diff --git a/samples/ControlCatalog/App.xaml b/samples/ControlCatalog/App.xaml
index d0e1bd885e..fab4622303 100644
--- a/samples/ControlCatalog/App.xaml
+++ b/samples/ControlCatalog/App.xaml
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
                 <NativeMenuItemSeparator />
                 <NativeMenuItem Header="Option 3" ToggleType="CheckBox" IsChecked="True" Command="{Binding ToggleCommand}" />
                 <NativeMenuItem Icon="/Assets/test_icon.ico" Header="Restore Defaults" Command="{Binding ToggleCommand}" />
+                <NativeMenuItem Header="Disabled option" IsEnabled="False" />
               </NativeMenu>
             </NativeMenuItem>
             <NativeMenuItem Header="Exit" Command="{Binding ExitCommand}" />
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Avalonia.Base.csproj b/src/Avalonia.Base/Avalonia.Base.csproj
index b11a6027f2..9de7cb2dfe 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Avalonia.Base.csproj
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Avalonia.Base.csproj
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
   <ItemGroup Label="InternalsVisibleTo">
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Avalonia.Base.UnitTests, PublicKey=$(AvaloniaPublicKey)" />
+    <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Avalonia.Benchmarks, PublicKey=$(AvaloniaPublicKey)" />
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Avalonia.Controls, PublicKey=$(AvaloniaPublicKey)" />
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Avalonia.Controls.ColorPicker, PublicKey=$(AvaloniaPublicKey)" />
     <InternalsVisibleTo Include="Avalonia.Controls.DataGrid, PublicKey=$(AvaloniaPublicKey)" />
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositingRenderer.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositingRenderer.cs
index 282973c26a..a571a0518b 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositingRenderer.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositingRenderer.cs
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
     DrawingContext _recordingContext;
     private HashSet<Visual> _dirty = new();
     private HashSet<Visual> _recalculateChildren = new();
-    private readonly CompositionTarget _target;
     private bool _queuedUpdate;
     private Action _update;
     private Action _invalidateScene;
 
+    internal CompositionTarget CompositionTarget;
+    
     /// <summary>
     /// Asks the renderer to only draw frames on the render thread. Makes Paint to wait until frame is rendered.
     /// </summary>
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
         _root = root;
         _compositor = compositor;
         _recordingContext = new DrawingContext(_recorder);
-        _target = compositor.CreateCompositionTarget(root.CreateRenderTarget);
-        _target.Root = ((Visual)root!.VisualRoot!).AttachToCompositor(compositor);
+        CompositionTarget = compositor.CreateCompositionTarget(root.CreateRenderTarget);
+        CompositionTarget.Root = ((Visual)root!.VisualRoot!).AttachToCompositor(compositor);
         _update = Update;
         _invalidateScene = InvalidateScene;
     }
@@ -49,15 +50,15 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public bool DrawFps
     {
-        get => _target.DrawFps;
-        set => _target.DrawFps = value;
+        get => CompositionTarget.DrawFps;
+        set => CompositionTarget.DrawFps = value;
     }
     
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public bool DrawDirtyRects
     {
-        get => _target.DrawDirtyRects;
-        set => _target.DrawDirtyRects = value;
+        get => CompositionTarget.DrawDirtyRects;
+        set => CompositionTarget.DrawDirtyRects = value;
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -81,12 +82,11 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public IEnumerable<IVisual> HitTest(Point p, IVisual root, Func<IVisual, bool>? filter)
     {
-        var res = _target.TryHitTest(p, filter);
+        var res = CompositionTarget.TryHitTest(p, filter);
         if(res == null)
             yield break;
-        for (var index = res.Count - 1; index >= 0; index--)
+        foreach(var v in res)
         {
-            var v = res[index];
             if (v is CompositionDrawListVisual dv)
             {
                 if (filter == null || filter(dv.Visual))
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
                 SyncChildren(v);
         _dirty.Clear();
         _recalculateChildren.Clear();
-        _target.Size = _root.ClientSize;
-        _target.Scaling = _root.RenderScaling;
+        CompositionTarget.Size = _root.ClientSize;
+        CompositionTarget.Scaling = _root.RenderScaling;
         Compositor.InvokeOnNextCommit(_invalidateScene);
     }
     
@@ -246,24 +246,24 @@ public class CompositingRenderer : IRendererWithCompositor
     public void Paint(Rect rect)
     {
         Update();
-        _target.RequestRedraw();
+        CompositionTarget.RequestRedraw();
         if(RenderOnlyOnRenderThread && Compositor.Loop.RunsInBackground)
             Compositor.RequestCommitAsync().Wait();
         else
-            _target.ImmediateUIThreadRender();
+            CompositionTarget.ImmediateUIThreadRender();
     }
 
-    public void Start() => _target.IsEnabled = true;
+    public void Start() => CompositionTarget.IsEnabled = true;
 
     public void Stop()
     {
-        _target.IsEnabled = false;
+        CompositionTarget.IsEnabled = false;
     }
     
     public void Dispose()
     {
         Stop();
-        _target.Dispose();
+        CompositionTarget.Dispose();
         
         // Wait for the composition batch to be applied and rendered to guarantee that
         // render target is not used anymore and can be safely disposed
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionDrawListVisual.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionDrawListVisual.cs
index 47cfcd325b..49aea1c3dc 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionDrawListVisual.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionDrawListVisual.cs
@@ -54,13 +54,20 @@ internal class CompositionDrawListVisual : CompositionContainerVisual
 
     internal override bool HitTest(Point pt, Func<IVisual, bool>? filter)
     {
-        if (DrawList == null)
+        var custom = Visual as ICustomHitTest;
+        if (DrawList == null && custom == null)
             return false;
         if (filter != null && !filter(Visual))
             return false;
-        if (Visual is ICustomHitTest custom)
+        if (custom != null)
+        {
+            // Simulate the old behavior
+            // TODO: Change behavior once legacy renderers are removed
+            pt += new Point(Offset.X, Offset.Y);
             return custom.HitTest(pt);
-        foreach (var op in DrawList)
+        }
+
+        foreach (var op in DrawList!)
             if (op.Item.HitTest(pt))
                 return true;
         return false;
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionTarget.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionTarget.cs
index 25bbd4dc88..01b2d0d5d9 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionTarget.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/CompositionTarget.cs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition
 
         bool TryGetInvertedTransform(CompositionVisual visual, out Matrix matrix)
         {
-            var m = visual.TryGetServerTransform();
+            var m = visual.TryGetServerGlobalTransform();
             if (m == null)
             {
                 matrix = default;
@@ -73,52 +73,44 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition
             return m33.TryInvert(out matrix);
         }
 
-        bool TryTransformTo(CompositionVisual visual, ref Point v)
+        bool TryTransformTo(CompositionVisual visual, Point globalPoint, out Point v)
         {
+            v = default;
             if (TryGetInvertedTransform(visual, out var m))
             {
-                v = v * m;
+                v = globalPoint * m;
                 return true;
             }
 
             return false;
         }
         
-        bool HitTestCore(CompositionVisual visual, Point point, PooledList<CompositionVisual> result,
+        void HitTestCore(CompositionVisual visual, Point globalPoint, PooledList<CompositionVisual> result,
             Func<IVisual, bool>? filter)
         {
-            //TODO: Check readback too
             if (visual.Visible == false)
-                return false;
-            if (!TryTransformTo(visual, ref point))
-                return false;
+                return;
+            if (!TryTransformTo(visual, globalPoint, out var point))
+                return;
 
             if (visual.ClipToBounds
                 && (point.X < 0 || point.Y < 0 || point.X > visual.Size.X || point.Y > visual.Size.Y))
-                return false;
-            if (visual.Clip?.FillContains(point) == false)
-                return false;
+                return;
 
-            bool success = false;
-            // Hit-test the current node
-            if (visual.HitTest(point, filter))
-            {
-                result.Add(visual);
-                success = true;
-            }
-
-            // Inspect children too
+            if (visual.Clip?.FillContains(point) == false)
+                return;
+            
+            // Inspect children
             if (visual is CompositionContainerVisual cv)
                 for (var c = cv.Children.Count - 1; c >= 0; c--)
                 {
                     var ch = cv.Children[c];
-                    var hit = HitTestCore(ch, point, result, filter);
-                    if (hit)
-                        return true;
+                    HitTestCore(ch, globalPoint, result, filter);
                 }
-
-            return success;
-
+            
+            // Hit-test the current node
+            if (visual.HitTest(point, filter)) 
+                result.Add(visual);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/ICompositionTargetDebugEvents.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/ICompositionTargetDebugEvents.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..045a4f8cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/ICompositionTargetDebugEvents.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition;
+
+internal interface ICompositionTargetDebugEvents
+{
+    void RectInvalidated(Rect rc);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionTarget.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionTarget.cs
index 0fde86e484..882b66bf70 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionTarget.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionTarget.cs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Server
         private HashSet<ServerCompositionVisual> _attachedVisuals = new();
         private Queue<ServerCompositionVisual> _adornerUpdateQueue = new();
 
-
+        public ICompositionTargetDebugEvents? DebugEvents { get; set; }
         public ReadbackIndices Readback { get; } = new();
         public int RenderedVisuals { get; set; }
 
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Server
             if(rect.IsEmpty)
                 return;
             var snapped = SnapToDevicePixels(rect, Scaling);
+            DebugEvents?.RectInvalidated(rect);
             _dirtyRect = _dirtyRect.Union(snapped);
             _redrawRequested = true;
         }
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionVisual.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionVisual.cs
index 6fdf105e58..c0e487f209 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionVisual.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Server/ServerCompositionVisual.cs
@@ -119,14 +119,15 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Server
 
             var oldTransformedContentBounds = TransformedOwnContentBounds;
             var oldCombinedTransformedClipBounds = _combinedTransformedClipBounds;
-
-            var dirtyOldBounds = false; 
+            
             if (_parent?.IsDirtyComposition == true)
             {
                 IsDirtyComposition = true;
                 _isDirtyForUpdate = true;
-                dirtyOldBounds = true;
             }
+            
+            var invalidateOldBounds = _isDirtyForUpdate;
+            var invalidateNewBounds = _isDirtyForUpdate;
 
             GlobalTransformMatrix = newTransform;
             
@@ -157,30 +158,20 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Server
             
             EffectiveOpacity = Opacity * (Parent?.EffectiveOpacity ?? 1);
 
-            IsVisibleInFrame = Visible && EffectiveOpacity > 0.04 && !_isBackface &&
+            IsVisibleInFrame = _parent?.IsVisibleInFrame != false && Visible && EffectiveOpacity > 0.04 && !_isBackface &&
                                !_combinedTransformedClipBounds.IsEmpty;
-            
-            if (wasVisible != IsVisibleInFrame)
-                _isDirtyForUpdate = true;
-            
-            // Invalidate previous rect and queue new rect based on visibility
-            if (positionChanged)
-            {
-                if (wasVisible)
-                    dirtyOldBounds = true;
 
-                if (IsVisibleInFrame)
-                    _isDirtyForUpdate = true;
+            if (wasVisible != IsVisibleInFrame || positionChanged)
+            {
+                invalidateOldBounds |= wasVisible;
+                invalidateNewBounds |= IsVisibleInFrame;
             }
-            
+
             // Invalidate new bounds
-            if (IsVisibleInFrame && _isDirtyForUpdate)
-            {
-                dirtyOldBounds = true;
+            if (invalidateNewBounds)
                 AddDirtyRect(TransformedOwnContentBounds.Intersect(_combinedTransformedClipBounds));
-            }
 
-            if (dirtyOldBounds && wasVisible)
+            if (invalidateOldBounds)
                 AddDirtyRect(oldTransformedContentBounds.Intersect(oldCombinedTransformedClipBounds));
 
 
@@ -190,7 +181,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Server
             var i = Root!.Readback;
             ref var readback = ref GetReadback(i.WriteIndex);
             readback.Revision = root.Revision;
-            readback.Matrix = CombinedTransformMatrix;
+            readback.Matrix = GlobalTransformMatrix;
             readback.TargetId = Root.Id;
             readback.Visible = IsVisibleInFrame;
         }
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Transport/BatchStreamArrayPool.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Transport/BatchStreamArrayPool.cs
index 32b4ed3026..b0a89c6f92 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Transport/BatchStreamArrayPool.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Transport/BatchStreamArrayPool.cs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
-using System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Avalonia.Platform;
 using Avalonia.Threading;
 
 namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition.Transport;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ internal abstract class BatchStreamPoolBase<T> : IDisposable
     int _usage;
     readonly int[] _usageStatistics = new int[10];
     int _usageStatisticsSlot;
+    bool _reclaimImmediately;
 
     public int CurrentUsage => _usage;
     public int CurrentPool => _pool.Count;
@@ -27,7 +28,10 @@ internal abstract class BatchStreamPoolBase<T> : IDisposable
             GC.SuppressFinalize(needsFinalize);
 
         var updateRef = new WeakReference<BatchStreamPoolBase<T>>(this);
-        StartUpdateTimer(startTimer, updateRef);
+        if (AvaloniaLocator.Current.GetService<IPlatformThreadingInterface>() == null)
+            _reclaimImmediately = true;
+        else
+            StartUpdateTimer(startTimer, updateRef);
     }
 
     static void StartUpdateTimer(Action<Func<bool>>? startTimer, WeakReference<BatchStreamPoolBase<T>> updateRef)
@@ -90,7 +94,7 @@ internal abstract class BatchStreamPoolBase<T> : IDisposable
         lock (_pool)
         {
             _usage--;
-            if (!_disposed)
+            if (!_disposed && !_reclaimImmediately)
             {
                 _pool.Push(item);
                 return;
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Visual.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Visual.cs
index f9e1eae2ab..7ebbb0aa96 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Visual.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Rendering/Composition/Visual.cs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Rendering.Composition
             }
         }
 
-        internal Matrix4x4? TryGetServerTransform()
+        internal Matrix4x4? TryGetServerGlobalTransform()
         {
             if (Root == null)
                 return null;
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/StyledElement.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/StyledElement.cs
index bd012f74d6..002a0162c2 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/StyledElement.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/StyledElement.cs
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ namespace Avalonia
                 throw new InvalidOperationException("BeginInit was not called.");
             }
 
-            if (--_initCount == 0 && _logicalRoot != null)
+            if (--_initCount == 0 && _logicalRoot is not null)
             {
                 ApplyStyling();
                 InitializeIfNeeded();
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionary.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionary.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c7d7d8605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionary.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Utilities
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores values with <see cref="AvaloniaProperty"/> as key.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TValue">Stored value type.</typeparam>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// This struct implements the most commonly-used part of the dictionary API, but does
+    /// not implement <see cref="IDictionary{TKey, TValue}"/>. In particular, this struct
+    /// is not enumerable. Enumeration is intended to be done by index for better performance.
+    /// </remarks>
+    internal struct AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<TValue>
+    {
+        private const int DefaultInitialCapacity = 4;
+        private Entry[]? _entries;
+        private int _entryCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AvaloniaPropertyDictionary{TValue}"/>
+        /// class that is empty and has the default initial capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        public AvaloniaPropertyDictionary()
+        {
+            _entries = null;
+            _entryCount = 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AvaloniaPropertyDictionary{TValue}"/>
+        /// class that is empty and has the specified initial capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="capactity">
+        /// The initial number of elements that the collection can contain.
+        /// </param>
+        public AvaloniaPropertyDictionary(int capactity)
+        {
+            _entries = new Entry[capactity];
+            _entryCount = 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of key/value pairs contained in the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Count => _entryCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the value associated with the specified key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key to get or set.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The value associated with the specified key. If the key is not found, a get operation 
+        /// throws a <see cref="KeyNotFoundException"/>, and a set operation creates a
+        /// new element for the specified key.
+        /// </returns>
+        /// <exception cref="KeyNotFoundException">
+        /// The key does not exist in the collection.
+        /// </exception>
+        public TValue this[AvaloniaProperty property]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+                    ThrowNotFound();
+                return _entries[index].Value;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+                    _entries[index] = new Entry(property, value);
+                else
+                    InsertEntry(new Entry(property, value), index);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value at the specified index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">
+        /// The index of the entry, between 0 and <see cref="Count"/> - 1.
+        /// </param>
+        public TValue this[int index]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (index >= _entryCount)
+                    ThrowOutOfRange();
+                return _entries![index].Value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the specified key and value to the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value of the element to add.</param>
+        public void Add(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
+        {
+            if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+                ThrowDuplicate();
+            InsertEntry(new Entry(property, value), index);
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all keys and values from the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The Count property is set to 0, and references to other objects from elements of the
+        /// collection are also released. The capacity remains unchanged.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            if (_entries is not null)
+            {
+                Array.Clear(_entries, 0, _entries.Length);
+                _entryCount = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determines whether the collection contains the specified key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key.</param>
+        public bool ContainsKey(AvaloniaProperty property) => TryGetEntry(property.Id, out _);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the key and value at the specified index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">
+        /// The index of the entry, between 0 and <see cref="Count"/> - 1.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="key">
+        /// When this method returns, contains the key at the specified index.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// When this method returns, contains the value at the specified index.
+        /// </param>
+        public void GetKeyValue(int index, out AvaloniaProperty key, out TValue value)
+        {
+            if (index >= _entryCount)
+                ThrowOutOfRange();
+            ref var entry = ref _entries![index];
+            key = entry.Property;
+            value = entry.Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the value of the specified key from the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// true if the element is successfully found and removed; otherwise, false. This method
+        /// returns false if key is not found in the collection.
+        /// </returns>
+        public bool Remove(AvaloniaProperty property)
+        {
+            if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+            {
+                Array.Copy(_entries, index + 1, _entries, index, _entryCount - index - 1);
+                _entryCount--;
+                _entries[_entryCount] = default;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the value of the specified key from the collection, and copies the element to
+        /// the value parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The removed element.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// true if the element is successfully found and removed; otherwise, false. This method
+        /// returns false if key is not found in the collection.
+        /// </returns>
+        public bool Remove(AvaloniaProperty property, [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out TValue value)
+        {
+            if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+            {
+                value = _entries[index].Value;
+                Array.Copy(_entries, index + 1, _entries, index, _entryCount - index - 1);
+                _entryCount--;
+                _entries[_entryCount] = default;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            value = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Attempts to add the specified key and value to the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The key.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value of the element to add.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool TryAdd(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
+        {
+            if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+                return false;
+            InsertEntry(new Entry(property, value), index);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value associated with the specified key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="property">The property key.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">
+        /// When this method returns, contains the value associated with the specified key,
+        /// if the property is found; otherwise, null. This parameter is passed uninitialized.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool TryGetValue(AvaloniaProperty property, [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out TValue value)
+        {
+            if (TryGetEntry(property.Id, out var index))
+            {
+                value = _entries[index].Value;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            value = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        [MemberNotNullWhen(true, nameof(_entries))]
+        private bool TryGetEntry(int propertyId, out int index)
+        {
+            int checkIndex;
+            int iLo = 0;
+            int iHi = _entryCount;
+
+            if (iHi <= 0)
+            {
+                index = 0;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Do a binary search to find the value
+            while (iHi - iLo > 3)
+            {
+                int iPv = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+                checkIndex = _entries![iPv].Property.Id;
+
+                if (propertyId == checkIndex)
+                {
+                    index = iPv;
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if (propertyId <= checkIndex)
+                {
+                    iHi = iPv;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    iLo = iPv + 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Now we only have three values to search; switch to a linear search
+            do
+            {
+                checkIndex = _entries![iLo].Property.Id;
+
+                if (checkIndex == propertyId)
+                {
+                    index = iLo;
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if (checkIndex > propertyId)
+                {
+                    // we've gone past the targetIndex - return not found
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                iLo++;
+            } while (iLo < iHi);
+
+            index = iLo;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        [MemberNotNull(nameof(_entries))]
+        private void InsertEntry(Entry entry, int entryIndex)
+        {
+            if (_entryCount > 0)
+            {
+                if (_entryCount == _entries!.Length)
+                {
+                    const double growthFactor = 1.2;
+                    var newSize = (int)(_entryCount * growthFactor);
+
+                    if (newSize == _entryCount)
+                    {
+                        newSize++;
+                    }
+
+                    var destEntries = new Entry[newSize];
+
+                    Array.Copy(_entries, 0, destEntries, 0, entryIndex);
+
+                    destEntries[entryIndex] = entry;
+                    
+                    Array.Copy(_entries, entryIndex, destEntries, entryIndex + 1, _entryCount - entryIndex);
+                    
+                    _entries = destEntries;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Array.Copy(
+                        _entries,
+                        entryIndex,
+                        _entries,
+                        entryIndex + 1,
+                        _entryCount - entryIndex);
+
+                    _entries[entryIndex] = entry;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _entries ??= new Entry[DefaultInitialCapacity];
+                _entries[0] = entry;
+            }
+
+            _entryCount++;
+        }
+
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowOutOfRange() => throw new IndexOutOfRangeException();
+
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowDuplicate() => 
+            throw new ArgumentException("An item with the same key has already been added.");
+
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowNotFound() => throw new KeyNotFoundException();
+
+        private readonly struct Entry
+        {
+            public readonly AvaloniaProperty Property;
+            public readonly TValue Value;
+
+            public Entry(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
+            {
+                Property = property;
+                Value = value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyValueStore.cs b/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyValueStore.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index d9cb57baea..0000000000
--- a/src/Avalonia.Base/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyValueStore.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
-
-namespace Avalonia.Utilities
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Stores values with <see cref="AvaloniaProperty"/> as key.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="TValue">Stored value type.</typeparam>
-    internal sealed class AvaloniaPropertyValueStore<TValue>
-    {
-        // The last item in the list is always int.MaxValue.
-        private static readonly Entry[] s_emptyEntries = { new Entry { PropertyId = int.MaxValue, Value = default! } };
-        
-        private Entry[] _entries;
-
-        public AvaloniaPropertyValueStore()
-        {
-            _entries = s_emptyEntries;
-        }
-
-        public int Count => _entries.Length - 1;
-        public TValue this[int index] => _entries[index].Value;
-
-        private (int, bool) TryFindEntry(int propertyId)
-        {
-            if (_entries.Length <= 12)
-            {
-                // For small lists, we use an optimized linear search. Since the last item in the list
-                // is always int.MaxValue, we can skip a conditional branch in each iteration.
-                // By unrolling the loop, we can skip another unconditional branch in each iteration.
-
-                if (_entries[0].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (0, _entries[0].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[1].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (1, _entries[1].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[2].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (2, _entries[2].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[3].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (3, _entries[3].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[4].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (4, _entries[4].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[5].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (5, _entries[5].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[6].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (6, _entries[6].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[7].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (7, _entries[7].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[8].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (8, _entries[8].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[9].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (9, _entries[9].PropertyId == propertyId);
-                if (_entries[10].PropertyId >= propertyId)
-                    return (10, _entries[10].PropertyId == propertyId);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                int low = 0;
-                int high = _entries.Length;
-                int id;
-
-                while (high - low > 3)
-                {
-                    int pivot = (high + low) / 2;
-                    id = _entries[pivot].PropertyId;
-
-                    if (propertyId == id)
-                        return (pivot, true);
-
-                    if (propertyId <= id)
-                        high = pivot;
-                    else
-                        low = pivot + 1;
-                }
-
-                do
-                {
-                    id = _entries[low].PropertyId;
-
-                    if (id == propertyId)
-                        return (low, true);
-
-                    if (id > propertyId)
-                        break;
-
-                    ++low;
-                }
-                while (low < high);
-            }
-
-            return (0, false);
-        }
-
-        public bool Contains(AvaloniaProperty property) => TryFindEntry(property.Id).Item2;
-
-        public bool TryGetValue(AvaloniaProperty property, [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out TValue value)
-        {
-            (int index, bool found) = TryFindEntry(property.Id);
-            if (!found)
-            {
-                value = default;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            value = _entries[index].Value;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        public void AddValue(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
-        {
-            Entry[] entries = new Entry[_entries.Length + 1];
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < _entries.Length; ++i)
-            {
-                if (_entries[i].PropertyId > property.Id)
-                {
-                    if (i > 0)
-                    {
-                        Array.Copy(_entries, 0, entries, 0, i);
-                    }
-
-                    entries[i] = new Entry { PropertyId = property.Id, Value = value };
-                    Array.Copy(_entries, i, entries, i + 1, _entries.Length - i);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
-            _entries = entries;
-        }
-
-        public void SetValue(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
-        {
-            var (index, found) = TryFindEntry(property.Id);
-
-            if (found)
-                _entries[index].Value = value;
-            else
-                AddValue(property, value);
-        }
-
-        public void Remove(AvaloniaProperty property)
-        {
-            var (index, found) = TryFindEntry(property.Id);
-
-            if (found)
-            {
-                var newLength = _entries.Length - 1;
-                
-                // Special case - one element left means that value store is empty so we can just reuse our "empty" array.
-                if (newLength == 1)
-                {
-                    _entries = s_emptyEntries;
-                    
-                    return;
-                }
-                
-                var entries = new Entry[newLength];
-
-                int ix = 0;
-
-                for (int i = 0; i < _entries.Length; ++i)
-                {
-                    if (i != index)
-                    {
-                        entries[ix++] = _entries[i];
-                    }
-                }
-
-                _entries = entries;
-            }
-        }
-
-        private struct Entry
-        {
-            internal int PropertyId;
-            internal TValue Value;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Controls/TrayIcon.cs b/src/Avalonia.Controls/TrayIcon.cs
index 20c8dff8ea..41a1abd838 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Controls/TrayIcon.cs
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Controls/TrayIcon.cs
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ namespace Avalonia.Controls
                         args.NewValue.Value.CollectionChanged += Icons_CollectionChanged;
                     }
                 }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("TrayIcon.Icons must be set on the Application.");
+                }
             });
 
             var app = Application.Current ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Application not yet initialized.");
@@ -123,9 +127,9 @@ namespace Avalonia.Controls
         public static readonly StyledProperty<bool> IsVisibleProperty =
             Visual.IsVisibleProperty.AddOwner<TrayIcon>();
 
-        public static void SetIcons(AvaloniaObject o, TrayIcons trayIcons) => o.SetValue(IconsProperty, trayIcons);
+        public static void SetIcons(Application o, TrayIcons trayIcons) => o.SetValue(IconsProperty, trayIcons);
 
-        public static TrayIcons GetIcons(AvaloniaObject o) => o.GetValue(IconsProperty);
+        public static TrayIcons GetIcons(Application o) => o.GetValue(IconsProperty);
         
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the <see cref="Command"/> property of a TrayIcon.
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Themes.Default/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml b/src/Avalonia.Themes.Default/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
index 81bd8f39c5..3b0019eea1 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Themes.Default/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Themes.Default/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
         <Menu.Styles>
           <Style Selector="MenuItem">
             <Setter Property="Header" Value="{Binding Header}"/>
+            <Setter Property="IsEnabled" Value="{Binding IsEnabled}"/>
             <Setter Property="InputGesture" Value="{Binding Gesture}"/>
             <Setter Property="Items" Value="{Binding Menu.Items}"/>
             <Setter Property="Command" Value="{Binding Command}"/>
diff --git a/src/Avalonia.Themes.Fluent/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml b/src/Avalonia.Themes.Fluent/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
index d40ba0cc1d..bcdec6f61a 100644
--- a/src/Avalonia.Themes.Fluent/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
+++ b/src/Avalonia.Themes.Fluent/Controls/NativeMenuBar.xaml
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
         <Menu.Styles>
           <Style x:CompileBindings="False" Selector="MenuItem">
             <Setter Property="Header" Value="{Binding Header}"/>
+            <Setter Property="IsEnabled" Value="{Binding IsEnabled}"/>
             <Setter Property="InputGesture" Value="{Binding Gesture}"/>
             <Setter Property="Items" Value="{Binding Menu.Items}"/>
             <Setter Property="Command" Value="{Binding Command}"/>
diff --git a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/IconImpl.cs b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/IconImpl.cs
index 8548801555..4d2b89b0cc 100644
--- a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/IconImpl.cs
+++ b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/IconImpl.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using System;
 using System.Drawing;
-using System.Drawing.Imaging;
 using System.IO;
 using Avalonia.Platform;
 
@@ -8,31 +7,18 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
 {
     class IconImpl : IWindowIconImpl
     {
-        private Bitmap bitmap;
-        private Icon icon;
-
-        public IconImpl(Bitmap bitmap)
-        {
-            this.bitmap = bitmap;
-        }
+        private readonly Icon icon;
 
         public IconImpl(Icon icon)
         {
             this.icon = icon;
         }
 
-        public IntPtr HIcon => icon?.Handle ?? bitmap.GetHicon();
+        public IntPtr HIcon => icon.Handle;
 
         public void Save(Stream outputStream)
         {
-            if (icon != null)
-            {
-                icon.Save(outputStream);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                bitmap.Save(outputStream, ImageFormat.Png);
-            }
+            icon.Save(outputStream);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/TrayIconImpl.cs b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/TrayIconImpl.cs
index 4d537a16a4..346d6e5adb 100644
--- a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/TrayIconImpl.cs
+++ b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/TrayIconImpl.cs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
     [Unstable]
     public class TrayIconImpl : ITrayIconImpl
     {
+        private static readonly IntPtr s_emptyIcon = new System.Drawing.Bitmap(32, 32).GetHicon();
+        
         private readonly int _uniqueId;
         private static int s_nextUniqueId;
         private bool _iconAdded;
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
                 uID = _uniqueId,
                 uFlags = NIF.TIP | NIF.MESSAGE,
                 uCallbackMessage = (int)CustomWindowsMessage.WM_TRAYMOUSE,
-                hIcon = _icon?.HIcon ?? new IconImpl(new System.Drawing.Bitmap(32, 32)).HIcon,
+                hIcon = _icon?.HIcon ?? s_emptyIcon,
                 szTip = _tooltipText ?? ""
             };
 
diff --git a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32NativeToManagedMenuExporter.cs b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32NativeToManagedMenuExporter.cs
index fa6f9927b5..2b8bf6f8bf 100644
--- a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32NativeToManagedMenuExporter.cs
+++ b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32NativeToManagedMenuExporter.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reactive.Linq;
+using Avalonia.Collections;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Controls.Platform;
+using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
+using Avalonia.Utilities;
 
 #nullable enable
 
@@ -15,17 +19,28 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
             _nativeMenu = nativeMenu;
         }
 
-        private IEnumerable<MenuItem> Populate(NativeMenu nativeMenu)
+        private AvaloniaList<MenuItem> Populate(NativeMenu nativeMenu)
         {
+            var result = new AvaloniaList<MenuItem>();
+            
             foreach (var menuItem in nativeMenu.Items)
             {
                 if (menuItem is NativeMenuItemSeparator)
                 {
-                    yield return new MenuItem { Header = "-" };
+                    result.Add(new MenuItem { Header = "-" });
                 }
                 else if (menuItem is NativeMenuItem item)
                 {
-                    var newItem = new MenuItem { Header = item.Header, Icon = item.Icon, Command = item.Command, CommandParameter = item.CommandParameter };
+                    var newItem = new MenuItem
+                    {
+                        [!MenuItem.HeaderProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.HeaderProperty).ToBinding(),
+                        [!MenuItem.IconProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.IconProperty)
+                            .Select(i => i is {} bitmap ? new Image { Source = bitmap } : null).ToBinding(),
+                        [!MenuItem.IsEnabledProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.IsEnabledProperty).ToBinding(),
+                        [!MenuItem.CommandProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.CommandProperty).ToBinding(),
+                        [!MenuItem.CommandParameterProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.CommandParameterProperty).ToBinding(),
+                        [!MenuItem.InputGestureProperty] = item.GetObservable(NativeMenuItem.GestureProperty).ToBinding()
+                    };
 
                     if (item.Menu != null)
                     {
@@ -33,15 +48,17 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
                     }
                     else if (item.HasClickHandlers && item is INativeMenuItemExporterEventsImplBridge bridge)
                     {
-                        newItem.Click += (_, __) => bridge.RaiseClicked();
+                        newItem.Click += (_, _) => bridge.RaiseClicked();
                     }
 
-                    yield return newItem;
+                    result.Add(newItem);
                 }
             }
+
+            return result;
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<MenuItem>? GetMenu()
+        public AvaloniaList<MenuItem>? GetMenu()
         {
             if (_nativeMenu != null)
             {
diff --git a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32Platform.cs b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32Platform.cs
index 73ef50052c..2b8070fb04 100644
--- a/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32Platform.cs
+++ b/src/Windows/Avalonia.Win32/Win32Platform.cs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
             using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream())
             {
                 bitmap.Save(memoryStream);
-                return new IconImpl(new System.Drawing.Bitmap(memoryStream));
+                return CreateIconImpl(memoryStream);
             }
         }
 
@@ -367,11 +367,15 @@ namespace Avalonia.Win32
         {
             try
             {
+                // new Icon() will work only if stream is an "ico" file.
                 return new IconImpl(new System.Drawing.Icon(stream));
             }
             catch (ArgumentException)
             {
-                return new IconImpl(new System.Drawing.Bitmap(stream));
+                // Fallback to Bitmap creation and converting into a windows icon. 
+                using var icon = new System.Drawing.Bitmap(stream);
+                var hIcon = icon.GetHicon();
+                return new IconImpl(System.Drawing.Icon.FromHandle(hIcon));
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorHitTestingTests.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorHitTestingTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..705c8fad9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorHitTestingTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.Presenters;
+using Avalonia.Controls.Shapes;
+using Avalonia.Layout;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Avalonia.Platform;
+using Avalonia.Rendering;
+using Avalonia.UnitTests;
+using Avalonia.VisualTree;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Base.UnitTests.Rendering;
+
+public class CompositorHitTestingTests : CompositorTestsBase
+{
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Find_Controls_At_Point()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            var border = new Border
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 100,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+            };
+
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border;
+            
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null, border);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Empty_Controls_At_Point()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            var border = new Border
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 100,
+                HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+            };
+
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Invisible_Controls_At_Point()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Border visible, border;
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border = new Border
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 100,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center,
+                IsVisible = false,
+                Child = visible = new Border
+                {
+                    Background = Brushes.Red,
+                    HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Stretch,
+                    VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Stretch,
+                }
+            };
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Control_Outside_Point()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            var border = new Border
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 100,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(10, 10), null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Return_Top_Controls_First()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Panel container = new Panel
+            {
+                Width = 200,
+                Height = 200,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                    },
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 50,
+                        Height = 50,
+                        Background = Brushes.Blue,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = container;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null, container.Children[1], container.Children[0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Return_Top_Controls_First_With_ZIndex()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Panel container = new Panel
+            {
+                Width = 200,
+                Height = 200,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        ZIndex = 1,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                    },
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 50,
+                        Height = 50,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                    },
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 75,
+                        Height = 75,
+                        ZIndex = 2,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                    }
+                }
+
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = container;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null, new[] { container.Children[2], container.Children[0], container.Children[1] });
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Find_Control_Translated_Outside_Parent_Bounds()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Border target;
+            Panel container = new Panel
+            {
+                Width = 200,
+                Height = 200,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                ClipToBounds = false,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new Border
+                    {
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        ZIndex = 1,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Left,
+                        VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Top,
+                        Child = target = new Border
+                        {
+                            Width = 50,
+                            Height = 50,
+                            Background = Brushes.Red,
+                            HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Left,
+                            VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Top,
+                            RenderTransform = new TranslateTransform(110, 110),
+                        }
+                    },
+                }
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = container;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(120, 120), null, target, container);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Control_Outside_Parent_Bounds_When_Clipped()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Border target;
+            Panel container = new Panel
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 200,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new Panel()
+                    {
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        Margin = new Thickness(0, 100, 0, 0),
+                        ClipToBounds = true,
+                        Children =
+                        {
+                            (target = new Border()
+                            {
+                                Width = 100,
+                                Height = 100,
+                                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                                Margin = new Thickness(0, -100, 0, 0)
+                            })
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = container;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(50, 50), null, container);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Control_Outside_Scroll_Viewport()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(100, 200)))
+        {
+            Border target;
+            Border item1;
+            Border item2;
+            ScrollContentPresenter scroll;
+            Panel container = new Panel
+            {
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 200,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    (target = new Border()
+                    {
+                        Name = "b1",
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                    }),
+                    new Border()
+                    {
+                        Name = "b2",
+                        Width = 100,
+                        Height = 100,
+                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                        Margin = new Thickness(0, 100, 0, 0),
+                        Child = scroll = new ScrollContentPresenter()
+                        {
+                            CanHorizontallyScroll = true,
+                            CanVerticallyScroll = true,
+                            Content = new StackPanel()
+                            {
+                                Children =
+                                {
+                                    (item1 = new Border()
+                                    {
+                                        Name = "b3",
+                                        Width = 100,
+                                        Height = 100,
+                                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                                    }),
+                                    (item2 = new Border()
+                                    {
+                                        Name = "b4",
+                                        Width = 100,
+                                        Height = 100,
+                                        Background = Brushes.Red,
+                                    }),
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = container;
+
+            scroll.UpdateChild();
+            
+            s.AssertHitTestFirst(new Point(50, 150), null, item1);
+
+            s.AssertHitTestFirst(new Point(50,50), null, target);
+            
+            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 100);
+
+            s.AssertHitTestFirst(new Point(50, 150), null, item2);
+            
+            s.AssertHitTestFirst(new Point(50,50), null, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Not_Find_Path_When_Outside_Fill()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(200, 200)))
+        {
+            Path path = new Path
+            {
+                Width = 200,
+                Height = 200,
+                Fill = Brushes.Red,
+                Data = StreamGeometry.Parse("M100,0 L0,100 100,100")
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = path;
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(100, 100), null, path);
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(10, 10), null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Respect_Geometry_Clip()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(400, 400)))
+        {
+            Canvas canvas;
+            Border border = new Border
+            {
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                Clip = StreamGeometry.Parse("M100,0 L0,100 100,100"),
+                Width = 200,
+                Height = 200,
+                Child = canvas = new Canvas
+                {
+                    Background = Brushes.Yellow,
+                    Margin = new Thickness(10),
+                }
+
+            };
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border;
+
+            s.RunJobs();
+            Assert.Equal(new Rect(100, 100, 200, 200), border.Bounds);
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(200,200), null, canvas, border);
+
+            s.AssertHitTest(new Point(110, 110), null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void HitTest_Should_Accommodate_ICustomHitTest()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorServices(new Size(300, 200)))
+        {
+            Border border = new CustomHitTestBorder
+            {
+                ClipToBounds = false,
+                Width = 100,
+                Height = 100,
+                Background = Brushes.Red,
+                HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center,
+                VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+            };
+
+            s.TopLevel.Content = border;
+            
+            s.AssertHitTest(75, 100, null, border);
+            s.AssertHitTest(125, 100, null, border);
+            s.AssertHitTest(175, 100, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private IDisposable TestApplication()
+    {
+        return UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.MockPlatformRenderInterface);
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorInvalidationTests.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorInvalidationTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..699f450223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorInvalidationTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Media;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Base.UnitTests.Rendering;
+
+public class CompositorInvalidationTests : CompositorTestsBase
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Control_Should_Invalidate_Own_Rect_When_Added()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorCanvas())
+        {
+            var control = new Border()
+            {
+                Background = Brushes.Red, Width = 20, Height = 10,
+                [Canvas.LeftProperty] = 30, [Canvas.TopProperty] = 50
+            };
+            s.Canvas.Children.Add(control);
+            s.AssertRects(new Rect(30, 50, 20, 10));
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Control_Should_Invalidate_Own_Rect_When_Removed()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorCanvas())
+        {
+            var control = new Border()
+            {
+                Background = Brushes.Red, Width = 20, Height = 10,
+                [Canvas.LeftProperty] = 30, [Canvas.TopProperty] = 50
+            };
+            s.Canvas.Children.Add(control);
+            s.RunJobs();
+            s.Events.Rects.Clear();
+            s.Canvas.Children.Remove(control);
+            s.AssertRects(new Rect(30, 50, 20, 10));
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Control_Should_Invalidate_Both_Own_Rects_When_Moved()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorCanvas())
+        {
+            var control = new Border()
+            {
+                Background = Brushes.Red, Width = 20, Height = 10,
+                [Canvas.LeftProperty] = 30, [Canvas.TopProperty] = 50
+            };
+            s.Canvas.Children.Add(control);
+            s.RunJobs();
+            s.Events.Rects.Clear();
+            control[Canvas.LeftProperty] = 55;
+            s.AssertRects(new Rect(30, 50, 20, 10),
+                new Rect(55, 50, 20, 10)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Control_Should_Invalidate_Child_Rects_When_Moved()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorCanvas())
+        {
+            var control = new Decorator()
+            {
+                [Canvas.LeftProperty] = 30, [Canvas.TopProperty] = 50,
+                Padding = new Thickness(10),
+                Child = new Border()
+                {
+                    Width = 20, Height = 10,
+                    Background = Brushes.Red
+                }
+            };
+            s.Canvas.Children.Add(control);
+            s.RunJobs();
+            s.Events.Rects.Clear();
+            control[Canvas.LeftProperty] = 55;
+            s.AssertRects(new Rect(40, 60, 20, 10),
+                new Rect(65, 60, 20, 10)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Control_Should_Invalidate_Child_Rects_When_Becomes_Invisible()
+    {
+        using (var s = new CompositorCanvas())
+        {
+            var control = new Decorator()
+            {
+                [Canvas.LeftProperty] = 30, [Canvas.TopProperty] = 50,
+                Padding = new Thickness(10),
+                Child = new Border()
+                {
+                    Width = 20, Height = 10,
+                    Background = Brushes.Red
+                }
+            };
+            s.Canvas.Children.Add(control);
+            s.RunJobs();
+            s.Events.Rects.Clear();
+            control.IsVisible = false;
+            s.AssertRects(new Rect(40, 60, 20, 10));
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorTestsBase.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorTestsBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa722a23b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Rendering/CompositorTestsBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reactive.Disposables;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using Avalonia.Controls.Embedding;
+using Avalonia.Controls.Presenters;
+using Avalonia.Controls.Templates;
+using Avalonia.Data;
+using Avalonia.Input;
+using Avalonia.Input.Raw;
+using Avalonia.Platform;
+using Avalonia.Rendering;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.Composition;
+using Avalonia.Threading;
+using Avalonia.UnitTests;
+using Avalonia.VisualTree;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Base.UnitTests.Rendering;
+
+public class CompositorTestsBase
+{
+    public class DebugEvents : ICompositionTargetDebugEvents
+    {
+        public List<Rect> Rects = new();
+
+        public void RectInvalidated(Rect rc)
+        {
+            Rects.Add(rc);
+        }
+
+        public void Reset()
+        {
+            Rects.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ManualRenderTimer : IRenderTimer
+    {
+        public event Action<TimeSpan> Tick;
+        public bool RunsInBackground => false;
+        public void TriggerTick() => Tick?.Invoke(TimeSpan.Zero);
+        public Task TriggerBackgroundTick() => Task.Run(TriggerTick);
+    }
+
+    class TopLevelImpl : ITopLevelImpl
+    {
+        private readonly Compositor _compositor;
+        public CompositingRenderer Renderer { get; private set; }
+
+        public TopLevelImpl(Compositor compositor, Size clientSize)
+        {
+            ClientSize = clientSize;
+            _compositor = compositor;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        public Size ClientSize { get; }
+        public Size? FrameSize { get; }
+        public double RenderScaling => 1;
+        public IEnumerable<object> Surfaces { get; } = Array.Empty<object>();
+        public Action<RawInputEventArgs> Input { get; set; }
+        public Action<Rect> Paint { get; set; }
+        public Action<Size, PlatformResizeReason> Resized { get; set; }
+        public Action<double> ScalingChanged { get; set; }
+        public Action<WindowTransparencyLevel> TransparencyLevelChanged { get; set; }
+
+        public IRenderer CreateRenderer(IRenderRoot root)
+        {
+            return Renderer = new CompositingRenderer(root, _compositor);
+        }
+
+        public void Invalidate(Rect rect)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void SetInputRoot(IInputRoot inputRoot)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public Point PointToClient(PixelPoint point) => default;
+
+        public PixelPoint PointToScreen(Point point) => new();
+
+        public void SetCursor(ICursorImpl cursor)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public Action Closed { get; set; }
+        public Action LostFocus { get; set; }
+        public IMouseDevice MouseDevice { get; } = new MouseDevice();
+        public IPopupImpl CreatePopup() => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+        public void SetTransparencyLevelHint(WindowTransparencyLevel transparencyLevel)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public WindowTransparencyLevel TransparencyLevel { get; }
+        public AcrylicPlatformCompensationLevels AcrylicCompensationLevels { get; }
+    }
+
+    protected class CompositorServices : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly IDisposable _app;
+        public Compositor Compositor { get; }
+        public ManualRenderTimer Timer { get; } = new();
+        public EmbeddableControlRoot TopLevel { get; }
+        public CompositingRenderer Renderer { get; } = null!;
+        public DebugEvents Events { get; } = new();
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            TopLevel.Renderer.Stop();
+            TopLevel.Dispose();
+            _app.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public CompositorServices(Size? size = null)
+        {
+            _app = UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.MockPlatformRenderInterface);
+            try
+            {
+                AvaloniaLocator.CurrentMutable.Bind<IRenderTimer>().ToConstant(Timer);
+                AvaloniaLocator.CurrentMutable.Bind<IRenderLoop>()
+                    .ToConstant(new RenderLoop(Timer, Dispatcher.UIThread));
+
+                Compositor = new Compositor(AvaloniaLocator.Current.GetRequiredService<IRenderLoop>(), null);
+                var impl = new TopLevelImpl(Compositor, size ?? new Size(1000, 1000));
+                TopLevel = new EmbeddableControlRoot(impl)
+                {
+                    Template = new FuncControlTemplate((parent, scope) =>
+                    {
+                        var presenter = new ContentPresenter
+                        {
+                            [~ContentPresenter.ContentProperty] = new TemplateBinding(ContentControl.ContentProperty)
+                        };
+                        scope.Register("PART_ContentPresenter", presenter);
+                        return presenter;
+                    })
+                };
+                Renderer = impl.Renderer;
+                TopLevel.Prepare();
+                TopLevel.Renderer.Start();
+                RunJobs();
+                Renderer.CompositionTarget.Server.DebugEvents = Events;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                _app.Dispose();
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RunJobs()
+        {
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.RunJobs();
+            Timer.TriggerTick();
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.RunJobs();
+        }
+
+        public void AssertRects(params Rect[] rects)
+        {
+            RunJobs();
+            var toAssert = rects.Select(x => x.ToString()).Distinct().OrderBy(x => x);
+            var invalidated = Events.Rects.Select(x => x.ToString()).Distinct().OrderBy(x => x);
+            Assert.Equal(toAssert, invalidated);
+            Events.Rects.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public void AssertHitTest(double x, double y, Func<IVisual, bool> filter, params object[] expected)
+            => AssertHitTest(new Point(x, y), filter, expected);
+        public void AssertHitTest(Point pt, Func<IVisual, bool> filter, params object[] expected)
+        {
+            RunJobs();
+            var tested = Renderer.HitTest(pt, TopLevel, filter);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, tested);
+        }
+        
+        public void AssertHitTestFirst(Point pt, Func<IVisual, bool> filter, object expected)
+        {
+            RunJobs();
+            var tested = Renderer.HitTest(pt, TopLevel, filter).First();
+            Assert.Equal(expected, tested);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    protected class CompositorCanvas : CompositorServices
+    {
+        public Canvas Canvas { get; } = new();
+
+        public CompositorCanvas()
+        {
+            TopLevel.Content = Canvas;
+            RunJobs();
+            Events.Reset();
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61ac6e7865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Base.UnitTests/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Avalonia.Utilities;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Base.UnitTests.Utilities
+{
+    public class AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests
+    {
+        private static AvaloniaProperty[] TestProperties;
+
+        static AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests()
+        {
+            TestProperties = new AvaloniaProperty[100];
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
+            {
+                TestProperties[i] = new StyledProperty<string>(
+                    $"Test{i}",
+                    typeof(AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryTests),
+                    new StyledPropertyMetadata<string>());
+            }
+
+            Shuffle(TestProperties, 42);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Property_Indexer_Finds_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+            var result = target[property];
+
+            Assert.Equal($"Value{index}", result);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Property_Indexer_Throws_If_Value_Not_Found(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.Throws<KeyNotFoundException>(() => target[property]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Property_Indexer_Adds_New_Value(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            target[property] = "new";
+
+            Assert.Equal("new", target[property]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Property_Indexer_Sets_Existing_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.Equal($"Value{index}", target[property]);
+
+            target[property] = "new";
+
+            Assert.Equal("new", target[property]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Int_Indexer_Finds_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var result = target[index];
+
+            Assert.NotNull(result);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Int_Indexer_Throws_If_Index_Out_Of_Range(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+
+            Assert.Throws<IndexOutOfRangeException>(() => target[index]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Add_Adds_New_Value(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            target.Add(property, "new");
+
+            Assert.Equal("new", target[property]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Add_Throws_If_Key_Exists(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => target.Add(property, "new"));
+        }
+
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void ContainsKey_Returns_True_If_Value_Exists(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.True(target.ContainsKey(property));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void ContainsKey_Returns_False_If_Value_Does_Not_Exist(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.False(target.ContainsKey(property));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void GetKeyValue_Finds_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+
+            target.GetKeyValue(index, out var property, out var value);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(property);
+            Assert.NotNull(value);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void GetKeyValue_Throws_If_Index_Out_Of_Range(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+
+            Assert.Throws<IndexOutOfRangeException>(() => target.GetKeyValue(index, out var _, out var _));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Remove_Removes_Value(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.True(target.Remove(property));
+            Assert.False(target.ContainsKey(property));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Remove_Returns_False_If_Value_Not_Present(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.False(target.Remove(property));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void Remove_Returns_Existing_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.True(target.Remove(property, out var value));
+            Assert.Equal($"Value{index}", value);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void TryAdd_Adds_New_Value(int count)
+        {
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.True(target.TryAdd(property, "new"));
+
+            Assert.Equal("new", target[property]);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void TryAdd_Returns_False_If_Key_Exists(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.False(target.TryAdd(property, "new"));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void TryGetValue_Finds_Value(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count / 2;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.True(target.TryGetValue(property, out var value));
+            Assert.Equal($"Value{index}", value);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [MemberData(nameof(Counts))]
+        public void TryGetValue_Returns_False_If_Key_Does_Not_Exist(int count)
+        {
+            if (count == 0)
+                return;
+
+            var target = CreateTarget(count);
+            var index = count;
+            var property = TestProperties[index];
+
+            Assert.False(target.TryGetValue(property, out var value));
+            Assert.Null(value);
+        }
+
+        public static TheoryData<int> Counts()
+        {
+            var result = new TheoryData<int>();
+            result.Add(0);
+            result.Add(1);
+            result.Add(10);
+            result.Add(13);
+            result.Add(50);
+            result.Add(72);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private static AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<string> CreateTarget(int items)
+        {
+            var result = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<string>();
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < items; ++i)
+                result.Add(TestProperties[i], $"Value{i}");
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private static void Shuffle<T>(T[] array, int seed)
+        {
+            var rng = new Random(seed);
+
+            int n = array.Length;
+            while (n > 1)
+            {
+                int k = rng.Next(n--);
+                T temp = array[n];
+                array[n] = array[k];
+                array[k] = temp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Avalonia.Benchmarks.csproj b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Avalonia.Benchmarks.csproj
index 6e4c54fa05..30bba85ebd 100644
--- a/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Avalonia.Benchmarks.csproj
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Avalonia.Benchmarks.csproj
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
     <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <Import Project="..\..\build\SharedVersion.props" />
+
+  <Import Project="..\..\build\SharedVersion.props" />
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\Avalonia.Base\Avalonia.Base.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\..\src\Avalonia.Controls\Avalonia.Controls.csproj" />
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Layout/ControlsBenchmark.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Layout/ControlsBenchmark.cs
index 51b52d6130..946186721c 100644
--- a/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Layout/ControlsBenchmark.cs
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Layout/ControlsBenchmark.cs
@@ -55,6 +55,39 @@ namespace Avalonia.Benchmarks.Layout
             Dispatcher.UIThread.RunJobs(DispatcherPriority.Loaded);
         }
 
+        [Benchmark]
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
+        public void CreateControl()
+        {
+            var control = new Control();
+            
+            _root.Child = control;
+
+            _root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();
+        }
+        
+        [Benchmark]
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
+        public void CreateDecorator()
+        {
+            var control = new Decorator();
+            
+            _root.Child = control;
+
+            _root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();
+        }
+        
+        [Benchmark]
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
+        public void CreateScrollViewer()
+        {
+            var control = new ScrollViewer();
+            
+            _root.Child = control;
+
+            _root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();
+        }
+        
         [Benchmark]
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
         public void CreateButton()
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryBenchmarks.cs b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryBenchmarks.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..973ef2bb8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.Benchmarks/Utilities/AvaloniaPropertyDictionaryBenchmarks.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using Avalonia.Utilities;
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+
+namespace Avalonia.Benchmarks.Utilities;
+
+// TODO: Remove after review together with related benchmark code.
+internal sealed class AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<TValue>
+{
+    // The last item in the list is always int.MaxValue.
+    private static readonly Entry[] s_emptyEntries = { new Entry { PropertyId = int.MaxValue, Value = default! } };
+
+    private Entry[] _entries;
+
+    public AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld()
+    {
+        _entries = s_emptyEntries;
+    }
+
+    public int Count => _entries.Length - 1;
+    public TValue this[int index] => _entries[index].Value;
+
+    private (int, bool) TryFindEntry(int propertyId)
+    {
+        if (_entries.Length <= 12)
+        {
+            // For small lists, we use an optimized linear search. Since the last item in the list
+            // is always int.MaxValue, we can skip a conditional branch in each iteration.
+            // By unrolling the loop, we can skip another unconditional branch in each iteration.
+
+            if (_entries[0].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (0, _entries[0].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[1].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (1, _entries[1].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[2].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (2, _entries[2].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[3].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (3, _entries[3].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[4].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (4, _entries[4].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[5].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (5, _entries[5].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[6].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (6, _entries[6].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[7].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (7, _entries[7].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[8].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (8, _entries[8].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[9].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (9, _entries[9].PropertyId == propertyId);
+            if (_entries[10].PropertyId >= propertyId)
+                return (10, _entries[10].PropertyId == propertyId);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            var low = 0;
+            var high = _entries.Length;
+            int id;
+
+            while (high - low > 3)
+            {
+                var pivot = (high + low) / 2;
+                id = _entries[pivot].PropertyId;
+
+                if (propertyId == id)
+                    return (pivot, true);
+
+                if (propertyId <= id)
+                    high = pivot;
+                else
+                    low = pivot + 1;
+            }
+
+            do
+            {
+                id = _entries[low].PropertyId;
+
+                if (id == propertyId)
+                    return (low, true);
+
+                if (id > propertyId)
+                    break;
+
+                ++low;
+            }
+            while (low < high);
+        }
+
+        return (0, false);
+    }
+
+    public bool TryGetValue(AvaloniaProperty property, [MaybeNullWhen(false)] out TValue value)
+    {
+        (var index, var found) = TryFindEntry(property.Id);
+        if (!found)
+        {
+            value = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = _entries[index].Value;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void AddValue(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
+    {
+        var entries = new Entry[_entries.Length + 1];
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < _entries.Length; ++i)
+        {
+            if (_entries[i].PropertyId > property.Id)
+            {
+                if (i > 0)
+                {
+                    Array.Copy(_entries, 0, entries, 0, i);
+                }
+
+                entries[i] = new Entry { PropertyId = property.Id, Value = value };
+                Array.Copy(_entries, i, entries, i + 1, _entries.Length - i);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        _entries = entries;
+    }
+
+    public void SetValue(AvaloniaProperty property, TValue value)
+    {
+        _entries[TryFindEntry(property.Id).Item1].Value = value;
+    }
+
+    public void Remove(AvaloniaProperty property)
+    {
+        var (index, found) = TryFindEntry(property.Id);
+
+        if (found)
+        {
+            var newLength = _entries.Length - 1;
+
+            // Special case - one element left means that value store is empty so we can just reuse our "empty" array.
+            if (newLength == 1)
+            {
+                _entries = s_emptyEntries;
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var entries = new Entry[newLength];
+
+            var ix = 0;
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < _entries.Length; ++i)
+            {
+                if (i != index)
+                {
+                    entries[ix++] = _entries[i];
+                }
+            }
+
+            _entries = entries;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private struct Entry
+    {
+        internal int PropertyId;
+        internal TValue Value;
+    }
+}
+
+internal class MockProperty : StyledProperty<int>
+{
+    public MockProperty([JetBrains.Annotations.NotNull] string name) : base(name, typeof(object), new StyledPropertyMetadata<int>())
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+internal static class MockProperties
+{
+    public static readonly AvaloniaProperty[] ShuffledProperties;
+
+    static MockProperties()
+    {
+        ShuffledProperties = new AvaloniaProperty[32];
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < ShuffledProperties.Length; i++)
+        {
+            ShuffledProperties[i] = new MockProperty($"Property#{i}");
+        }
+
+        Shuffle(ShuffledProperties, 42);
+    }
+
+    private static void Shuffle<T>(T[] array, int seed)
+    {
+        var rng = new Random(seed);
+
+        var n = array.Length;
+        while (n > 1)
+        {
+            var k = rng.Next(n--);
+            var temp = array[n];
+            array[n] = array[k];
+            array[k] = temp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+[MemoryDiagnoser]
+public class ValueStore_Lookup
+{
+    [Params(2, 6, 10, 20, 30)]
+    public int PropertyCount;
+
+    public AvaloniaProperty[] Properties => MockProperties.ShuffledProperties;
+
+    private AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object> _store;
+    private AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object> _oldStore;
+    private Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object> _dictionary;
+
+    [GlobalSetup]
+    public void GlobalSetup()
+    {
+        _store = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object>();
+        _oldStore = new AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object>();
+        _dictionary = new Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            _store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+            _oldStore.AddValue(Properties[i], null);
+            _dictionary.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void LookupProperties()
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            _store.TryGetValue(Properties[i], out _);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public void LookupProperties_Old()
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            _oldStore.TryGetValue(Properties[i], out _);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void LookupProperties_Dict()
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            _dictionary.TryGetValue(Properties[i], out _);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+[MemoryDiagnoser]
+public class ValueStore_AddBenchmarks
+{
+    [Params(2, 6, 10, 20, 30)]
+    public int PropertyCount;
+
+    public AvaloniaProperty[] Properties => MockProperties.ShuffledProperties;
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void Add()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public void Add_Old()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.AddValue(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void Add_Dict()
+    {
+        var store = new Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+[MemoryDiagnoser]
+public class ValueStore_AddRemoveBenchmarks
+{
+    [Params(2, 6, 10, 20, 30)]
+    public int PropertyCount;
+
+    public AvaloniaProperty[] Properties => MockProperties.ShuffledProperties;
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValue()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+
+        for (var i = PropertyCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValue_Old()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.AddValue(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+
+        for (var i = PropertyCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValue_Dict()
+    {
+        var store = new Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+
+        for (var i = PropertyCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+[MemoryDiagnoser]
+public class ValueStore_AddRemoveInterleavedBenchmarks
+{
+    [Params(2, 6, 10, 20, 30)]
+    public int PropertyCount;
+
+    public AvaloniaProperty[] Properties => MockProperties.ShuffledProperties;
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValueInterleaved()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValueInterleaved_Old()
+    {
+        var store = new AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.AddValue(Properties[i], null);
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public void AddAndRemoveValueInterleaved_Dict()
+    {
+        var store = new Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+            store.Remove(Properties[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+[MemoryDiagnoser]
+public class ValueStore_Enumeration
+{
+    [Params(2, 6, 10, 20, 30)]
+    public int PropertyCount;
+
+    public AvaloniaProperty[] Properties => MockProperties.ShuffledProperties;
+
+    private AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object> _store;
+    private AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object> _oldStore;
+    private Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object> _dictionary;
+
+    [GlobalSetup]
+    public void GlobalSetup()
+    {
+        _store = new AvaloniaPropertyDictionary<object>();
+        _oldStore = new AvaloniaPropertyValueStoreOld<object>();
+        _dictionary = new Dictionary<AvaloniaProperty, object>();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < PropertyCount; i++)
+        {
+            _store.Add(Properties[i], null);
+            _oldStore.AddValue(Properties[i], null);
+            _dictionary.Add(Properties[i], null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public int Enumerate()
+    {
+        var result = 0;
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < _store.Count; i++)
+        {
+            result += _store[i] is null ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public int Enumerate_Old()
+    {
+        var result = 0;
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < _store.Count; i++)
+        {
+            result += _oldStore[i] is null ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public int Enumerate_Dict()
+    {
+        var result = 0;
+
+        foreach (var i in _dictionary)
+        {
+            result += i.Value is null ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public int Enumerate_DictValues()
+    {
+        var result = 0;
+
+        foreach (var i in _dictionary.Values)
+        {
+            result += i is null ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Avalonia.UnitTests/MockPlatformRenderInterface.cs b/tests/Avalonia.UnitTests/MockPlatformRenderInterface.cs
index bf4ac9c1f6..f6a127b573 100644
--- a/tests/Avalonia.UnitTests/MockPlatformRenderInterface.cs
+++ b/tests/Avalonia.UnitTests/MockPlatformRenderInterface.cs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using System.IO;
 using Avalonia.Media;
 using Avalonia.Platform;
 using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
+using Avalonia.Rendering;
 using Moq;
 
 namespace Avalonia.UnitTests
@@ -25,9 +26,33 @@ namespace Avalonia.UnitTests
             return Mock.Of<IGeometryImpl>(x => x.Bounds == rect);
         }
 
+        class MockRenderTarget : IRenderTarget
+        {
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                
+            }
+
+            public IDrawingContextImpl CreateDrawingContext(IVisualBrushRenderer visualBrushRenderer)
+            {
+                var m = new Mock<IDrawingContextImpl>();
+                m.Setup(c => c.CreateLayer(It.IsAny<Size>()))
+                    .Returns(() =>
+                        {
+                            var r = new Mock<IDrawingContextLayerImpl>();
+                            r.Setup(r => r.CreateDrawingContext(It.IsAny<IVisualBrushRenderer>()))
+                                .Returns(CreateDrawingContext(null));
+                            return r.Object;
+                        }
+                    );
+                return m.Object;
+
+            }
+        }
+        
         public IRenderTarget CreateRenderTarget(IEnumerable<object> surfaces)
         {
-            return Mock.Of<IRenderTarget>();
+            return new MockRenderTarget();
         }
 
         public IRenderTargetBitmapImpl CreateRenderTargetBitmap(PixelSize size, Vector dpi)