Merge branch 'master' into skiasharp

docs/spec/defining-properties.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ the parent control.
 on which the property is being set and the value and returns the coerced value
 or throws an exception for an invalid value.
 
-## Using a StyledProperty from Another Class
+## Using a StyledProperty on Another Class
 
 Sometimes the property you want to add to your control already exists on another
 control, `Background` being a good example. To register a property defined on
@@ -158,6 +158,27 @@ They don't support the following:
 - Overriding default values.
 - Inherited values
 
+## Using a DirectProperty on Another Class
+
+In the same way that you can call `AddOwner` on a styled property, you can also
+add an owner to a direct property. Because direct properties reference fields
+on the control, you must also add a field for the property:
+
+```c#
+    public static readonly DirectProperty<MyControl, IEnumerable> ItemsProperty =
+        ItemsControl.ItemsProperty.AddOwner<MyControl>(
+            o => o.Items,
+            (o, v) => o.Items = v);
+
+    private IEnumerable _items = new PerspexList<object>();
+
+    public IEnumerable Items
+    {
+        get { return _items; }
+        set { SetAndRaise(ItemsProperty, ref _items, value); }
+    }
+```
+
 ## When to use a Direct vs a Styled Property
 
 Direct properties have advantages and disadvantages:

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup.Xaml/MarkupExtensions/BindingExtension.cs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Xaml.MarkupExtensions
                 Converter = Converter,
                 ConverterParameter = ConverterParameter,
                 ElementName = ElementName,
+                FallbackValue = FallbackValue,
                 Mode = Mode,
                 Path = Path,
                 Priority = Priority,

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/ExpressionSubject.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using System.Globalization;
 using System.Reactive.Linq;
 using System.Reactive.Subjects;
 using Perspex.Data;
+using Perspex.Logging;
 using Perspex.Utilities;
 
 namespace Perspex.Markup.Data
@@ -103,9 +104,44 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data
                 if (converted == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
                 {
                     converted = TypeUtilities.Default(type);
+                    _inner.SetValue(converted, _priority);
+                }
+                else if (converted is BindingError)
+                {
+                    var error = converted as BindingError;
+
+                    Logger.Error(
+                        LogArea.Binding,
+                        this,
+                        "Error binding to {Expression}: {Message}",
+                        _inner.Expression,
+                        error.Exception.Message);
+
+                    if (_fallbackValue != null)
+                    {
+                        if (TypeUtilities.TryConvert(
+                            type, 
+                            _fallbackValue, 
+                            CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, 
+                            out converted))
+                        {
+                            _inner.SetValue(converted, _priority);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Logger.Error(
+                                LogArea.Binding,
+                                this,
+                                "Could not convert FallbackValue {FallbackValue} to {Type}",
+                                _fallbackValue,
+                                type);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _inner.SetValue(converted, _priority);
                 }
-
-                _inner.SetValue(converted, _priority);
             }
         }
 
@@ -117,15 +153,37 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data
 
         private object ConvertValue(object value)
         {
-            var converted = Converter.Convert(
+            var converted = 
+                value as BindingError ??
+                Converter.Convert(
                     value,
                     _targetType,
                     ConverterParameter,
                     CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture);
 
-            if (converted == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue && _fallbackValue != null)
+            if (_fallbackValue != null &&
+                (converted == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue ||
+                 converted is BindingError))
             {
-                converted = _fallbackValue;
+                var error = converted as BindingError;
+                
+                if (TypeUtilities.TryConvert(
+                    _targetType, 
+                    _fallbackValue,
+                    CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                    out converted))
+                {
+                    if (error != null)
+                    {
+                        converted = new BindingError(error.Exception, converted);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    converted = new BindingError(
+                        new InvalidCastException(
+                            $"Could not convert FallbackValue '{_fallbackValue}' to '{_targetType}'"));
+                }
             }
 
             return converted;

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/Plugins/IPropertyAccessorPlugin.cs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
         /// <param name="changed">A function to call when the property changes.</param>
         /// <returns>
         /// An <see cref="IPropertyAccessor"/> interface through which future interactions with the 
-        /// property will be made, or null if the property was not found.
+        /// property will be made.
         /// </returns>
         IPropertyAccessor Start(
             WeakReference reference, 

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/Plugins/InpcPropertyAccessorPlugin.cs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
         /// <param name="changed">A function to call when the property changes.</param>
         /// <returns>
         /// An <see cref="IPropertyAccessor"/> interface through which future interactions with the 
-        /// property will be made, or null if the property was not found.
+        /// property will be made.
         /// </returns>
         public IPropertyAccessor Start(
             WeakReference reference, 
@@ -58,14 +58,9 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
             }
             else
             {
-                Logger.Error(
+                var message = $"Could not find CLR property '{propertyName}' on '{instance}'";
-                    LogArea.Binding,
+                var exception = new MissingMemberException(message);
-                    this,
+                return new PropertyError(new BindingError(exception));
-                    "Could not find CLR property {Property} on {Source}",
-                    propertyName,
-                    instance);
-
-                return null;
             }
         }
 

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/Plugins/PerspexPropertyAccessorPlugin.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
         /// <param name="changed">A function to call when the property changes.</param>
         /// <returns>
         /// An <see cref="IPropertyAccessor"/> interface through which future interactions with the 
-        /// property will be made, or null if the property was not found.
+        /// property will be made.
         /// </returns>
         public IPropertyAccessor Start(
             WeakReference reference, 
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
             {
                 return new Accessor(new WeakReference<PerspexObject>(o), p, changed);
             }
+            else if (instance != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
+            {
+                var message = $"Could not find PerspexProperty '{propertyName}' on '{instance}'";
+                var exception = new MissingMemberException(message);
+                return new PropertyError(new BindingError(exception));
+            }
             else
             {
-                Logger.Error(
-                    LogArea.Binding,
-                    this,
-                    "Could not find PerspexProperty {Property} on {Source}",
-                    propertyName,
-                    instance);
                 return null;
             }
         }

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/Plugins/PropertyError.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+using System;
+using Perspex.Data;
+
+namespace Perspex.Markup.Data.Plugins
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An <see cref="IPropertyAccessor"/> that represents an error.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class PropertyError : IPropertyAccessor
+    {
+        private BindingError _error;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PropertyError"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="error">The error to report.</param>
+        public PropertyError(BindingError error)
+        {
+            _error = error;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public Type PropertyType => null;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public object Value => _error;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public bool SetValue(object value, BindingPriority priority)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Data/PropertyAccessorNode.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Data
         {
             var instance = reference.Target;
 
-            if (instance != null)
+            if (instance != null && instance != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
             {
                 var plugin = ExpressionObserver.PropertyAccessors.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Match(reference));
 

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/DefaultValueConverter.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
+using Perspex.Data;
 using Perspex.Logging;
 using Perspex.Utilities;
 
@@ -42,12 +43,8 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup
 
             if (value != null)
             {
-                Logger.Error(
+                var message = $"Could not convert '{value}' to '{targetType}'";
-                    LogArea.Binding,
+                return new BindingError(new InvalidCastException(message));
-                    this,
-                    "Could not convert {Value} to {Type}",
-                    value,
-                    targetType);
             }
 
             return PerspexProperty.UnsetValue;

src/Markup/Perspex.Markup/Perspex.Markup.csproj

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
     <Compile Include="Data\Parsers\IdentifierParser.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\Parsers\ExpressionParser.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\Parsers\Reader.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Data\Plugins\PropertyError.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\PropertyAccessorNode.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\ExpressionNode.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\ExpressionObserver.cs" />

src/Perspex.Base/Data/BindingError.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Perspex.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a recoverable binding error.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// When produced by a binding source observable, informs the binding system that an error
+    /// occurred. It can also provide an optional fallback value to be pushed to the binding
+    /// target. 
+    /// 
+    /// Instead of using <see cref="BindingError"/>, one could simply not push a value (in the
+    /// case of a no fallback value) or push a fallback value, but BindingError also causes an
+    /// error to be logged with the correct binding target.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public class BindingError
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BindingError"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="exception">An exception describing the binding error.</param>
+        public BindingError(Exception exception)
+        {
+            Exception = exception;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BindingError"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="exception">An exception describing the binding error.</param>
+        /// <param name="fallbackValue">The fallback value.</param>
+        public BindingError(Exception exception, object fallbackValue)
+        {
+            Exception = exception;
+            FallbackValue = fallbackValue;
+            UseFallbackValue = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the exception describing the binding error.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Exception Exception { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the fallback value.
+        /// </summary>
+        public object FallbackValue { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a value indicating whether the fallback value should be pushed to the binding
+        /// target.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool UseFallbackValue { get; }
+    }
+}

src/Perspex.Base/DirectProperty.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
 
 using System;
+using Perspex.Data;
 
 namespace Perspex
 {
@@ -44,11 +45,13 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// <param name="source">The property to copy.</param>
         /// <param name="getter">Gets the current value of the property.</param>
         /// <param name="setter">Sets the value of the property. May be null.</param>
+        /// <param name="metadata">Optional overridden metadata.</param>
         private DirectProperty(
             PerspexProperty<TValue> source,
             Func<TOwner, TValue> getter,
-            Action<TOwner, TValue> setter)
+            Action<TOwner, TValue> setter,
-            : base(source, typeof(TOwner))
+            PropertyMetadata metadata)
+            : base(source, typeof(TOwner), metadata)
         {
             Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(getter != null);
 
@@ -76,16 +79,25 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// Registers the direct property on another type.
         /// </summary>
         /// <typeparam name="TNewOwner">The type of the additional owner.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="getter">Gets the current value of the property.</param>
+        /// <param name="setter">Sets the value of the property.</param>
+        /// <param name="unsetValue">
+        /// The value to use when the property is set to <see cref="PerspexProperty.UnsetValue"/>
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="defaultBindingMode">The default binding mode for the property.</param>
         /// <returns>The property.</returns>
         public DirectProperty<TNewOwner, TValue> AddOwner<TNewOwner>(
             Func<TNewOwner, TValue> getter,
-            Action<TNewOwner, TValue> setter = null)
+            Action<TNewOwner, TValue> setter = null,
+            TValue unsetValue = default(TValue),
+            BindingMode defaultBindingMode = BindingMode.OneWay)
                 where TNewOwner : PerspexObject
         {
             var result = new DirectProperty<TNewOwner, TValue>(
                 this,
                 getter,
-                setter);
+                setter,
+                new DirectPropertyMetadata<TValue>(unsetValue, defaultBindingMode));
 
             PerspexPropertyRegistry.Instance.Register(typeof(TNewOwner), result);
             return result;

src/Perspex.Base/IPriorityValueOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
+
+namespace Perspex
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An owner of a <see cref="PriorityValue"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface IPriorityValueOwner
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when a <see cref="PriorityValue"/>'s value changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">The source of the change.</param>
+        /// <param name="oldValue">The old value.</param>
+        /// <param name="newValue">The new value.</param>
+        void Changed(PriorityValue sender, object oldValue, object newValue);
+    }
+}

src/Perspex.Base/Perspex.Base.csproj

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     <Compile Include="..\Shared\SharedAssemblyInfo.cs">
       <Link>Properties\SharedAssemblyInfo.cs</Link>
     </Compile>
+    <Compile Include="Data\BindingError.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Diagnostics\INotifyCollectionChangedDebug.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\AssignBindingAttribute.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Data\BindingOperations.cs" />
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
     <Compile Include="Diagnostics\IPerspexObjectDebug.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Diagnostics\PerspexObjectExtensions.cs" />
     <Compile Include="AttachedProperty.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="IPriorityValueOwner.cs" />
     <Compile Include="IStyledPropertyAccessor.cs" />
     <Compile Include="IDirectPropertyAccessor.cs" />
     <Compile Include="DirectProperty.cs" />

src/Perspex.Base/PerspexObject.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Perspex
     /// <remarks>
     /// This class is analogous to DependencyObject in WPF.
     /// </remarks>
-    public class PerspexObject : IPerspexObject, IPerspexObjectDebug, INotifyPropertyChanged
+    public class PerspexObject : IPerspexObject, IPerspexObjectDebug, INotifyPropertyChanged, IPriorityValueOwner
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Maintains a list of direct property binding subscriptions so that the binding source
@@ -403,9 +403,9 @@ namespace Perspex
                 IDisposable subscription = null;
 
                 subscription = source
-                    .Select(x => TypeUtilities.CastOrDefault(x, property.PropertyType))
+                    .Select(x => CastOrDefault(x, property.PropertyType))
                     .Do(_ => { }, () => s_directBindings.Remove(subscription))
-                    .Subscribe(x => SetValue(property, x));
+                    .Subscribe(x => DirectBindingSet(property, x));
 
                 s_directBindings.Add(subscription);
 
@@ -477,6 +477,34 @@ namespace Perspex
             }
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        void IPriorityValueOwner.Changed(PriorityValue sender, object oldValue, object newValue)
+        {
+            var property = sender.Property;
+            var priority = (BindingPriority)sender.ValuePriority;
+
+            oldValue = (oldValue == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue) ?
+                GetDefaultValue(property) :
+                oldValue;
+            newValue = (newValue == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue) ?
+                GetDefaultValue(property) :
+                newValue;
+
+            if (!Equals(oldValue, newValue))
+            {
+                RaisePropertyChanged(property, oldValue, newValue, priority);
+
+                Logger.Verbose(
+                    LogArea.Property,
+                    this,
+                    "{Property} changed from {$Old} to {$Value} with priority {Priority}",
+                    property,
+                    oldValue,
+                    newValue,
+                    priority);
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         Delegate[] IPerspexObjectDebug.GetPropertyChangedSubscribers()
         {
@@ -587,6 +615,27 @@ namespace Perspex
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tries to cast a value to a type, taking into account that the value may be a
+        /// <see cref="BindingError"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The value.</param>
+        /// <param name="type">The type.</param>
+        /// <returns>The cast value, or a <see cref="BindingError"/>.</returns>
+        private static object CastOrDefault(object value, Type type)
+        {
+            var error = value as BindingError;
+
+            if (error == null)
+            {
+                return TypeUtilities.CastOrDefault(value, type);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return error;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a <see cref="PriorityValue"/> for a <see cref="PerspexProperty"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -604,35 +653,42 @@ namespace Perspex
 
             PriorityValue result = new PriorityValue(
                 this,
-                property.Name, 
+                property,
                 property.PropertyType, 
                 validate2);
 
-            result.Changed.Subscribe(x =>
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a property value for a direct property binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The property.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private void DirectBindingSet(PerspexProperty property, object value)
+        {
+            var error = value as BindingError;
+
+            if (error == null)
+            {
+                SetValue(property, value);
+            }
+            else
             {
-                object oldValue = (x.Item1 == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue) ?
+                if (error.UseFallbackValue)
-                    GetDefaultValue(property) :
-                    x.Item1;
-                object newValue = (x.Item2 == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue) ?
-                    GetDefaultValue(property) :
-                    x.Item2;
-
-                if (!Equals(oldValue, newValue))
                 {
-                    RaisePropertyChanged(property, oldValue, newValue, (BindingPriority)result.ValuePriority);
+                    SetValue(property, error.FallbackValue);
-
-                    Logger.Verbose(
-                        LogArea.Property, 
-                        this,
-                        "{Property} changed from {$Old} to {$Value} with priority {Priority}",
-                        property, 
-                        oldValue, 
-                        newValue, 
-                        (BindingPriority)result.ValuePriority);
                 }
-            });
 
-            return result;
+                Logger.Error(
+                    LogArea.Binding,
+                    this,
+                    "Error binding to {Target}.{Property}: {Message}",
+                    this,
+                    property,
+                    error.Exception.Message);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Perspex.Base/PerspexProperty.cs

@@ -71,7 +71,11 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="source">The direct property to copy.</param>
         /// <param name="ownerType">The new owner type.</param>
-        protected PerspexProperty(PerspexProperty source, Type ownerType)
+        /// <param name="metadata">Optional overridden metadata.</param>
+        protected PerspexProperty(
+            PerspexProperty source, 
+            Type ownerType, 
+            PropertyMetadata metadata)
         {
             Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(source != null);
             Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(ownerType != null);
@@ -86,6 +90,11 @@ namespace Perspex
             Notifying = source.Notifying;
             Id = source.Id;
             _defaultMetadata = source._defaultMetadata;
+
+            if (metadata != null)
+            {
+                _metadata.Add(ownerType, metadata);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Perspex.Base/PerspexProperty`1.cs

@@ -32,8 +32,12 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="source">The property to copy.</param>
         /// <param name="ownerType">The new owner type.</param>
-        protected PerspexProperty(PerspexProperty source, Type ownerType)
+        /// <param name="metadata">Optional overridden metadata.</param>
-            : base(source, ownerType)
+        protected PerspexProperty(
+            PerspexProperty source, 
+            Type ownerType, 
+            PropertyMetadata metadata)
+            : base(source, ownerType, metadata)
         {
         }
     }

src/Perspex.Base/PriorityBindingEntry.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
 
 using System;
+using Perspex.Data;
 
 namespace Perspex
 {
@@ -10,19 +11,19 @@ namespace Perspex
     /// </summary>
     internal class PriorityBindingEntry : IDisposable
     {
-        /// <summary>
+        private PriorityLevel _owner;
-        /// The binding subscription.
-        /// </summary>
         private IDisposable _subscription;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PriorityBindingEntry"/> class.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="owner">The owner.</param>
         /// <param name="index">
         /// The binding index. Later bindings should have higher indexes.
         /// </param>
-        public PriorityBindingEntry(int index)
+        public PriorityBindingEntry(PriorityLevel owner, int index)
         {
+            _owner = owner;
             Index = index;
         }
 
@@ -61,16 +62,9 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// Starts listening to the binding.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="binding">The binding.</param>
-        /// <param name="changed">Called when the binding changes.</param>
+        public void Start(IObservable<object> binding)
-        /// <param name="completed">Called when the binding completes.</param>
-        public void Start(
-            IObservable<object> binding,
-            Action<PriorityBindingEntry> changed,
-            Action<PriorityBindingEntry> completed)
         {
             Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(binding != null);
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(changed != null);
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(completed != null);
 
             if (_subscription != null)
             {
@@ -85,13 +79,7 @@ namespace Perspex
                 Description = ((IDescription)binding).Description;
             }
 
-            _subscription = binding.Subscribe(
+            _subscription = binding.Subscribe(ValueChanged, Completed);
-                value =>
-                {
-                    Value = value;
-                    changed(this);
-                },
-                () => completed(this));
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -101,5 +89,26 @@ namespace Perspex
         {
             _subscription?.Dispose();
         }
+
+        private void ValueChanged(object value)
+        {
+            var bindingError = value as BindingError;
+
+            if (bindingError != null)
+            {
+                _owner.Error(this, bindingError);
+            }
+
+            if (bindingError == null || bindingError.UseFallbackValue)
+            {
+                Value = bindingError == null ? value : bindingError.FallbackValue;
+                _owner.Changed(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Completed()
+        {
+            _owner.Completed(this);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Perspex.Base/PriorityLevel.cs

@@ -4,25 +4,11 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using Perspex.Data;
+using Perspex.Logging;
 
 namespace Perspex
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Determines how the current binding is selected for a <see cref="PriorityLevel"/>.
-    /// </summary>
-    internal enum LevelPrecedenceMode
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The latest fired binding is used as the current value.
-        /// </summary>
-        Latest,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The latest added binding is used as the current value.
-        /// </summary>
-        Newest,
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Stores bindings for a priority level in a <see cref="PriorityValue"/>.
     /// </summary>
@@ -47,38 +33,22 @@ namespace Perspex
     /// </remarks>
     internal class PriorityLevel
     {
-        /// <summary>
+        private PriorityValue _owner;
-        /// Method called when current value changes.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Action<PriorityLevel> _changed;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The current direct value.
-        /// </summary>
         private object _directValue;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The index of the next <see cref="PriorityBindingEntry"/>.
-        /// </summary>
         private int _nextIndex;
 
-        private readonly LevelPrecedenceMode _mode;
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PriorityLevel"/> class.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="owner">The owner.</param>
         /// <param name="priority">The priority.</param>
-        /// <param name="mode">The precedence mode.</param>
-        /// <param name="changed">A method to be called when the current value changes.</param>
         public PriorityLevel(
-            int priority,
+            PriorityValue owner,
-            LevelPrecedenceMode mode,
+            int priority)
-            Action<PriorityLevel> changed)
         {
-            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(changed != null);
+            Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(owner != null);
 
-            _mode = mode;
+            _owner = owner;
-            _changed = changed;
             Priority = priority;
             Value = _directValue = PerspexProperty.UnsetValue;
             ActiveBindingIndex = -1;
@@ -103,7 +73,7 @@ namespace Perspex
             set
             {
                 Value = _directValue = value;
-                _changed(this);
+                _owner.LevelValueChanged(this);
             }
         }
 
@@ -132,10 +102,10 @@ namespace Perspex
         {
             Contract.Requires<ArgumentNullException>(binding != null);
 
-            var entry = new PriorityBindingEntry(_nextIndex++);
+            var entry = new PriorityBindingEntry(this, _nextIndex++);
             var node = Bindings.AddFirst(entry);
 
-            entry.Start(binding, Changed, Completed);
+            entry.Start(binding);
 
             return Disposable.Create(() =>
             {
@@ -153,15 +123,15 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// Invoked when an entry in <see cref="Bindings"/> changes value.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="entry">The entry that changed.</param>
-        private void Changed(PriorityBindingEntry entry)
+        public void Changed(PriorityBindingEntry entry)
         {
-            if (_mode == LevelPrecedenceMode.Latest || entry.Index >= ActiveBindingIndex)
+            if (entry.Index >= ActiveBindingIndex)
             {
                 if (entry.Value != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
                 {
                     Value = entry.Value;
                     ActiveBindingIndex = entry.Index;
-                    _changed(this);
+                    _owner.LevelValueChanged(this);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -174,7 +144,7 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// Invoked when an entry in <see cref="Bindings"/> completes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="entry">The entry that completed.</param>
-        private void Completed(PriorityBindingEntry entry)
+        public void Completed(PriorityBindingEntry entry)
         {
             Bindings.Remove(entry);
 
@@ -184,6 +154,16 @@ namespace Perspex
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoked when an entry in <see cref="Bindings"/> encounters a recoverable error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="entry">The entry that completed.</param>
+        /// <param name="error">The error.</param>
+        public void Error(PriorityBindingEntry entry, BindingError error)
+        {
+            _owner.LevelError(this, error);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Activates the first binding that has a value.
         /// </summary>
@@ -195,14 +175,14 @@ namespace Perspex
                 {
                     Value = binding.Value;
                     ActiveBindingIndex = binding.Index;
-                    _changed(this);
+                    _owner.LevelValueChanged(this);
                     return;
                 }
             }
 
             Value = DirectValue;
             ActiveBindingIndex = -1;
-            _changed(this);
+            _owner.LevelValueChanged(this);
         }
     }
 }

src/Perspex.Base/PriorityValue.cs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
-using System.Reactive.Subjects;
 using System.Text;
+using Perspex.Data;
 using Perspex.Logging;
 using Perspex.Utilities;
 
@@ -20,61 +20,33 @@ namespace Perspex
     /// represent higher priorites. The current <see cref="Value"/> is selected from the highest
     /// priority binding that doesn't return <see cref="PerspexProperty.UnsetValue"/>. Where there
     /// are multiple bindings registered with the same priority, the most recently added binding
-    /// has a higher priority. Each time the value changes, the <see cref="Changed"/> observable is
+    /// has a higher priority. Each time the value changes, the 
-    /// fired with the old and new values.
+    /// <see cref="IPriorityValueOwner.Changed(PriorityValue, object, object)"/> method on the 
+    /// owner object is fired with the old and new values.
     /// </remarks>
     internal class PriorityValue
     {
-        /// <summary>
+        private readonly IPriorityValueOwner _owner;
-        /// The owner of the object.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly PerspexObject _owner;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The name of the property.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly string _name;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The value type.
-        /// </summary>
         private readonly Type _valueType;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The currently registered bindings organised by priority.
-        /// </summary>
         private readonly Dictionary<int, PriorityLevel> _levels = new Dictionary<int, PriorityLevel>();
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The changed observable.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Subject<Tuple<object, object>> _changed = new Subject<Tuple<object, object>>();
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The current value.
-        /// </summary>
         private object _value;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The function used to validate the value, if any.
-        /// </summary>
         private readonly Func<object, object> _validate;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PriorityValue"/> class.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="owner">The owner of the object.</param>
-        /// <param name="name">The name of the property.</param>
+        /// <param name="property">The property that the value represents.</param>
         /// <param name="valueType">The value type.</param>
         /// <param name="validate">An optional validation function.</param>
         public PriorityValue(
-            PerspexObject owner,
+            IPriorityValueOwner owner,
-            string name, 
+            PerspexProperty property, 
             Type valueType,
             Func<object, object> validate = null)
         {
             _owner = owner;
-            _name = name;
+            Property = property;
             _valueType = valueType;
             _value = PerspexProperty.UnsetValue;
             ValuePriority = int.MaxValue;
@@ -82,12 +54,9 @@ namespace Perspex
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Fired whenever the current <see cref="Value"/> changes.
+        /// Gets the property that the value represents.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>
+        public PerspexProperty Property { get; }
-        /// The old and new values may be the same, this class does not check for distinct values.
-        /// </remarks>
-        public IObservable<Tuple<object, object>> Changed => _changed;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the current value.
@@ -181,6 +150,51 @@ namespace Perspex
             return b.ToString();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when the value for a priority level changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="level">The priority level of the changed entry.</param>
+        public void LevelValueChanged(PriorityLevel level)
+        {
+            if (level.Priority <= ValuePriority)
+            {
+                if (level.Value != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
+                {
+                    UpdateValue(level.Value, level.Priority);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (var i in _levels.Values.OrderBy(x => x.Priority))
+                    {
+                        if (i.Value != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
+                        {
+                            UpdateValue(i.Value, i.Priority);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    UpdateValue(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, int.MaxValue);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when a priority level encounters an error.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="level">The priority level of the changed entry.</param>
+        /// <param name="error">The binding error.</param>
+        public void LevelError(PriorityLevel level, BindingError error)
+        {
+            Logger.Log(
+                LogEventLevel.Error,
+                LogArea.Binding,
+                _owner,
+                "Error binding to {Target}.{Property}: {Message}",
+                _owner,
+                Property,
+                error.Exception.Message);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Causes a revalidation of the value.
         /// </summary>
@@ -209,8 +223,7 @@ namespace Perspex
 
             if (!_levels.TryGetValue(priority, out result))
             {
-                var mode = (LevelPrecedenceMode)(priority % 2);
+                result = new PriorityLevel(this, priority);
-                result = new PriorityLevel(priority, mode, ValueChanged);
                 _levels.Add(priority, result);
             }
 
@@ -237,47 +250,19 @@ namespace Perspex
 
                 ValuePriority = priority;
                 _value = castValue;
-                _changed.OnNext(Tuple.Create(old, _value));
+                _owner?.Changed(this, old, _value);
             }
             else
             {
                 Logger.Error(
-                    LogArea.Property, 
+                    LogArea.Binding, 
                     _owner,
                     "Binding produced invalid value for {$Property} ({$PropertyType}): {$Value} ({$ValueType})",
-                    _name, 
+                    Property.Name, 
                     _valueType, 
                     value,
                     value.GetType());
             }
         }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Called when the value for a priority level changes.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="level">The priority level of the changed entry.</param>
-        private void ValueChanged(PriorityLevel level)
-        {
-            if (level.Priority <= ValuePriority)
-            {
-                if (level.Value != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
-                {
-                    UpdateValue(level.Value, level.Priority);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    foreach (var i in _levels.Values.OrderBy(x => x.Priority))
-                    {
-                        if (i.Value != PerspexProperty.UnsetValue)
-                        {
-                            UpdateValue(i.Value, i.Priority);
-                            return;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    UpdateValue(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, int.MaxValue);
-                }
-            }
-        }
     }
 }

src/Perspex.Base/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ using System.Reflection;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 [assembly: AssemblyTitle("Perspex.Base")]
-[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Perspex.Base.UnitTests")]
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Perspex.Base.UnitTests")]
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("DynamicProxyGenAssembly2")] 

src/Perspex.Base/StyledPropertyBase.cs

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace Perspex
         /// <param name="source">The property to add the owner to.</param>
         /// <param name="ownerType">The type of the class that registers the property.</param>
         protected StyledPropertyBase(StyledPropertyBase<TValue> source, Type ownerType)
-            : base(source, ownerType)
+            : base(source, ownerType, null)
         {
             _inherits = source.Inherits;
         }

src/Perspex.Controls/Canvas.cs

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         private static void AffectsCanvasArrangeInvalidate(PerspexPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
         {
             var control = e.Sender as IControl;
-            var canvas = control?.Parent as Canvas;
+            var canvas = control?.VisualParent as Canvas;
             canvas?.InvalidateArrange();
         }
     }

src/Perspex.Controls/Menu.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Reactive.Disposables;
 using Perspex.Controls.Primitives;
 using Perspex.Controls.Templates;
 using Perspex.Input;
+using Perspex.Input.Raw;
 using Perspex.Interactivity;
 using Perspex.LogicalTree;
 using Perspex.Rendering;
@@ -112,7 +113,8 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
 
             _subscription = new CompositeDisposable(
                 pointerPress,
-                Disposable.Create(() => topLevel.Deactivated -= Deactivated));
+                Disposable.Create(() => topLevel.Deactivated -= Deactivated),
+                InputManager.Instance.Process.Subscribe(ListenForNonClientClick));
 
             var inputRoot = e.Root as IInputRoot;
 
@@ -195,6 +197,20 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
             Close();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Listens for non-client clicks and closes the menu when one is detected.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="e">The raw event.</param>
+        private void ListenForNonClientClick(RawInputEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var mouse = e as RawMouseEventArgs;
+
+            if (mouse?.Type == RawMouseEventType.NonClientLeftButtonDown)
+            {
+                Close();
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Called when a submenu is clicked somewhere in the menu.
         /// </summary>

src/Perspex.Controls/Mixins/ContentControlMixin.cs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Mixins
                         UpdateLogicalChild(
                             sender,
                             logicalChildren,
-                            logicalChildren.FirstOrDefault(),
+                            null,
                             presenter.GetValue(ContentPresenter.ChildProperty));
 
                         subscriptions.Value.Add(sender, subscription);
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Mixins
 
                 child = newValue as IControl;
 
-                if (child != null)
+                if (child != null && !logicalChildren.Contains(child))
                 {
                     child.SetValue(Control.TemplatedParentProperty, control.TemplatedParent);
                     logicalChildren.Add(child);

src/Perspex.Controls/Presenters/CarouselPresenter.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ using Perspex.Controls.Generators;
 using Perspex.Controls.Primitives;
 using Perspex.Controls.Templates;
 using Perspex.Controls.Utils;
+using Perspex.Data;
 
 namespace Perspex.Controls.Presenters
 {
@@ -127,8 +128,22 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Presenters
         /// </summary>
         public int SelectedIndex
         {
-            get { return _selectedIndex; }
+            get
-            set { SetAndRaise(SelectedIndexProperty, ref _selectedIndex, value); }
+            {
+                return _selectedIndex;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                var old = SelectedIndex;
+                var effective = (value >= 0 && value < Items?.Cast<object>().Count()) ? value : -1;
+
+                if (old != effective)
+                {
+                    _selectedIndex = effective;
+                    RaisePropertyChanged(SelectedIndexProperty, old, effective, BindingPriority.LocalValue);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Perspex.Controls/Presenters/TextPresenter.cs

@@ -12,24 +12,28 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Presenters
 {
     public class TextPresenter : TextBlock
     {
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> CaretIndexProperty =
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextPresenter, int> CaretIndexProperty =
-            TextBox.CaretIndexProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>();
+            TextBox.CaretIndexProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>(
+                o => o.CaretIndex,
+                (o, v) => o.CaretIndex = v);
 
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> SelectionStartProperty =
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextPresenter, int> SelectionStartProperty =
-            TextBox.SelectionStartProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>();
+            TextBox.SelectionStartProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>(
+                o => o.SelectionStart,
+                (o, v) => o.SelectionStart = v);
 
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> SelectionEndProperty =
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextPresenter, int> SelectionEndProperty =
-            TextBox.SelectionEndProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>();
+            TextBox.SelectionEndProperty.AddOwner<TextPresenter>(
+                o => o.SelectionEnd,
+                (o, v) => o.SelectionEnd = v);
 
         private readonly DispatcherTimer _caretTimer;
+        private int _caretIndex;
+        private int _selectionStart;
+        private int _selectionEnd;
         private bool _caretBlink;
         private IBrush _highlightBrush;
 
-        static TextPresenter()
-        {
-            CaretIndexProperty.OverrideValidation<TextPresenter>((o, v) => v);
-        }
-
         public TextPresenter()
         {
             _caretTimer = new DispatcherTimer();
@@ -47,20 +51,44 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Presenters
 
         public int CaretIndex
         {
-            get { return GetValue(CaretIndexProperty); }
+            get
-            set { SetValue(CaretIndexProperty, value); }
+            {
+                return _caretIndex;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(CaretIndexProperty, ref _caretIndex, value);
+            }
         }
 
         public int SelectionStart
         {
-            get { return GetValue(SelectionStartProperty); }
+            get
-            set { SetValue(SelectionStartProperty, value); }
+            {
+                return _selectionStart;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(SelectionStartProperty, ref _selectionStart, value);
+            }
         }
 
         public int SelectionEnd
         {
-            get { return GetValue(SelectionEndProperty); }
+            get
-            set { SetValue(SelectionEndProperty, value); }
+            {
+                return _selectionEnd;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(SelectionEndProperty, ref _selectionEnd, value);
+            }
         }
 
         public int GetCaretIndex(Point point)
@@ -206,6 +234,13 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Presenters
             }
         }
 
+        private int CoerceCaretIndex(int value)
+        {
+            var text = Text;
+            var length = text?.Length ?? 0;
+            return Math.Max(0, Math.Min(length, value));
+        }
+
         private void CaretTimerTick(object sender, EventArgs e)
         {
             _caretBlink = !_caretBlink;

src/Perspex.Controls/Primitives/Popup.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Linq;
 using Perspex.Input;
+using Perspex.Input.Raw;
 using Perspex.Interactivity;
 using Perspex.LogicalTree;
 using Perspex.Metadata;
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Primitives
         private bool _isOpen;
         private PopupRoot _popupRoot;
         private TopLevel _topLevel;
+        private IDisposable _nonClientListener;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes static members of the <see cref="Popup"/> class.
@@ -181,6 +183,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Primitives
             {
                 _topLevel.Deactivated += TopLevelDeactivated;
                 _topLevel.AddHandler(PointerPressedEvent, PointerPressedOutside, RoutingStrategies.Tunnel);
+                _nonClientListener = InputManager.Instance.Process.Subscribe(ListenForNonClientClick);
             }
 
             PopupRootCreated?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
@@ -201,6 +204,8 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Primitives
                 {
                     _topLevel.RemoveHandler(PointerPressedEvent, PointerPressedOutside);
                     _topLevel.Deactivated -= TopLevelDeactivated;
+                    _nonClientListener?.Dispose();
+                    _nonClientListener = null;
                 }
 
                 _popupRoot.Hide();
@@ -300,6 +305,16 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Primitives
             }
         }
 
+        private void ListenForNonClientClick(RawInputEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var mouse = e as RawMouseEventArgs;
+
+            if (!StaysOpen && mouse?.Type == RawMouseEventType.NonClientLeftButtonDown)
+            {
+                Close();
+            }
+        }
+
         private void PointerPressedOutside(object sender, PointerPressedEventArgs e)
         {
             if (!StaysOpen)

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Ellipse.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
     {
         static Ellipse()
         {
-            AffectsGeometry(BoundsProperty, StrokeThicknessProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Ellipse>(BoundsProperty, StrokeThicknessProperty);
         }
 
         protected override Geometry CreateDefiningGeometry()

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Line.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
         static Line()
         {
             StrokeThicknessProperty.OverrideDefaultValue<Line>(1);
-            AffectsGeometry(StartPointProperty, EndPointProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Line>(StartPointProperty, EndPointProperty);
         }
 
         public Point StartPoint

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Path.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
 
         static Path()
         {
-            AffectsGeometry(DataProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Path>(DataProperty);
         }
 
         public Geometry Data

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Polygon.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
 
         static Polygon()
         {
-            AffectsGeometry(PointsProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Polygon>(PointsProperty);
         }
 
         public IList<Point> Points

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Polyline.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
         static Polyline()
         {
             StrokeThicknessProperty.OverrideDefaultValue<Polyline>(1);
-            AffectsGeometry(PointsProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Polyline>(PointsProperty);
         }
 
         public IList<Point> Points

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Rectangle.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
     {
         static Rectangle()
         {
-            AffectsGeometry(BoundsProperty, StrokeThicknessProperty);
+            AffectsGeometry<Rectangle>(BoundsProperty, StrokeThicknessProperty);
         }
 
         protected override Geometry CreateDefiningGeometry()

src/Perspex.Controls/Shapes/Shape.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
 
 using System;
+using System.Reflection;
 using Perspex.Collections;
 using Perspex.Controls;
 using Perspex.Media;
@@ -123,11 +124,21 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls.Shapes
         /// After a call to this method in a control's static constructor, any change to the
         /// property will cause <see cref="InvalidateGeometry"/> to be called on the element.
         /// </remarks>
-        protected static void AffectsGeometry(params PerspexProperty[] properties)
+        protected static void AffectsGeometry<TShape>(params PerspexProperty[] properties)
+            where TShape : Shape
         {
             foreach (var property in properties)
             {
-                property.Changed.Subscribe(AffectsGeometryInvalidate);
+                property.Changed.Subscribe(e =>
+                {
+                    var senderType = e.Sender.GetType().GetTypeInfo();
+                    var affectedType = typeof(TShape).GetTypeInfo();
+
+                    if (affectedType.IsAssignableFrom(senderType))
+                    {
+                        AffectsGeometryInvalidate(e);
+                    }
+                });
             }
         }
 

src/Perspex.Controls/TextBlock.cs

@@ -72,8 +72,11 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         /// <summary>
         /// Defines the <see cref="Text"/> property.
         /// </summary>
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<string> TextProperty =
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBlock, string> TextProperty =
-            PerspexProperty.Register<TextBlock, string>(nameof(Text));
+            PerspexProperty.RegisterDirect<TextBlock, string>(
+                nameof(Text),
+                o => o.Text,
+                (o, v) => o.Text = v);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Defines the <see cref="TextAlignment"/> property.
@@ -87,14 +90,8 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         public static readonly StyledProperty<TextWrapping> TextWrappingProperty =
             PerspexProperty.Register<TextBlock, TextWrapping>(nameof(TextWrapping));
 
-        /// <summary>
+        private string _text;
-        /// The formatted text used for rendering.
-        /// </summary>
         private FormattedText _formattedText;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Stores the last constraint passed to MeasureOverride.
-        /// </summary>
         private Size _constraint;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -140,8 +137,8 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         [Content]
         public string Text
         {
-            get { return GetValue(TextProperty); }
+            get { return _text; }
-            set { SetValue(TextProperty, value); }
+            set { SetAndRaise(TextProperty, ref _text, value); }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Perspex.Controls/TextBox.cs

@@ -29,18 +29,29 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBox, bool> CanScrollHorizontallyProperty =
             PerspexProperty.RegisterDirect<TextBox, bool>("CanScrollHorizontally", o => o.CanScrollHorizontally);
 
-        // TODO: Should CaretIndex, SelectionStart/End and Text be direct properties?
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBox, int> CaretIndexProperty =
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> CaretIndexProperty =
+            PerspexProperty.RegisterDirect<TextBox, int>(
-            PerspexProperty.Register<TextBox, int>("CaretIndex", validate: ValidateCaretIndex);
+                nameof(CaretIndex),
-
+                o => o.CaretIndex,
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> SelectionStartProperty =
+                (o, v) => o.CaretIndex = v);
-            PerspexProperty.Register<TextBox, int>("SelectionStart", validate: ValidateCaretIndex);
+
-
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBox, int> SelectionStartProperty =
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<int> SelectionEndProperty =
+            PerspexProperty.RegisterDirect<TextBox, int>(
-            PerspexProperty.Register<TextBox, int>("SelectionEnd", validate: ValidateCaretIndex);
+                nameof(SelectionStart),
-
+                o => o.SelectionStart,
-        public static readonly StyledProperty<string> TextProperty =
+                (o, v) => o.SelectionStart = v);
-            TextBlock.TextProperty.AddOwner<TextBox>();
+
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBox, int> SelectionEndProperty =
+            PerspexProperty.RegisterDirect<TextBox, int>(
+                nameof(SelectionEnd),
+                o => o.SelectionEnd,
+                (o, v) => o.SelectionEnd = v);
+
+        public static readonly DirectProperty<TextBox, string> TextProperty =
+            TextBlock.TextProperty.AddOwner<TextBox>(
+                o => o.Text,
+                (o, v) => o.Text = v,
+                defaultBindingMode: BindingMode.TwoWay);
 
         public static readonly StyledProperty<TextAlignment> TextAlignmentProperty =
             TextBlock.TextAlignmentProperty.AddOwner<TextBox>();
@@ -71,6 +82,10 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
             public bool Equals(UndoRedoState other) => ReferenceEquals(Text, other.Text) || Equals(Text, other.Text);
         }
 
+        private string _text;
+        private int _caretIndex;
+        private int _selectionStart;
+        private int _selectionEnd;
         private bool _canScrollHorizontally;
         private TextPresenter _presenter;
         private UndoRedoHelper<UndoRedoState> _undoRedoHelper;
@@ -78,7 +93,6 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
         static TextBox()
         {
             FocusableProperty.OverrideDefaultValue(typeof(TextBox), true);
-            TextProperty.OverrideMetadata<TextBox>(new StyledPropertyMetadata<string>(defaultBindingMode: BindingMode.TwoWay));
         }
 
         public TextBox()
@@ -117,10 +131,15 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
 
         public int CaretIndex
         {
-            get { return GetValue(CaretIndexProperty); }
+            get
+            {
+                return _caretIndex;
+            }
+
             set
             {
-                SetValue(CaretIndexProperty, value);
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(CaretIndexProperty, ref _caretIndex, value);
                 if (_undoRedoHelper.IsLastState && _undoRedoHelper.LastState.Text == Text)
                     _undoRedoHelper.UpdateLastState();
             }
@@ -128,21 +147,37 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
 
         public int SelectionStart
         {
-            get { return GetValue(SelectionStartProperty); }
+            get
-            set { SetValue(SelectionStartProperty, value); }
+            {
+                return _selectionStart;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(SelectionStartProperty, ref _selectionStart, value);
+            }
         }
 
         public int SelectionEnd
         {
-            get { return GetValue(SelectionEndProperty); }
+            get
-            set { SetValue(SelectionEndProperty, value); }
+            {
+                return _selectionEnd;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                value = CoerceCaretIndex(value);
+                SetAndRaise(SelectionEndProperty, ref _selectionEnd, value);
+            }
         }
 
         [Content]
         public string Text
         {
-            get { return GetValue(TextProperty); }
+            get { return _text; }
-            set { SetValue(TextProperty, value); }
+            set { SetAndRaise(TextProperty, ref _text, value); }
         }
 
         public TextAlignment TextAlignment
@@ -426,9 +461,9 @@ namespace Perspex.Controls
             }
         }
 
-        private static int ValidateCaretIndex(PerspexObject o, int value)
+        private int CoerceCaretIndex(int value)
         {
-            var text = o.GetValue(TextProperty);
+            var text = Text;
             var length = text?.Length ?? 0;
             return Math.Max(0, Math.Min(length, value));
         }

src/Perspex.Input/Raw/RawMouseEventArgs.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Input.Raw
         MiddleButtonUp,
         Move,
         Wheel,
+        NonClientLeftButtonDown,
     }
 
     /// <summary>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/Button.xaml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
                           BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                           BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                           Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                          DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                           Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"
                           TextBlock.Foreground="{TemplateBinding Foreground}"
                           HorizontalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}"

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/CheckBox.xaml

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
           </Border>
           <ContentPresenter Name="PART_ContentPresenter"
                             Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                            DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                             Margin="4,0,0,0"
                             VerticalAlignment="Center"
                             Grid.Column="1"/>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/ContentControl.xaml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
                         Background="{TemplateBinding Background}"
                         BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                         BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
-                        Content="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
+                        Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                        DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                         Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
     </ControlTemplate>
   </Setter>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/DropDown.xaml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
                 BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}">
           <Grid ColumnDefinitions="*,Auto">
             <ContentPresenter Content="{TemplateBinding SelectionBoxItem}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding SelectionBoxItem}" 
                               Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}"
                               HorizontalAlignment="Center"
                               VerticalAlignment="Center"/>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/DropDownItem.xaml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
                           BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                           BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                           Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                          DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                           HorizontalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}"
                           VerticalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding VerticalContentAlignment}"
                           Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/Expander.xaml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
                               Grid.Row="1"
                               IsVisible="{TemplateBinding IsExpanded}"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                               HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
                               VerticalAlignment="Stretch" />
           </Grid>
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
                               Grid.Row="0"
                               IsVisible="{TemplateBinding IsExpanded}"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                               HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
                               VerticalAlignment="Stretch" />
           </Grid>
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@
                               Grid.Column="1"
                               IsVisible="{TemplateBinding IsExpanded}"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                               HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
                               VerticalAlignment="Stretch" />
           </Grid>
@@ -68,6 +71,7 @@
                               Grid.Column="0"
                               IsVisible="{TemplateBinding IsExpanded}"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                               HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
                               VerticalAlignment="Stretch" />
           </Grid>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/LayoutTransformControl.xaml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
                         BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                         BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                         Content="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
+                        DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                         Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
     </ControlTemplate>
   </Setter>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/ListBoxItem.xaml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
                           BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                           BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                           Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                          DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                           Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
       </ControlTemplate>
     </Setter>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/MenuItem.xaml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
           <Grid ColumnDefinitions="22,13,*,20">
             <ContentPresenter Name="icon"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Icon}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Icon}" 
                               Width="16"
                               Height="16"
                               Margin="3"
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
                   VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
             <ContentPresenter Name="PART_HeaderPresenter"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Header}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Header}" 
                               Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}"
                               VerticalAlignment="Center"
                               Grid.Column="2">
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@
           <Panel>
             <ContentPresenter Name="PART_HeaderPresenter"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Header}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Header}" 
                               Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}">
               <ContentPresenter.DataTemplates>
                 <DataTemplate DataType="sys:String">

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/RadioButton.xaml

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
                    VerticalAlignment="Center"/>
           <ContentPresenter Name="PART_ContentPresenter"
                             Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                            DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                             Margin="4,0,0,0"
                             VerticalAlignment="Center"
                             Grid.Column="1"/>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/TabStripItem.xaml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
                           BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                           BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                           Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                          DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                           Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
       </ControlTemplate>
     </Setter>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/TextBox.xaml

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
                                CaretIndex="{TemplateBinding CaretIndex}"
                                SelectionStart="{TemplateBinding SelectionStart}"
                                SelectionEnd="{TemplateBinding SelectionEnd}"
-                               Text="{TemplateBinding Text}"
+                               Text="{TemplateBinding Text, Mode=TwoWay}"
                                TextAlignment="{TemplateBinding TextAlignment}"
                                TextWrapping="{TemplateBinding TextWrapping}"/>
               </Panel>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/ToggleButton.xaml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
                           BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                           BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                           Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                          DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                           Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"
                           TextBlock.Foreground="{TemplateBinding Foreground}"
                           HorizontalContentAlignment="{TemplateBinding HorizontalContentAlignment}"

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/ToolTip.xaml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
                         BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                         BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                         Content="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
+                        DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
                         Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
     </ControlTemplate>
   </Setter>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/TreeViewItem.xaml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
                               BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}"
                               BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}"
                               Content="{TemplateBinding Header}"
+                              DataContext="{TemplateBinding Header}" 
                               Padding="{TemplateBinding Padding}"
                               TemplatedControl.IsTemplateFocusTarget="True"
                               Grid.Column="1"/>

src/Perspex.Themes.Default/Window.xaml

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
     <ControlTemplate>
       <Border Background="{TemplateBinding Background}">
         <AdornerDecorator>
-          <ContentPresenter Name="PART_ContentPresenter" Content="{TemplateBinding Content}" Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
+          <ContentPresenter Name="PART_ContentPresenter" 
+                            Content="{TemplateBinding Content}"
+                            DataContext="{TemplateBinding Content}" 
+                            Margin="{TemplateBinding Padding}"/>
         </AdornerDecorator>
       </Border>
     </ControlTemplate>

src/Windows/Perspex.Win32/WindowImpl.cs

@@ -436,20 +436,6 @@ namespace Perspex.Win32
 
                     break;
 
-                ////case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN:
-                ////case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN:
-                ////case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN:
-                ////    e = new RawMouseEventArgs(
-                ////        WindowsMouseDevice.Instance,
-                ////        timestamp,
-                ////        _owner,
-                ////        msg == (int)UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN
-                ////            ? RawMouseEventType.LeftButtonDown
-                ////            : msg == (int)UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN
-                ////                ? RawMouseEventType.RightButtonDown
-                ////                : RawMouseEventType.MiddleButtonDown,
-                ////        new Point(0, 0), GetMouseModifiers(wParam));
-                ////    break;
                 case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
                 case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
                 case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_MBUTTONDOWN:
@@ -522,6 +508,21 @@ namespace Perspex.Win32
                         new Point(), WindowsKeyboardDevice.Instance.Modifiers);
                     break;
 
+                case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN:
+                case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN:
+                case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN:
+                    e = new RawMouseEventArgs(
+                        WindowsMouseDevice.Instance,
+                        timestamp,
+                        _owner,
+                        msg == (int)UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN
+                            ? RawMouseEventType.NonClientLeftButtonDown
+                            : msg == (int)UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN
+                                ? RawMouseEventType.RightButtonDown
+                                : RawMouseEventType.MiddleButtonDown,
+                        new Point(0, 0), GetMouseModifiers(wParam));
+                    break;
+
                 case UnmanagedMethods.WindowsMessage.WM_PAINT:
                     if (Paint != null)
                     {

tests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests.csproj

@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@
       <Private>True</Private>
     </Reference>
     <Reference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework, Version=10.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL" />
+    <Reference Include="Moq, Version=4.2.1510.2205, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=69f491c39445e920, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
+      <HintPath>..\..\packages\Moq.4.2.1510.2205\lib\net40\Moq.dll</HintPath>
+      <Private>True</Private>
+    </Reference>
     <Reference Include="System" />
     <Reference Include="System.Reactive.Core, Version=2.2.5.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
       <HintPath>..\..\packages\Rx-Core.2.2.5\lib\net45\System.Reactive.Core.dll</HintPath>
@@ -61,10 +65,6 @@
       <HintPath>..\..\packages\Rx-PlatformServices.2.2.5\lib\net45\System.Reactive.PlatformServices.dll</HintPath>
       <Private>True</Private>
     </Reference>
-    <Reference Include="System.Reactive.PlatformServices, Version=2.2.5.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
-      <HintPath>..\..\packages\Rx-PlatformServices.2.2.5\lib\net45\System.Reactive.PlatformServices.dll</HintPath>
-      <Private>True</Private>
-    </Reference>
     <Reference Include="xunit.abstractions, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=8d05b1bb7a6fdb6c">
       <HintPath>..\..\packages\xunit.abstractions.2.0.0\lib\net35\xunit.abstractions.dll</HintPath>
     </Reference>
@@ -124,6 +124,10 @@
       <Project>{B09B78D8-9B26-48B0-9149-D64A2F120F3F}</Project>
       <Name>Perspex.Base</Name>
     </ProjectReference>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Perspex.UnitTests\Perspex.UnitTests.csproj">
+      <Project>{88060192-33d5-4932-b0f9-8bd2763e857d}</Project>
+      <Name>Perspex.UnitTests</Name>
+    </ProjectReference>
   </ItemGroup>
   <Choose>
     <When Condition="'$(VisualStudioVersion)' == '10.0' And '$(IsCodedUITest)' == 'True'">

tests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests/PerspexObjectTests_Binding.cs

@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
 
 using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Reactive.Linq;
 using System.Reactive.Subjects;
 using Microsoft.Reactive.Testing;
 using Perspex.Data;
+using Perspex.Logging;
+using Perspex.UnitTests;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
@@ -263,6 +267,61 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
             Assert.Equal("first", target2.GetValue(Class1.FooProperty));
         }
 
+        [Fact]
+        public void BindingError_Does_Not_Cause_Target_Update()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+
+            target.Bind(Class1.QuxProperty, source);
+            source.OnNext(6.7);
+            source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Foo")));
+
+            Assert.Equal(6.7, target.GetValue(Class1.QuxProperty));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void BindingError_With_FallbackValue_Causes_Target_Update()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+
+            target.Bind(Class1.QuxProperty, source);
+            source.OnNext(6.7);
+            source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Foo"), 8.9));
+
+            Assert.Equal(8.9, target.GetValue(Class1.QuxProperty));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Bind_Logs_BindingError()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+            var called = false;
+            var expectedMessageTemplate = "Error binding to {Target}.{Property}: {Message}";
+
+            LogCallback checkLogMessage = (level, area, src, mt, pv) =>
+            {
+                if (level == LogEventLevel.Error &&
+                    area == LogArea.Binding &&
+                    mt == expectedMessageTemplate)
+                {
+                    called = true;
+                }
+            };
+
+            using (TestLogSink.Start(checkLogMessage))
+            {
+                target.Bind(Class1.QuxProperty, source);
+                source.OnNext(6.7);
+                source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Foo")));
+
+                Assert.Equal(6.7, target.GetValue(Class1.QuxProperty));
+                Assert.True(called);
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns an observable that returns a single value but does not complete.
         /// </summary>

tests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests/PerspexObjectTests_Direct.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Reactive.Subjects;
 using Perspex.Data;
+using Perspex.Logging;
+using Perspex.UnitTests;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
@@ -394,6 +396,63 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
             Assert.True(raised);
         }
 
+        [Fact]
+        public void BindingError_Does_Not_Cause_Target_Update()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+
+            target.Bind(Class1.FooProperty, source);
+            source.OnNext("initial");
+            source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Foo")));
+
+            Assert.Equal("initial", target.GetValue(Class1.FooProperty));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void BindingError_With_FallbackValue_Causes_Target_Update()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+
+            target.Bind(Class1.FooProperty, source);
+            source.OnNext("initial");
+            source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Foo"), "fallback"));
+
+            Assert.Equal("fallback", target.GetValue(Class1.FooProperty));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Binding_To_Direct_Property_Logs_BindingError()
+        {
+            var target = new Class1();
+            var source = new Subject<object>();
+            var called = false;
+
+            LogCallback checkLogMessage = (level, area, src, mt, pv) =>
+            {
+                if (level == LogEventLevel.Error &&
+                    area == LogArea.Binding &&
+                    mt == "Error binding to {Target}.{Property}: {Message}" &&
+                    pv.Length == 3 &&
+                    pv[0] is Class1 &&
+                    object.ReferenceEquals(pv[1], Class1.FooProperty) &&
+                    (string)pv[2] == "Binding Error Message")
+                {
+                    called = true;
+                }
+            };
+
+            using (TestLogSink.Start(checkLogMessage))
+            {
+                target.Bind(Class1.FooProperty, source);
+                source.OnNext("baz");
+                source.OnNext(new BindingError(new InvalidOperationException("Binding Error Message")));
+            }
+
+            Assert.True(called);
+        }
+
         private class Class1 : PerspexObject
         {
             public static readonly DirectProperty<Class1, string> FooProperty =

tests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests/PriorityValueTests.cs

@@ -5,16 +5,23 @@ using System;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reactive.Linq;
 using System.Reactive.Subjects;
+using Moq;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
 {
     public class PriorityValueTests
     {
+        private static readonly PerspexProperty TestProperty = 
+            new StyledProperty<string>(
+                "Test", 
+                typeof(PriorityValueTests), 
+                new StyledPropertyMetadata<string>());
+
         [Fact]
         public void Initial_Value_Should_Be_UnsetValue()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             Assert.Same(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, target.Value);
         }
@@ -22,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void First_Binding_Sets_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
 
@@ -32,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Changing_Binding_Should_Set_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var subject = new BehaviorSubject<string>("foo");
 
             target.Add(subject, 0);
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Setting_Direct_Value_Should_Override_Binding()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
             target.SetValue("bar", 0);
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Binding_Firing_Should_Override_Direct_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("initial");
 
             target.Add(source, 0);
@@ -67,25 +74,9 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public void Earlier_Binding_Firing_Should_Override_Later_Priority_0()
+        public void Earlier_Binding_Firing_Should_Not_Override_Later()
-        {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
-            var nonActive = new BehaviorSubject<object>("na");
-            var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("initial");
-
-            target.Add(nonActive, 0);
-            target.Add(source, 0);
-            Assert.Equal("initial", target.Value);
-            target.SetValue("first", 0);
-            Assert.Equal("first", target.Value);
-            nonActive.OnNext("second");
-            Assert.Equal("second", target.Value);
-        }
-
-        [Fact]
-        public void Earlier_Binding_Firing_Should_Not_Override_Later_Priority_1()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var nonActive = new BehaviorSubject<object>("na");
             var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("initial");
 
@@ -101,7 +92,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Binding_Completing_Should_Revert_To_Direct_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("initial");
 
             target.Add(source, 0);
@@ -117,7 +108,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Binding_With_Lower_Priority_Has_Precedence()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 1);
             target.Add(Single("bar"), 0);
@@ -129,7 +120,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Later_Binding_With_Same_Priority_Should_Take_Precedence()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 1);
             target.Add(Single("bar"), 0);
@@ -142,7 +133,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Changing_Binding_With_Lower_Priority_Should_Set_Not_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var subject = new BehaviorSubject<string>("bar");
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
@@ -155,7 +146,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void UnsetValue_Should_Fall_Back_To_Next_Binding()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var subject = new BehaviorSubject<object>("bar");
 
             target.Add(subject, 0);
@@ -171,33 +162,31 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Adding_Value_Should_Call_OnNext()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var owner = new Mock<IPriorityValueOwner>();
-            bool called = false;
+            var target = new PriorityValue(owner.Object, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
-            target.Changed.Subscribe(value => called = value.Item1 == PerspexProperty.UnsetValue && (string)value.Item2 == "foo");
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
 
-            Assert.True(called);
+            owner.Verify(x => x.Changed(target, PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, "foo"));
         }
 
         [Fact]
         public void Changing_Value_Should_Call_OnNext()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var owner = new Mock<IPriorityValueOwner>();
+            var target = new PriorityValue(owner.Object, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var subject = new BehaviorSubject<object>("foo");
-            bool called = false;
 
             target.Add(subject, 0);
-            target.Changed.Subscribe(value => called = (string)value.Item1 == "foo" && (string)value.Item2 == "bar");
             subject.OnNext("bar");
 
-            Assert.True(called);
+            owner.Verify(x => x.Changed(target, "foo", "bar"));
         }
 
         [Fact]
         public void Disposing_A_Binding_Should_Revert_To_Next_Value()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
             var disposable = target.Add(Single("bar"), 0);
@@ -210,7 +199,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Disposing_A_Binding_Should_Remove_BindingEntry()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
             var disposable = target.Add(Single("bar"), 0);
@@ -223,7 +212,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Completing_A_Binding_Should_Revert_To_Previous_Binding()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("bar");
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
@@ -237,7 +226,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Completing_A_Binding_Should_Revert_To_Lower_Priority()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var source = new BehaviorSubject<object>("bar");
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 1);
@@ -251,7 +240,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Completing_A_Binding_Should_Remove_BindingEntry()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(string));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(string));
             var subject = new BehaviorSubject<object>("bar");
 
             target.Add(Single("foo"), 0);
@@ -265,7 +254,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Direct_Value_Should_Be_Coerced()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, 10));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, 10));
 
             target.SetValue(5, 0);
             Assert.Equal(5, target.Value);
@@ -276,7 +265,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         [Fact]
         public void Bound_Value_Should_Be_Coerced()
         {
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, 10));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, 10));
             var source = new Subject<object>();
 
             target.Add(source, 0);
@@ -290,7 +279,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Base.UnitTests
         public void Revalidate_Should_ReCoerce_Value()
         {
             var max = 10;
-            var target = new PriorityValue(null, "Test", typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, max));
+            var target = new PriorityValue(null, TestProperty, typeof(int), x => Math.Min((int)x, max));
             var source = new Subject<object>();
 
             target.Add(source, 0);

tests/Perspex.Base.UnitTests/packages.config

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <packages>
+  <package id="Moq" version="4.2.1510.2205" targetFramework="net45" />
   <package id="Rx-Core" version="2.2.5" targetFramework="net45" />
   <package id="Rx-Interfaces" version="2.2.5" targetFramework="net45" />
   <package id="Rx-Linq" version="2.2.5" targetFramework="net45" />

tests/Perspex.Markup.UnitTests/Data/ExpressionObserverTests_Property.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Reactive;
 using System.Reactive.Linq;
 using System.Reactive.Subjects;
 using Microsoft.Reactive.Testing;
+using Perspex.Data;
 using Perspex.Markup.Data;
 using Perspex.UnitTests;
 using Xunit;
@@ -74,13 +75,17 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests.Data
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async void Should_Not_Have_Value_For_Broken_Chain()
+        public async void Should_Return_BindingError_For_Broken_Chain()
         {
             var data = new { Foo = new { Bar = 1 } };
             var target = new ExpressionObserver(data, "Foo.Bar.Baz");
             var result = await target.Take(1);
 
-            Assert.Equal(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, result);
+            Assert.IsType<BindingError>(result);
+
+            var error = result as BindingError;
+            Assert.IsType<MissingMemberException>(error.Exception);
+            Assert.Equal("Could not find CLR property 'Baz' on '1'", error.Exception.Message);
         }
 
         [Fact]
@@ -209,7 +214,10 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests.Data
             data.Next = breaking;
             data.Next = new Class2 { Bar = "baz" };
 
-            Assert.Equal(new[] { "bar", PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, "baz" }, result);
+            Assert.Equal(3, result.Count);
+            Assert.Equal("bar", result[0]);
+            Assert.IsType<BindingError>(result[1]);
+            Assert.Equal("baz", result[2]);
 
             sub.Dispose();
 

tests/Perspex.Markup.UnitTests/Data/ExpressionSubjectTests.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using System.ComponentModel;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Reactive.Linq;
 using Moq;
+using Perspex.Data;
 using Perspex.Markup.Data;
 using Xunit;
 
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests.Data
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async void Should_Convert_Get_Invalid_Double_String_To_UnsetValue()
+        public async void Getting_Invalid_Double_String_Should_Return_BindingError()
         {
             var data = new Class1 { StringValue = "foo" };
             var target = new ExpressionSubject(new ExpressionObserver(data, "StringValue"), typeof(double));
             var result = await target.Take(1);
 
-            Assert.Equal(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, result);
+            Assert.IsType<BindingError>(result);
         }
 
         [Fact]
@@ -105,14 +106,29 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests.Data
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public void Should_Coerce_Set_Invalid_Double_String_To_Default_Value()
+        public void Setting_Invalid_Double_String_Should_Not_Change_Target()
         {
             var data = new Class1 { DoubleValue = 5.6 };
             var target = new ExpressionSubject(new ExpressionObserver(data, "DoubleValue"), typeof(string));
 
             target.OnNext("foo");
 
-            Assert.Equal(0, data.DoubleValue);
+            Assert.Equal(5.6, data.DoubleValue);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Setting_Invalid_Double_String_Should_Use_FallbackValue()
+        {
+            var data = new Class1 { DoubleValue = 5.6 };
+            var target = new ExpressionSubject(
+                new ExpressionObserver(data, "DoubleValue"),
+                typeof(string),
+                DefaultValueConverter.Instance,
+                fallbackValue: "9.8");
+
+            target.OnNext("foo");
+
+            Assert.Equal(9.8, data.DoubleValue);
         }
 
         [Fact]

tests/Perspex.Markup.UnitTests/DefaultValueConverterTests.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using System.Globalization;
 using Perspex.Controls;
+using Perspex.Data;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.UnitTests
                 null,
                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
 
-            Assert.Equal(PerspexProperty.UnsetValue, result);
+            Assert.IsType<BindingError>(result);
         }
 
         private enum TestEnum

tests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests.csproj

@@ -104,13 +104,14 @@
     <Compile Include="StyleTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Templates\DataTemplateTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\BasicTests.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="Xaml\ControlBindingTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\BindingTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\DataTemplateTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\InitializationOrderTracker.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\NonControl.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\TreeDataTemplateTests.cs" />
     <Compile Include="TypeProviderMock.cs" />
-    <Compile Include="ViewModelMock.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="TestViewModel.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Xaml\StyleTests.cs" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>

tests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests/TestViewModel.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using Perspex.UnitTests;
+
+namespace Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests
+{
+    public class TestViewModel : NotifyingBase
+    {
+        private string _string;
+        private int _integer;
+        private TestViewModel _child;
+
+        public int Integer
+        {
+            get { return _integer; }
+            set
+            {
+                _integer = value;
+                RaisePropertyChanged();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string String
+        {
+            get { return _string; }
+            set
+            {
+                _string = value;
+                RaisePropertyChanged();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public TestViewModel Child
+        {
+            get { return _child; }
+            set
+            {
+                _child = value;
+                RaisePropertyChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests/ViewModelMock.cs

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
-// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
-
-using System.ComponentModel;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests
-{
-    internal class ViewModelMock : INotifyPropertyChanged
-    {
-        private string _str;
-        private int _intProp;
-
-        public int IntProp
-        {
-            get { return _intProp; }
-            set
-            {
-                _intProp = value;
-                OnPropertyChanged();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public string StrProp
-        {
-            get { return _str; }
-            set
-            {
-                _str = value;
-                OnPropertyChanged();
-            }
-        }
-
-        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
-
-        private void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
-        {
-            PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
-        }
-    }
-}

tests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests/Xaml/ControlBindingTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using Perspex.Controls;
+using Perspex.Logging;
+using Perspex.UnitTests;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests.Xaml
+{
+    public class ControlBindingTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Binding_ProgressBar_Value_To_Invalid_Value_Uses_FallbackValue()
+        {
+            using (UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.StyledWindow))
+            {
+                var xaml = @"
+<Window xmlns='https://github.com/perspex'>
+    <ProgressBar Maximum='10' Value='{Binding Value, FallbackValue=3}'/>
+</Window>";
+                var loader = new PerspexXamlLoader();
+                var window = (Window)loader.Load(xaml);
+                var progressBar = (ProgressBar)window.Content;
+
+                window.DataContext = new { Value = "foo" };
+                window.ApplyTemplate();
+
+                Assert.Equal(3, progressBar.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Invalid_FallbackValue_Logs_Error()
+        {
+            var called = false;
+
+            LogCallback checkLogMessage = (level, area, src, mt, pv) =>
+            {
+                if (level == LogEventLevel.Error &&
+                    area == LogArea.Binding &&
+                    mt == "Error binding to {Target}.{Property}: {Message}" &&
+                    pv.Length == 3 &&
+                    pv[0] is ProgressBar &&
+                    object.ReferenceEquals(pv[1], ProgressBar.ValueProperty) &&
+                    (string)pv[2] == "Could not convert FallbackValue 'bar' to 'System.Double'")
+                {
+                    called = true;
+                }
+            };
+
+            using (UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.StyledWindow))
+            using (TestLogSink.Start(checkLogMessage))
+            {
+                var xaml = @"
+<Window xmlns='https://github.com/perspex'>
+    <ProgressBar Maximum='10' Value='{Binding Value, FallbackValue=bar}'/>
+</Window>";
+                var loader = new PerspexXamlLoader();
+                var window = (Window)loader.Load(xaml);
+                var progressBar = (ProgressBar)window.Content;
+
+                window.DataContext = new { Value = "foo" };
+                window.ApplyTemplate();
+
+                Assert.Equal(0, progressBar.Value);
+                Assert.True(called);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests/Xaml/DataTemplateTests.cs

@@ -36,5 +36,49 @@ namespace Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests.Xaml
                 Assert.IsType<Canvas>(target.Presenter.Child);
             }
         }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_Set_DataContext_In_DataTemplate()
+        {
+            using (UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.StyledWindow))
+            {
+                var xaml = @"
+<Window xmlns='https://github.com/perspex'
+        xmlns:local='clr-namespace:Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests;assembly=Perspex.Markup.Xaml.UnitTests'>
+    <Window.DataTemplates>
+        <DataTemplate DataType='{Type local:TestViewModel}'>
+            <Canvas Name='foo' DataContext='{Binding Child}'/>
+        </DataTemplate>
+    </Window.DataTemplates>
+    <ContentControl Name='target' Content='{Binding Child}'/>
+</Window>";
+                var loader = new PerspexXamlLoader();
+                var window = (Window)loader.Load(xaml);
+                var target = window.FindControl<ContentControl>("target");
+
+                var viewModel = new TestViewModel
+                {
+                    String = "Root",
+                    Child = new TestViewModel
+                    {
+                        String = "Child",
+                        Child = new TestViewModel
+                        {
+                            String = "Grandchild",
+                        }
+                    },
+                };
+
+                window.DataContext = viewModel;
+
+                window.ApplyTemplate();
+                target.ApplyTemplate();
+                ((ContentPresenter)target.Presenter).UpdateChild();
+
+                var canvas = (Canvas)target.Presenter.Child;
+                Assert.Same(viewModel, target.DataContext);
+                Assert.Same(viewModel.Child.Child, canvas.DataContext);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

tests/Perspex.UnitTests/NotifyingBase.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using System.ComponentModel;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Perspex.UnitTests
 {
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ namespace Perspex.UnitTests
             private set;
         }
 
-        public void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName)
+        public void RaisePropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
         {
             _propertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
         }

tests/Perspex.UnitTests/Perspex.UnitTests.csproj

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <Compile Include="NotifyingBase.cs" />
+    <Compile Include="TestLogSink.cs" />
     <Compile Include="TestTemplatedRoot.cs" />
     <Compile Include="TestRoot.cs" />
     <Compile Include="TestServices.cs" />

tests/Perspex.UnitTests/TestLogSink.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright (c) The Perspex Project. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See licence.md file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using Perspex.Logging;
+
+namespace Perspex.UnitTests
+{
+    public delegate void LogCallback(
+        LogEventLevel level,
+        string area,
+        object source,
+        string messageTemplate,
+        params object[] propertyValues);
+
+    public class TestLogSink : ILogSink
+    {
+        private LogCallback _callback;
+
+        public TestLogSink(LogCallback callback)
+        {
+            _callback = callback;
+        }
+
+        public static IDisposable Start(LogCallback callback)
+        {
+            var sink = new TestLogSink(callback);
+            Logger.Sink = sink;
+            return Disposable.Create(() => Logger.Sink = null);
+        }
+
+        public void Log(LogEventLevel level, string area, object source, string messageTemplate, params object[] propertyValues)
+        {
+            _callback(level, area, source, messageTemplate, propertyValues);
+        }
+    }
+}