new StreamGeometryImpl(result);
         }
 

src/Windows/Avalonia.Direct2D1/PrimitiveExtensions.cs

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Direct2D1
         /// <returns>The Direct2D brush.</returns>
         public static StrokeStyle ToDirect2DStrokeStyle(this Avalonia.Media.IPen pen, SharpDX.Direct2D1.RenderTarget renderTarget)
         {
-            return pen.ToDirect2DStrokeStyle(renderTarget.Factory);
+            return pen.ToDirect2DStrokeStyle(Direct2D1Platform.Direct2D1Factory);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

tests/Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests/Media/CustomFontManagerImpl.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Media
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                typeface = new Typeface(customTypeface.FontFamily.Name, fontStyle, fontWeight);
+                typeface = new Typeface(customTypeface.FontFamily, fontStyle, fontWeight);
 
                 return true;
             }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Media
                 case "Noto Mono":
                     {
                         var typefaceCollection = SKTypefaceCollectionCache.GetOrAddTypefaceCollection(_defaultTypeface.FontFamily);
-                        skTypeface = typefaceCollection.Get(typeface);
+                        skTypeface = typefaceCollection.Get(_defaultTypeface);
                         break;
                     }
                 default:

tests/Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests/Media/SKTypefaceCollectionCacheTests.cs

@@ -7,25 +7,33 @@ namespace Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Media
     public class SKTypefaceCollectionCacheTests
     {
         [Fact]
-        public void Should_Load_Typefaces_From_Invalid_Name()
+        public void Should_Get_Near_Matching_Typeface()
         {
             using (UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.MockPlatformRenderInterface))
             {
                 var notoMono =
                     new FontFamily("resm:Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Assets?assembly=Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests#Noto Mono");
 
-                var colorEmoji =
-                    new FontFamily("resm:Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Assets?assembly=Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests#Twitter Color Emoji");
-
                 var notoMonoCollection = SKTypefaceCollectionCache.GetOrAddTypefaceCollection(notoMono);
 
-                var typeface = new Typeface("ABC", FontStyle.Italic, FontWeight.Bold);
-
-                Assert.Equal("Noto Mono", notoMonoCollection.Get(typeface).FamilyName);
-
-                var notoColorEmojiCollection = SKTypefaceCollectionCache.GetOrAddTypefaceCollection(colorEmoji);
+                Assert.Equal("Noto Mono",
+                    notoMonoCollection.Get(new Typeface(notoMono, weight: FontWeight.Bold)).FamilyName);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_Get_Null_For_Invalid_FamilyName()
+        {
+            using (UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.MockPlatformRenderInterface))
+            {
+                var notoMono =
+                    new FontFamily("resm:Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests.Assets?assembly=Avalonia.Skia.UnitTests#Noto Mono");
+                
+                var notoMonoCollection = SKTypefaceCollectionCache.GetOrAddTypefaceCollection(notoMono);
 
-                Assert.Equal("Twitter Color Emoji", notoColorEmojiCollection.Get(typeface).FamilyName);
+                var typeface = notoMonoCollection.Get(new Typeface("ABC"));
+                
+                Assert.Null(typeface);
             }
         }
     }