using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using Avalonia.Collections;
using Avalonia.Controls.Presenters;
using Avalonia.Controls.Primitives;
using Avalonia.Controls.Templates;
using Avalonia.Data;
using Avalonia.Input;
using Avalonia.Layout;
using Avalonia.Media;
using Avalonia.Styling;
using Avalonia.UnitTests;
using Avalonia.VisualTree;
using Xunit;

#nullable enable

namespace Avalonia.Controls.UnitTests
{
    public class VirtualizingStackPanelTests : ScopedTestBase
    {
        private static FuncDataTemplate<ItemWithHeight> CanvasWithHeightTemplate = new((_, _) =>
            new CanvasCountingMeasureArrangeCalls
            {
                Width = 100,
                [!Layoutable.HeightProperty] = new Binding("Height"),
            });

        private static FuncDataTemplate<ItemWithWidth> CanvasWithWidthTemplate = new((_, _) =>
            new CanvasCountingMeasureArrangeCalls
            {
                Height = 100,
                [!Layoutable.WidthProperty] = new Binding("Width"),
            });

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d  , 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20)]
        public void Creates_Initial_Items(double bufferFactor, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            Assert.Equal(1000, scroll.Extent.Height);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, 0, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20)]  // Buffer factor of 0.5. Since at start there is no room, the 10 additional items are just appended
        public void Initializes_Initial_Control_Items(double bufferFactor, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new Button { Width = 25, Height = 10 });
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: null, bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            Assert.Equal(1000, scroll.Extent.Height);

            AssertRealizedControlItems<Button>(target, itemsControl, 0, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 2)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 2)]  
        public void Creates_Reassigned_Items(double bufferFactor, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: Array.Empty<object>(), bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            Assert.Empty(itemsControl.GetRealizedContainers());

            itemsControl.ItemsSource = new[] { "foo", "bar" };
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, 0, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 1, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 0, 20)]
        public void Scrolls_Down_One_Item(double bufferFactor, int expectedFirstIndex, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 10);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, expectedFirstIndex, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 20,10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 15,20)]
        public void Scrolls_Down_More_Than_A_Page(double bufferFactor, int expectedFirstIndex, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, expectedFirstIndex, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 11, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 6, 20)]
        public void Scrolls_Down_To_Index(double bufferFactor, int expectedFirstIndex, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            target.ScrollIntoView(20);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, expectedFirstIndex, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 90, 20, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 80, 15, 20)]
        public void Scrolls_Up_To_Index(double bufferFactor, int firstRealizedIndex, int expectedFirstIndex, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            scroll.ScrollToEnd();
            Layout(target);

            Assert.Equal(firstRealizedIndex, target.FirstRealizedIndex);

            target.ScrollIntoView(20);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, expectedFirstIndex, expectedCount);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 11)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 21)]
        public void Scrolling_Up_To_Index_Does_Not_Create_A_Page_Of_Unrealized_Elements(double bufferFactor, int expectedCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            scroll.ScrollToEnd();
            Layout(target);
            target.ScrollIntoView(20);

            Assert.Equal(expectedCount, target.Children.Count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 
            10, 
            11, 
            "-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10", 
            10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d,
            20,
            21,
            "-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20",
            20)]
        public void Creates_Elements_On_Item_Insert_1(double bufferFactor, 
            int firstCount,
            int secondCount, 
            string indexesRaw, 
            int thirdCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            Assert.Equal(firstCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            items.Insert(0, "new");

            Assert.Equal(secondCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            var indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // Blank space inserted in realized elements and subsequent indexes updated.
            Assert.Equal(indexesRaw.Split(", ").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray(), indexes);

            var elements = target.GetRealizedElements().ToList();
            Layout(target);

            indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // After layout an element for the new element is created.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, thirdCount), indexes);

            // But apart from the new element and the removed last element, all existing elements
            // should be the same.
            elements[0] = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(0);
            elements.RemoveAt(elements.Count - 1);
            Assert.Equal(elements, target.GetRealizedElements());
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d,
            10,
            11,
            "0, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10",
            10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d,
            20,
            21,
            "0, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20",
            20)]
        public void Creates_Elements_On_Item_Insert_2(double bufferFactor,
            int firstCount,
            int secondCount,
            string indexesRaw,
            int thirdCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            Assert.Equal(firstCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            items.Insert(2, "new");

            Assert.Equal(secondCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            var indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // Blank space inserted in realized elements and subsequent indexes updated.
            Assert.Equal(indexesRaw.Split(", ").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray(), indexes);

            var elements = target.GetRealizedElements().ToList();
            Layout(target);

            indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // After layout an element for the new element is created.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, thirdCount), indexes);

            // But apart from the new element and the removed last element, all existing elements
            // should be the same.
            elements[2] = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(2);
            elements.RemoveAt(elements.Count - 1);
            Assert.Equal(elements, target.GetRealizedElements());
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Updates_Elements_On_Item_Moved(double bufferFactor)
        {
            // Arrange

            using var app = App();

            var actualItems = new AvaloniaList<string>(Enumerable
                .Range(0, 100)
                .Select(x => $"Item {x}"));

            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: actualItems, bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            var expectedRealizedElementContents = new[] { 1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
                .Select(x => $"Item {x}");

            // Act

            actualItems.Move(0, 2);
            Layout(target);

            // Assert

            var actualRealizedElementContents = target
                .GetRealizedElements()
                .Cast<ContentPresenter>()
                .Select(x => x.Content);

            Assert.Equivalent(expectedRealizedElementContents, actualRealizedElementContents);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Updates_Elements_On_Item_Range_Moved(double bufferFactor)
        {
            // Arrange

            using var app = App();

            var actualItems = new AvaloniaList<string>(Enumerable
                .Range(0, 100)
                .Select(x => $"Item {x}"));

            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: actualItems, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var expectedRealizedElementContents = new[] { 2, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
                .Select(x => $"Item {x}");

            // Act

            actualItems.MoveRange(0, 2, 3);
            Layout(target);

            // Assert

            var actualRealizedElementContents = target
                .GetRealizedElements()
                .Cast<ContentPresenter>()
                .Select(x => x.Content);

            Assert.Equivalent(expectedRealizedElementContents, actualRealizedElementContents);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, 9)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, 19)]
        public void Updates_Elements_On_Item_Remove(double bufferFactor, int firstCount, int secondCount)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            Assert.Equal(firstCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            var toRecycle = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(2);
            items.RemoveAt(2);

            var indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // Item removed from realized elements and subsequent row indexes updated.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, secondCount), indexes);

            var elements = target.GetRealizedElements().ToList();
            Layout(target);

            indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // After layout an element for the newly visible last row is created and indexes updated.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, firstCount), indexes);

            // And the removed row should now have been recycled as the last row.
            elements.Add(toRecycle);
            Assert.Equal(elements, target.GetRealizedElements());
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "0, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "0, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19")]
        public void Updates_Elements_On_Item_Replace(double bufferFactor, int firstCount, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (ObservableCollection<string>)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            Assert.Equal(firstCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            var toReplace = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(2);
            items[2] = "new";

            // Container being replaced should have been recycled.
            Assert.DoesNotContain(toReplace, target.GetRealizedElements());
            Assert.False(toReplace!.IsVisible);

            var indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // Item removed from realized elements at old position and space inserted at new position.
            Assert.Equal(indexesRaw.Split(", ").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray(), indexes);

            Layout(target);

            indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // After layout the missing container should have been created.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, firstCount), indexes);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1, 7, 8, 9")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19")]
        public void Updates_Elements_On_Item_Move(double bufferFactor, int firstCount, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor:bufferFactor);
            var items = (ObservableCollection<string>)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            Assert.Equal(firstCount, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);

            var toMove = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(2);
            items.Move(2, 6);

            // Container being moved should have been recycled.
            Assert.DoesNotContain(toMove, target.GetRealizedElements());
            Assert.False(toMove!.IsVisible);

            var indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // Item removed from realized elements at old position and space inserted at new position.
            Assert.Equal(indexesRaw.Split(", ").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray(), indexes);

            Layout(target);

            indexes = GetRealizedIndexes(target, itemsControl);

            // After layout the missing container should have been created.
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(0, firstCount), indexes);
        }
       
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Removes_Control_Items_From_Panel_On_Item_Remove(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = new ObservableCollection<Button>(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new Button { Width = 25, Height = 10 }));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: null, bufferFactor:bufferFactor);

            Assert.Equal(1000, scroll.Extent.Height);

            var removed = items[1];
            items.RemoveAt(1);

            Assert.Null(removed.Parent);
            Assert.Null(removed.VisualParent);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Does_Not_Recycle_Focused_Element(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var focused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            focused.Focusable = true;
            focused.Focus();
            Assert.True(target.GetRealizedElements().First()!.IsKeyboardFocusWithin);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedElements(), x => Assert.False(x!.IsKeyboardFocusWithin));
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Removing_Item_Of_Focused_Element_Clears_Focus(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            var focused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            focused.Focusable = true;
            focused.Focus();
            Assert.True(focused.IsKeyboardFocusWithin);
            Assert.Equal(focused, KeyboardNavigation.GetTabOnceActiveElement(itemsControl));

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            items.RemoveAt(0);

            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedElements(), x => Assert.False(x!.IsKeyboardFocusWithin));
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedElements(), x => Assert.NotSame(focused, x));
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Scrolling_Back_To_Focused_Element_Uses_Correct_Element(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var focused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            focused.Focusable = true;
            focused.Focus();
            Assert.True(focused.IsKeyboardFocusWithin);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 0);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.Same(focused, target.GetRealizedElements().First());
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Focusing_Another_Element_Recycles_Original_Focus_Element(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var originalFocused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            originalFocused.Focusable = true;
            originalFocused.Focus();

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 500);
            Layout(target);

            var newFocused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            newFocused.Focusable = true;
            newFocused.Focus();

            Assert.False(originalFocused.IsVisible);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Focused_Element_Losing_Focus_Does_Not_Reset_Selection(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, listBox) = CreateTarget<ListBox, VirtualizingStackPanel>(
                styles: new[]
                {
                    new Style(x => x.OfType<ListBoxItem>())
                    {
                        Setters =
                        {
                            new Setter(ListBoxItem.TemplateProperty, ListBoxItemTemplate()),
                        }
                    }
                }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            listBox.SelectedIndex = 0;

            var selectedContainer = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            selectedContainer.Focusable = true;
            selectedContainer.Focus();

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 500);
            Layout(target);

            var newFocused = target.GetRealizedElements().First()!;
            newFocused.Focusable = true;
            newFocused.Focus();

            Assert.Equal(0, listBox.SelectedIndex);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 90, 10, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 80, 0, 20)]
        public void Removing_Range_When_Scrolled_To_End_Updates_Viewport(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int secondIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = new AvaloniaList<string>(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 900);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);

            items.RemoveRange(0, 80);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, secondIndex, count);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 100), scroll.Offset);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 90, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 80, 20)]
        public void Removing_Range_To_Have_Less_Than_A_Page_Of_Items_When_Scrolled_To_End_Updates_Viewport(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = new AvaloniaList<string>(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 900);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);

            items.RemoveRange(0, 95);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, 0, 5);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 0), scroll.Offset);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 90, 10, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 80,0, 20)]
        public void Resetting_Collection_To_Have_Less_Items_When_Scrolled_To_End_Updates_Viewport(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int secondIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = new ResettingCollection(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 900);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);

            items.Reset(Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, secondIndex, count);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 100), scroll.Offset);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 90, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 80, 20)]
        public void Resetting_Collection_To_Have_Less_Than_A_Page_Of_Items_When_Scrolled_To_End_Updates_Viewport(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = new ResettingCollection(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 900);
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);

            items.Reset(Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));
            Layout(target);

            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, 0, 5);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 0), scroll.Offset);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "4,9")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "4,9,14,19")]
        public void NthChild_Selector_Works(double bufferFactor, int count, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var style = new Style(x => x.OfType<ContentPresenter>().NthChild(5, 0))
            {
                Setters = { new Setter(ListBoxItem.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Red) },
            };

            var (target, _, _) = CreateTarget(styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var realized = target.GetRealizedContainers()!.Cast<ContentPresenter>().ToList();

            Assert.Equal(count, realized.Count);

            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                var container = realized[i];
                var index = target.IndexFromContainer(container);
                var redIndexes = indexesRaw.Split(",").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray();
                var expectedBackground = redIndexes.Contains(i) ? Brushes.Red : null;

                Assert.Equal(i, index);
                Assert.Equal(expectedBackground, container.Background);
            }
        }

        // https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/issues/12838
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "4,9")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "4,9,14,19")]
        public void NthChild_Selector_Works_For_ItemTemplate_Children(double bufferFactor, int count, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var style = new Style(x => x.OfType<ContentPresenter>().NthChild(5, 0).Child().OfType<Canvas>())
            {
                Setters = { new Setter(Panel.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Red) },
            };

            var (target, _, _) = CreateTarget(styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var realized = target.GetRealizedContainers()!.Cast<ContentPresenter>().ToList();

            Assert.Equal(count, realized.Count);

            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                var container = realized[i];
                var index = target.IndexFromContainer(container);
                var redIndexes = indexesRaw.Split(",").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray();
                var expectedBackground = redIndexes.Contains(i) ? Brushes.Red : null;

                Assert.Equal(i, index);
                Assert.Equal(expectedBackground, ((Canvas)container.Child!).Background);
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "0,5")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "0,5,10,15")]
        public void NthLastChild_Selector_Works(double bufferFactor, int count, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var style = new Style(x => x.OfType<ContentPresenter>().NthLastChild(5, 0))
            {
                Setters = { new Setter(ListBoxItem.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Red) },
            };

            var (target, _, _) = CreateTarget(styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var realized = target.GetRealizedContainers()!.Cast<ContentPresenter>().ToList();

            Assert.Equal(count, realized.Count);

            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                var container = realized[i];
                var index = target.IndexFromContainer(container);
                var redIndexes = indexesRaw.Split(",").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray();
                var expectedBackground = redIndexes.Contains(i) ? Brushes.Red : null;

                Assert.Equal(i, index);
                Assert.Equal(expectedBackground, container.Background);
            }
        }

        // https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/issues/12838
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, "0,5")]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, "0,5,10,15")]
        public void NthLastChild_Selector_Works_For_ItemTemplate_Children(double bufferFactor, int count, string indexesRaw)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var style = new Style(x => x.OfType<ContentPresenter>().NthLastChild(5, 0).Child().OfType<Canvas>())
            {
                Setters = { new Setter(Panel.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Red) },
            };

            var (target, _, _) = CreateTarget(styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var realized = target.GetRealizedContainers()!.Cast<ContentPresenter>().ToList();

            Assert.Equal(count, realized.Count);

            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                var container = realized[i];
                var index = target.IndexFromContainer(container);
                var redIndexes = indexesRaw.Split(",").Select(Int32.Parse).ToArray();
                var expectedBackground = redIndexes.Contains(i) ? Brushes.Red : null;

                Assert.Equal(i, index);
                Assert.Equal(expectedBackground, ((Canvas)container.Child!).Background);
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 15)]
        public void ContainerPrepared_Is_Raised_When_Scrolling(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var raised = 0;

            itemsControl.ContainerPrepared += (s, e) => ++raised;

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 15)]
        public void ContainerClearing_Is_Raised_When_Scrolling(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var raised = 0;

            itemsControl.ContainerClearing += (s, e) => ++raised;

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 9)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 19)]
        public void ContainerIndexChanged_Is_Raised_On_Insert(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;
            var raised = 0;
            var index = 1;

            itemsControl.ContainerIndexChanged += (s, e) =>
            {
                ++raised;
                Assert.Equal(index, e.OldIndex);
                Assert.Equal(++index, e.NewIndex);
            };

            items.Insert(index, "new");

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, 20)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, 15)]
        public void ContainerIndexChanged_Is_Raised_When_Item_Inserted_Before_Realized_Elements(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised, int index)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;
            var raised = 0;

            itemsControl.ContainerIndexChanged += (s, e) =>
            {
                ++raised;
                Assert.Equal(index, e.OldIndex);
                Assert.Equal(++index, e.NewIndex);
            };

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            items.Insert(10, "new");

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 8)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 18)]
        public void ContainerIndexChanged_Is_Raised_On_Remove(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;
            var raised = 0;
            var index = 1;

            itemsControl.ContainerIndexChanged += (s, e) =>
            {
                ++raised;
                Assert.Equal(index + 1, e.OldIndex);
                Assert.Equal(index++, e.NewIndex);
            };

            items.RemoveAt(index);

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, 20)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 20, 15)]
        public void ContainerIndexChanged_Is_Raised_When_Item_Removed_Before_Realized_Elements(double bufferFactor, int expectedRaised, int index)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;
            var raised = 0;

            itemsControl.ContainerIndexChanged += (s, e) =>
            {
                Assert.Equal(index, e.OldIndex);
                Assert.Equal(index - 1, e.NewIndex);
                ++index;
                ++raised;
            };

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            items.RemoveAt(10);

            Assert.Equal(expectedRaised, raised);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Fires_Correct_Container_Lifecycle_Events_On_Replace(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;
            var events = new List<string>();

            itemsControl.ContainerPrepared += (s, e) => events.Add($"Prepared #{e.Container.GetHashCode()} = {e.Index}");
            itemsControl.ContainerClearing += (s, e) => events.Add($"Clearing #{e.Container.GetHashCode()}");
            itemsControl.ContainerIndexChanged += (s, e) => events.Add($"IndexChanged #{e.Container.GetHashCode()} {e.OldIndex} -> {e.NewIndex}");

            var toReplace = target.GetRealizedElements().ElementAt(2)!;
            items[2] = "New Item";

            Assert.Equal(
                new[] { $"Clearing #{toReplace.GetHashCode()}" },
                events);
            events.Clear();

            itemsControl.UpdateLayout();

            Assert.Equal(
                new[] { $"Prepared #{toReplace.GetHashCode()} = 2" },
                events);
            events.Clear();
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Scrolling_Down_With_Larger_Element_Does_Not_Cause_Jump_And_Arrives_At_End(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 1000).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x)).ToList();
            items[20].Height = 200;

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll down to the larger element.
            while (target.LastRealizedIndex < items.Count - 1)
            {
                scroll.LineDown();
                Layout(target);

                Assert.True(
                    target.FirstRealizedIndex >= index,
                    $"{target.FirstRealizedIndex} is not greater or equal to {index}");

                if (scroll.Offset.Y + scroll.Viewport.Height == scroll.Extent.Height)
                    Assert.Equal(items.Count - 1, target.LastRealizedIndex);

                index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Scrolling_Up_To_Larger_Element_Does_Not_Cause_Jump(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x)).ToList();
            items[20].Height = 200;

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll past the larger element.
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 600);
            Layout(target);

            // Precondition checks
            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex > 20);

            var index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll up to the top.
            while (scroll.Offset.Y > 0)
            {
                scroll.LineUp();
                Layout(target);

                Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex <= index, $"{target.FirstRealizedIndex} is not less than {index}");
                index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Scrolling_Up_To_Smaller_Element_Does_Not_Cause_Jump(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, 30)).ToList();
            items[20].Height = 25;

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, 
                itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, 
                bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var additionalItemsCount = bufferFactor == 0d
                ? 1
                // buffer factor of 0.5 and 7 visible items => will be rounded up to 4
                // => when we scroll up and are near the _extended_ viewport,
                // 4 additional items will be inserted above the current viewport
                : Math.Round(target.Children.Count * target.CacheLength, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);

            // Scroll past the larger element.
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 25 * items[0].Height);
            Layout(target);

            // Precondition checks
            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex > 20);

            var index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll up to the top.
            while (scroll.Offset.Y > 0)
            {
                scroll.Offset = scroll.Offset - new Vector(0, 5);
                Layout(target);

                Assert.True(
                    target.FirstRealizedIndex <= index,
                    $"{target.FirstRealizedIndex} is not less than {index}");
                Assert.True(
                    index - target.FirstRealizedIndex <= additionalItemsCount,
                    $"FirstIndex changed from {index} to {target.FirstRealizedIndex}");

                index = target.FirstRealizedIndex;
            }
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Does_Not_Throw_When_Estimating_Viewport_With_Ancestor_Margin(double bufferFactor)
        {
            // Issue #11272
            using var app = App();
            var (_, _, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<ItemsControl>(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var container = new Decorator { Margin = new Thickness(100) };
            var root = new TestRoot(true, container);

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            container.Child = itemsControl;

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 20)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 200)]
        public void Supports_Null_Recycle_Key_When_Scrolling(double bufferFactor, int offset)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (_, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<NonRecyclingItemsControl>(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var root = CreateRoot(itemsControl);

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            var firstItem = itemsControl.ContainerFromIndex(0)!;
            scroll.Offset = new(0, offset);

            Layout(itemsControl);

            Assert.Null(firstItem.Parent);
            Assert.Null(firstItem.VisualParent);
            Assert.DoesNotContain(firstItem, itemsControl.ItemsPanelRoot!.Children);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Supports_Null_Recycle_Key_When_Clearing_Items(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (_, _, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<NonRecyclingItemsControl>(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var root = CreateRoot(itemsControl);

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            var firstItem = itemsControl.ContainerFromIndex(0)!;
            itemsControl.ItemsSource = null;

            Layout(itemsControl);

            Assert.Null(firstItem.Parent);
            Assert.Null(firstItem.VisualParent);
            Assert.Empty(itemsControl.ItemsPanelRoot!.Children);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_On_Effectively_Invisible_Panel_Does_Not_Create_Ghost_Elements(double bufferFactor)
        {
            var items = new[] { "foo", "bar", "baz" };
            var (target, _, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<ItemsControl>(items: items, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var container = new Decorator { Margin = new Thickness(100), Child = itemsControl };
            var root = new TestRoot(true, container);

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            // Clear the items and do a layout to recycle all elements.
            itemsControl.ItemsSource = null;
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();

            // Should have no realized elements and 3 unrealized elements.
            Assert.Equal(0, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);
            Assert.Equal(3, target.Children.Count);

            // Make the panel effectively invisible and set items.
            container.IsVisible = false;
            itemsControl.ItemsSource = items;

            // Try to scroll into view while effectively invisible.
            target.ScrollIntoView(0);

            // Make the panel visible and layout.
            container.IsVisible = true;
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();

            // Should have 3 realized elements and no unrealized elements.
            Assert.Equal(3, target.GetRealizedElements().Count);
            Assert.Equal(3, target.Children.Count);
        }

        // https://github.com/AvaloniaUI/Avalonia/issues/10968
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Does_Not_Realize_Items_If_Self_Outside_Viewport(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var (panel, _, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<ItemsControl>(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            itemsControl.Margin = new Thickness(0.0, 200.0, 0.0, 0.0);

            var scrollContentPresenter = new ScrollContentPresenter
            {
                Width = 100,
                Height = 100,
                Content = itemsControl
            };

            var root = CreateRoot(scrollContentPresenter);
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();
            Assert.Equal(1, panel.VisualChildren.Count);

            scrollContentPresenter.Content = null;
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();

            scrollContentPresenter.Content = itemsControl;
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();

            Assert.Equal(1, panel.VisualChildren.Count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 0, 8, 1,9)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 0, 17, 0, 17)]
        public void Alternating_Backgrounds_Should_Be_Correct_After_Scrolling(double bufferFactor, 
            int firstIndex1, 
            int lastIndex1,
            int firstIndex2,
            int lastIndex2)
        {
            // Issue #12381.
            static void AssertColors(VirtualizingStackPanel target)
            {
                var containers = target.GetRealizedContainers()!
                    .Cast<ListBoxItem>()
                    .ToList();

                for (var i = target.FirstRealizedIndex; i <= target.LastRealizedIndex; i++)
                {
                    var container = Assert.IsType<ListBoxItem>(target.ContainerFromIndex(i));
                    var expectedBackground = i % 2 == 0 ? Colors.Green : Colors.Red;
                    var brush = Assert.IsAssignableFrom<ISolidColorBrush>(container.Background);

                    Assert.Equal(expectedBackground, brush.Color);
                }
            }

            using var app = App();
            var styles = new[]
            {
                new Style(x => x.OfType<ListBoxItem>())
                {
                    Setters = { new Setter(ListBoxItem.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.White) },
                },
                new Style(x => x.OfType<ListBoxItem>().NthChild(2, 1))
                {
                    Setters = { new Setter(ListBoxItem.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Green) },
                },
                new Style(x => x.OfType<ListBoxItem>().NthChild(2, 0))
                {
                    Setters = { new Setter(ListBoxItem.BackgroundProperty, Brushes.Red) },
                },
            };
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<ListBox>(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // We need to display an odd number of items to reproduce the issue.
            var root = CreateRoot(itemsControl, clientSize: new(100, 90), styles: styles);
            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            var containers = target.GetRealizedContainers()!
                .Cast<ListBoxItem>()
                .ToList();

            Assert.Equal(firstIndex1, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex1, target.LastRealizedIndex);
            AssertColors(target);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 10);
            target.UpdateLayout();

            Assert.Equal(firstIndex2, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex2, target.LastRealizedIndex);
            AssertColors(target);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 20)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 15)]
        public void Inserting_Item_Before_Viewport_Preserves_FirstRealizedIndex(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex)
        {
            // Issue #12744
            using var app = App();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var items = (IList)itemsControl.ItemsSource!;

            // Scroll down 20 items.
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            target.UpdateLayout();
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex, target.FirstRealizedIndex);

            // Insert an item at the beginning.
            items.Insert(0, "New Item");
            target.UpdateLayout();

            // The first realized index should still be 20 as the scroll should be unchanged.
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(new(0, 200), scroll.Offset);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Can_Bind_Item_IsVisible(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var style = CreateIsVisibleBindingStyle();
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithIsVisible(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var container = target.ContainerFromIndex(2)!;

            Assert.True(container.IsVisible);
            Assert.Equal(20, container.Bounds.Top);

            items[2].IsVisible = false;
            Layout(target);

            Assert.False(container.IsVisible);

            // Next container should be in correct position.
            Assert.Equal(20, target.ContainerFromIndex(3)!.Bounds.Top);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void IsVisible_Binding_Persists_After_Scrolling(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var style = CreateIsVisibleBindingStyle();
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithIsVisible(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var container = target.ContainerFromIndex(2)!;

            Assert.True(container.IsVisible);
            Assert.Equal(20, container.Bounds.Top);

            items[2].IsVisible = false;
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 0);
            Layout(target);

            container = target.ContainerFromIndex(2)!;
            Assert.False(container.IsVisible);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void Recycling_A_Hidden_Control_Shows_It(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var style = CreateIsVisibleBindingStyle();
            var itemsList = Enumerable.Range(0, 3).Select(x => new ItemWithIsVisible(x)).ToList();
            var items = new ObservableCollection<ItemWithIsVisible>(itemsList);
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, styles: new[] { style }, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            var container = target.ContainerFromIndex(2)!;

            Assert.True(container.IsVisible);
            Assert.Equal(20, container.Bounds.Top);

            items[2].IsVisible = false;
            Layout(target);

            Assert.False(container.IsVisible);

            items.RemoveAt(2);
            items.Add(new ItemWithIsVisible(3));
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(container.IsVisible);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d)]
        [InlineData(0.5d)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_With_TargetRect_Outside_Viewport_Should_Scroll_To_Item(double bufferFactor)
        {
            using var app = App();
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 101).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, x * 100 + 1));
            var itemTemplate = new FuncDataTemplate<ItemWithHeight>((x, _) =>
                new Border
                {
                    Height = 10,
                    [!Layoutable.WidthProperty] = new Binding("Height"),
                });
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(
                items: items,
                itemTemplate: itemTemplate,
                styles: new[]
                {
                    new Style(x => x.OfType<ScrollViewer>())
                    {
                        Setters =
                        {
                            new Setter(ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibilityProperty, ScrollBarVisibility.Visible),
                        }
                    }
                },
                bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
            itemsControl.ContainerPrepared += (_, ev) =>
            {
                ev.Container.AddHandler(Control.RequestBringIntoViewEvent, (_, e) =>
                {
                    var dataContext = (ItemWithHeight)e.TargetObject!.DataContext!;
                    e.TargetRect = new Rect(dataContext.Height - 50, 0, 50, 10);
                });
            };

            target.ScrollIntoView(100);

            Assert.Equal(9901, scroll.Offset.X);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10, 10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 5, 15)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_Correctly_Scrolls_Down_To_A_Page_Of_Smaller_Items(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // First 10 items have height of 20, next 10 have height of 10.
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, ((29 - x) / 10) * 10));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll the last item into view.
            target.ScrollIntoView(19);

            // At the time of the scroll, the average item height is 20, so the requested item
            // should be placed at 380 (19 * 20) which therefore results in an extent of 390 to
            // accommodate the item height of 10. This is obviously not a perfect answer, but
            // it's the best we can do without knowing the actual item heights.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(19));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(0, 380, 100, 10), container.Bounds);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 390), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 290), scroll.Offset);

            // Items 10-19 should be visible.
            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 15, 5, 190, 210, 110)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 10, 10, 253, 273, 173)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_Correctly_Scrolls_Down_To_A_Page_Of_Larger_Items(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count, int y, int extentHeight, int offset)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // First 10 items have height of 10, next 10 have height of 20.
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, ((x / 10) + 1) * 10));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll the last item into view.
            target.ScrollIntoView(19);

            // At the time of the scroll, the average item height is 10, so the requested item
            // should be placed at 190 (19 * 10) which therefore results in an extent of 210 to
            // accommodate the item height of 20. This is obviously not a perfect answer, but
            // it's the best we can do without knowing the actual item heights.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(19));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(0, y, 100, 20), container.Bounds);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, extentHeight), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, offset), scroll.Offset);

            // Items 15-19 should be visible.
            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 10,10)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 5, 15)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_Correctly_Scrolls_Right_To_A_Page_Of_Smaller_Items(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // First 10 items have width of 20, next 10 have width of 10.
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithWidth(x, ((29 - x) / 10) * 10));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items,
                itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll the last item into view.
            target.ScrollIntoView(19);

            // At the time of the scroll, the average item width is 20, so the requested item
            // should be placed at 380 (19 * 20) which therefore results in an extent of 390 to
            // accommodate the item width of 10. This is obviously not a perfect answer, but
            // it's the best we can do without knowing the actual item widths.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(19));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(380, 0, 10, 100), container.Bounds);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(390, 100), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(290, 0), scroll.Offset);

            // Items 10-19 should be visible.
            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 15, 5, 190, 210, 110)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 10, 10, 253, 273, 173)]
        public void ScrollIntoView_Correctly_Scrolls_Right_To_A_Page_Of_Larger_Items(double bufferFactor, int firstIndex, int count, int x, int extentWidth, int offset)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // First 10 items have width of 10, next 10 have width of 20.
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithWidth(x, ((x / 10) + 1) * 10));
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items,
                itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll the last item into view.
            target.ScrollIntoView(19);

            // At the time of the scroll, the average item width is 10, so the requested item
            // should be placed at 190 (19 * 10) which therefore results in an extent of 210 to
            // accommodate the item width of 20. This is obviously not a perfect answer, but
            // it's the best we can do without knowing the actual item widths.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(19));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(x, 0, 20, 100), container.Bounds);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(extentWidth, 100), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(offset, 0), scroll.Offset);

            // Items 15-19 should be visible.
            AssertRealizedItems(target, itemsControl, firstIndex, count);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 
            4,5,
            8, 11)]
        [InlineData(0.5d, 
            3,6,
            6, 13)]
        public void Extent_And_Offset_Should_Be_Updated_When_Containers_Resize(double bufferFactor, 
            int firstIndex1, int lastIndex1, 
            int firstIndex2, int lastIndex2)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // All containers start off with a height of 50 (2 containers fit in viewport).
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, 50)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll to the 5th item (containers 4 and 5 should be visible).
            target.ScrollIntoView(5);
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex1, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex1, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // The extent should be 500 (10 * 50) and the offset should be 200 (4 * 50).
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(5));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(0, 250, 100, 50), container.Bounds);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 1000), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 200), scroll.Offset);

            // Update the height of all items to 25 and run a layout pass.
            foreach (var item in items)
                item.Height = 25;
            target.UpdateLayout();

            // The extent should be updated to reflect the new heights. The offset should be
            // unchanged but the first realized index should be updated to 8 (200 / 25).
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 100), scroll.Viewport);
            Assert.Equal(new Size(100, 500), scroll.Extent);
            Assert.Equal(new Vector(0, 200), scroll.Offset);
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex2, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex2, target.LastRealizedIndex);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d,
            4, 5,
            8, 11)]
        [InlineData(0.5d,
            3, 6,
            6, 13)]
        public void Focused_Container_Is_Positioned_Correctly_when_Container_Size_Change_Causes_It_To_Be_Moved_Out_Of_Visible_Viewport(double bufferFactor,
            int firstIndex1, int lastIndex1,
            int firstIndex2, int lastIndex2)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // All containers start off with a height of 50 (2 containers fit in viewport).
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, 50)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll to the 5th item (containers 4 and 5 should be visible).
            target.ScrollIntoView(5);
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex1, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex1, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // Focus the 5th item.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(5));
            container.Focusable = true;
            container.Focus();

            // Update the height of all items to 25 and run a layout pass.
            foreach (var item in items)
                item.Height = 25;
            target.UpdateLayout();

            // The focused container should now be outside the realized range.
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex2, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex2, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // The container should still exist and be positioned outside the visible viewport.
            container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(5));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(0, 125, 100, 25), container.Bounds);
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData(0d, 
            4, 7,
            3, 6, 
            3, 7)]
        [InlineData(0.5d,
            0, 7,
            0, 7,
            7, 17)]
        public void Focused_Container_Is_Positioned_Correctly_when_Container_Size_Change_Causes_It_To_Be_Moved_Into_Visible_Viewport(double bufferFactor, 
            int firstIndex1, int lastIndex1,
            int firstIndex2, int lastIndex2,
            int firstIndex3, int lastIndex3)
        {
            using var app = App();

            // All containers start off with a height of 25 (4 containers fit in viewport).
            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 20).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x, 25)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateTarget(items: items, itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            // Scroll to the 5th item (containers 4-7 should be visible).
            target.ScrollIntoView(7);
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex1, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex1, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // Focus the 7th item.
            var container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(7));
            container.Focusable = true;
            container.Focus();

            // Scroll up to the 3rd item (containers 3-6 should still be visible).
            target.ScrollIntoView(3);
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex2, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex2, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // Update the height of all items to 20 and run a layout pass.
            foreach (var item in items)
                item.Height = 20;
            target.UpdateLayout();

            // The focused container should now be inside the realized range.
            Assert.Equal(firstIndex3, target.FirstRealizedIndex);
            Assert.Equal(lastIndex3, target.LastRealizedIndex);

            // The container should be positioned correctly.
            container = Assert.IsType<ContentPresenter>(target.ContainerFromIndex(7));
            Assert.Equal(new Rect(0, 140, 100, 20), container.Bounds);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Vertical_Calculates_ViewPort_At_Start_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x)).ToList();

            // Act
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor:0.5d);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(0, target.ViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(100, target.ViewPort.Bottom);

            Assert.Equal(0, target.ExtendedViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(200, target.ExtendedViewPort.Bottom);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Vertical_Calculates_ViewPort_At_End_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // Act
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 910); // scroll to end
            Layout(target);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(900, target.ViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(1000, target.ViewPort.Bottom);

            Assert.Equal(800, target.ExtendedViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(1000, target.ExtendedViewPort.Bottom);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Vertical_Calculates_ViewPort_In_Middle_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeight(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items,
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // Act
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 500); // scroll to end
            Layout(target);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(500, target.ViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(600, target.ViewPort.Bottom);

            Assert.Equal(450, target.ExtendedViewPort.Top);
            Assert.Equal(650, target.ExtendedViewPort.Bottom);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Horizontal_Calculates_ViewPort_At_Start_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidth(x)).ToList();

            // Act
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(0, target.ViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(100, target.ViewPort.Right);

            Assert.Equal(0, target.ExtendedViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(200, target.ExtendedViewPort.Right);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Horizontal_Calculates_ViewPort_At_End_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidth(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);
            // Act
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(900, 0); // scroll to end
            Layout(target);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(900, target.ViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(1000, target.ViewPort.Right);

            Assert.Equal(800, target.ExtendedViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(1000, target.ExtendedViewPort.Right);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void When_Horizontal_Calculates_ViewPort_In_Middle_Of_List()
        {
            // Arrange
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidth(x)).ToList();
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) =
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // Act
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(500, 0); // scroll to end
            Layout(target);

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal(500, target.ViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(600, target.ViewPort.Right);

            Assert.Equal(450, target.ExtendedViewPort.Left);
            Assert.Equal(650, target.ExtendedViewPort.Right);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Down_Does_Not_Measure_Or_Arrange_Until_Extended_ViewPort_Bounds_Are_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            Assert.True(target.LastRealizedIndex == 19,
                $"Should show 20 items but last realized index was {target.LastRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.LastRealizedIndex < 20)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, scroll.Offset.Y + 5);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once");

            // the first 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling down, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems =
                items.Skip(5 /*additional items*/).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(20).Take(5);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Up_Does_Not_Measure_Or_Arrange_Until_Extended_ViewPort_Bounds_Are_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are not near the start of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 200);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex == 15,
                $"Should show items from 20 to 30 (so 15 to 35 including additional items) but first realized index was {target.FirstRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            var initialFirstRealizedIndex = target.FirstRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.FirstRealizedIndex >= 15)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, scroll.Offset.Y - 5);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once");

            // the last 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling up, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems = items.Skip(initialFirstRealizedIndex + 1).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            // now that we scrolled up to index 19, items 18,17,16,15 and 14 should be the "additional" ones
            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(initialFirstRealizedIndex - 6).Take(6);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Down_To_End_Of_List_Only_Measures_Once_When_Last_Item_Is_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are near the end of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 800); // so we render 75 to 95 with a buffer size of 5
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.LastRealizedIndex == 94,
                $"Should show 20 items but last realized index was {target.LastRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            var initialLastRealizedIndex = target.LastRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll down until we reached the very last item
            while (target.LastRealizedIndex < 99)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, scroll.Offset.Y + 5);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once even though we are at the end of the list");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once even though we are at the end of the list");

            // the first 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling down, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems =
                items.Skip(initialLastRealizedIndex + 1 - 15).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(initialLastRealizedIndex + 1).Take(5);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Up_To_Start_Of_List_Only_Measures_Once_When_First_Item_Is_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items, 
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithHeightTemplate,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are not near the start of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, 105);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex == 5,
                $"Should show items from 10 to 20 (so 5 to 25 including additional items) but first realized index was {target.FirstRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.FirstRealizedIndex > 0)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(0, scroll.Offset.Y - 5);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once even though we are at the start of the list");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once even though we are at the start of the list");

            // the last 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling up, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedMeasuredItems = items.Take(20).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedMeasuredItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            // now that we scrolled up to index 19, items 18,17,16,15 and 14 should be the "additional" ones
            var untouchedItems = items.Skip(20).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in untouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Right_Does_Not_Measure_Or_Arrange_Until_Extended_ViewPort_Bounds_Are_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items,
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            Assert.True(target.LastRealizedIndex == 19,
                $"Should show 20 items but last realized index was {target.LastRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.LastRealizedIndex < 20)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(scroll.Offset.X + 5, 0);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once");

            // the first 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling down, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems =
                items.Skip(5 /*additional items*/).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(20).Take(5);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Left_Does_Not_Measure_Or_Arrange_Until_Extended_ViewPort_Bounds_Are_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items,
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are not near the start of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(200, 0);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex == 15,
                $"Should show items from 20 to 30 (so 15 to 35 including additional items) but first realized index was {target.FirstRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            var initialFirstRealizedIndex = target.FirstRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.FirstRealizedIndex >= 15)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(scroll.Offset.X - 5, 0);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once");

            // the last 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling up, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems = items.Skip(initialFirstRealizedIndex + 1).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            // now that we scrolled up to index 19, items 18,17,16,15 and 14 should be the "additional" ones
            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(initialFirstRealizedIndex - 6).Take(6);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Right_To_End_Of_List_Only_Measures_Once_When_Last_Item_Is_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items,
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate,
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are near the end of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(800, 0); // so we render 75 to 95 with a buffer size of 5
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.LastRealizedIndex == 94,
                $"Should show 20 items but last realized index was {target.LastRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            var initialLastRealizedIndex = target.LastRealizedIndex;

            // Scroll down until we reached the very last item
            while (target.LastRealizedIndex < 99)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(scroll.Offset.X + 5, 0);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once even though we are at the end of the list");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once even though we are at the end of the list");

            // the first 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling down, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedUntouchedItems =
                items.Skip(initialLastRealizedIndex + 1 - 15).Take(15).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedUntouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            var newAdditionalItems = items.Skip(initialLastRealizedIndex + 1).Take(5);
            foreach (var itm in newAdditionalItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void Scrolling_Left_To_Start_Of_List_Only_Measures_Once_When_First_Item_Is_Reached()
        {
            using var app = App();

            var items = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => new ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount(x)).ToList();

            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = 
                CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange>(
                    items: items,
                    itemTemplate: CanvasWithWidthTemplate, 
                    orientation: Orientation.Horizontal,
                    bufferFactor: 0.5d);

            // scroll a bit down so we are not near the start of the list
            scroll.Offset = new Vector(105, 0);
            Layout(target);

            Assert.True(target.FirstRealizedIndex == 5,
                $"Should show items from 10 to 20 (so 5 to 25 including additional items) but first realized index was {target.FirstRealizedIndex}");

            // reset counters
            target.ResetMeasureArrangeCounters();
            // shows 20 items, each is 10 high.
            // visible are 10 => need to scroll down 100px until the next 5 (visible*BufferFactor) additional items are added.
            // until then no measure-arrange call should happen

            // Scroll down until the extended viewport bounds are reached
            while (target.FirstRealizedIndex > 0)
            {
                scroll.Offset = new Vector(scroll.Offset.X - 5, 0);
                Layout(target);
            }

            // Assert
            Assert.True(target.Measured == 1, "should be measured only once even though we are at the start of the list");
            Assert.True(target.Arranged == 1, "should be arranged only once even though we are at the start of the list");

            // the last 5 additional items will be reused when scrolling up, but the remaining 10 visible + 5 additional not touched at all
            var expectedMeasuredItems = items.Take(20).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in expectedMeasuredItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 1, $"{itm.Caption} should be arranged but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }

            // now that we scrolled up to index 19, items 18,17,16,15 and 14 should be the "additional" ones
            var untouchedItems = items.Skip(20).ToList();
            foreach (var itm in untouchedItems)
            {
                Assert.True(itm.Measured == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Measured} times");
                Assert.True(itm.Arranged == 0, $"{itm.Caption} should not be measured but was {itm.Arranged} times");
            }
        }

        private static IReadOnlyList<int> GetRealizedIndexes(VirtualizingStackPanel target, ItemsControl itemsControl)
        {
            return target.GetRealizedElements()
                .Select(x => x is null ? -1 : itemsControl.IndexFromContainer((Control)x))
                .ToList();
        }

        private static void AssertRealizedItems(
            VirtualizingStackPanel target,
            ItemsControl itemsControl,
            int firstIndex,
            int count)
        {
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedContainers()!, x => Assert.Same(target, x.VisualParent));
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedContainers()!, x => Assert.Same(itemsControl, x.Parent));

            var childIndexes = target.GetRealizedContainers()!
                .Select(x => itemsControl.IndexFromContainer(x))
                .Where(x => x >= 0)
                .OrderBy(x => x)
                .ToList();
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(firstIndex, count), childIndexes);

            var visibleChildren = target.Children
                .Where(x => x.IsVisible)
                .ToList();
            Assert.Equal(count, visibleChildren.Count);
        }

        private static void AssertRealizedControlItems<TContainer>(
            VirtualizingStackPanel target,
            ItemsControl itemsControl,
            int firstIndex,
            int count)
        {
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedContainers()!, x => Assert.IsType<TContainer>(x));
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedContainers()!, x => Assert.Same(target, x.VisualParent));
            Assert.All(target.GetRealizedContainers()!, x => Assert.Same(itemsControl, x.Parent));

            var childIndexes = target.GetRealizedContainers()!
                .Select(x => itemsControl.IndexFromContainer(x))
                .Where(x => x >= 0)
                .OrderBy(x => x)
                .ToList();
            Assert.Equal(Enumerable.Range(firstIndex, count), childIndexes);
        }
        private static (VirtualizingStackPanel, ScrollViewer, ItemsControl) CreateTarget(
            IEnumerable<object>? items = null,
            Optional<IDataTemplate?> itemTemplate = default,
            IEnumerable<Style>? styles = null,
            Orientation orientation = Orientation.Vertical,
            double bufferFactor = 0.0d)
        {
            return CreateTarget<ItemsControl, VirtualizingStackPanel>(
                items: items,
                itemTemplate: itemTemplate,
                styles: styles,
                orientation: orientation,
                bufferFactor: bufferFactor);
        }


        private static (TStackPanel, ScrollViewer, T) CreateTarget<T, TStackPanel>(
            IEnumerable<object>? items = null,
            Optional<IDataTemplate?> itemTemplate = default,
            IEnumerable<Style>? styles = null,
            Orientation orientation = Orientation.Vertical,
            double bufferFactor = 0.0d)
                where T : ItemsControl, new()
                where TStackPanel : VirtualizingStackPanel, new()
        {
            var (target, scroll, itemsControl) = CreateUnrootedTarget<T, TStackPanel>(items, itemTemplate, orientation, bufferFactor: bufferFactor);

            var root = CreateRoot(itemsControl, styles: styles);

            root.LayoutManager.ExecuteInitialLayoutPass();

            return (target, scroll, itemsControl);
        }

        private static (VirtualizingStackPanel, ScrollViewer, T) CreateUnrootedTarget<T>(
            IEnumerable<object>? items = null,
            Optional<IDataTemplate?> itemTemplate = default,
            Orientation orientation = Orientation.Vertical,
            double bufferFactor = 0.0d)
                where T : ItemsControl, new()
            => CreateUnrootedTarget<T, VirtualizingStackPanel>(items, itemTemplate, orientation, bufferFactor);

        private static (TStackPanel, ScrollViewer, T) CreateUnrootedTarget<T, TStackPanel>(
            IEnumerable<object>? items = null,
            Optional<IDataTemplate?> itemTemplate = default,
            Orientation orientation = Orientation.Vertical,
            double bufferFactor = 0.0d)
                where T : ItemsControl, new()
                where TStackPanel : VirtualizingStackPanel, new()
        {
            var target = new TStackPanel
            {
                Orientation = orientation,
                CacheLength = bufferFactor,
            };

            items ??= new ObservableCollection<string>(Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(x => $"Item {x}"));

            var presenter = new ItemsPresenter
            {
                [~ItemsPresenter.ItemsPanelProperty] = new TemplateBinding(ItemsPresenter.ItemsPanelProperty),
            };

            var scroll = new ScrollViewer
            {
                Name = "PART_ScrollViewer",
                Content = presenter,
            };

            if (orientation == Orientation.Horizontal)
            {
                scroll.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility = ScrollBarVisibility.Auto;
                scroll.VerticalScrollBarVisibility = ScrollBarVisibility.Disabled;
            }

            scroll.Template = ScrollViewerTemplate();

            var itemsControl = new T
            {
                ItemsSource = items,
                Template = new FuncControlTemplate<T>((_, ns) => scroll.RegisterInNameScope(ns)),
                ItemsPanel = new FuncTemplate<Panel?>(() => target),
                ItemTemplate = itemTemplate.GetValueOrDefault(DefaultItemTemplate()),
            };

            return (target, scroll, itemsControl);
        }

        private static TestRoot CreateRoot(
            Control? child,
            Size? clientSize = null,
            IEnumerable<Style>? styles = null)
        {
            var root = new TestRoot(true, child);
            root.ClientSize = clientSize ?? new(100, 100);

            if (styles is not null)
                root.Styles.AddRange(styles);

            return root;
        }

        private static Style CreateIsVisibleBindingStyle()
        {
            return new Style(x => x.OfType<ContentPresenter>())
            {
                Setters =
                {
                    new Setter(Visual.IsVisibleProperty, new Binding("IsVisible")),
                }
            };
        }

        private static IDataTemplate DefaultItemTemplate()
        {
            return new FuncDataTemplate<object>((x, _) => new Canvas { Width = 100, Height = 10 });
        }

        private static void Layout(Control target)
        {
            var root = (ILayoutRoot?)target.GetVisualRoot();
            root?.LayoutManager.ExecuteLayoutPass();
        }

        private static IControlTemplate ListBoxItemTemplate()
        {
            return new FuncControlTemplate<ListBoxItem>((x, ns) =>
                new ContentPresenter
                {
                    Name = "PART_ContentPresenter",
                    Width = 100,
                    Height = 10,
                }.RegisterInNameScope(ns));
        }

        private static IControlTemplate ScrollViewerTemplate()
        {
            return new FuncControlTemplate<ScrollViewer>((x, ns) =>
                new ScrollContentPresenter
                {
                    Name = "PART_ScrollContentPresenter",
                }.RegisterInNameScope(ns));
        }

        private static IDisposable App() => UnitTestApplication.Start(TestServices.RealFocus);

        private class ItemWithHeight : NotifyingBase
        {
            private double _height;

            public ItemWithHeight(int index, double height = 10)
            {
                Caption = $"Item {index}";
                Height = height;
            }

            public string Caption { get; set; }

            public double Height
            {
                get => _height;
                set => SetField(ref _height, value);
            }
        }

        private class ItemWithWidth : NotifyingBase
        {
            private double _width;

            public ItemWithWidth(int index, double width = 10)
            {
                Caption = $"Item {index}";
                Width = width;
            }

            public string Caption { get; set; }

            public double Width
            {
                get => _width;
                set => SetField(ref _width, value);
            }
        }

        private class ItemWithIsVisible : NotifyingBase
        {
            private bool _isVisible = true;

            public ItemWithIsVisible(int index)
            {
                Caption = $"Item {index}";
            }

            public string Caption { get; set; }

            public bool IsVisible
            {
                get => _isVisible;
                set => SetField(ref _isVisible, value);
            }
        }

        private class ResettingCollection : List<string>, INotifyCollectionChanged
        {
            public ResettingCollection(IEnumerable<string> items)
            {
                AddRange(items);
            }

            public void Reset(IEnumerable<string> items)
            {
                Clear();
                AddRange(items);
                CollectionChanged?.Invoke(
                    this,
                    new NotifyCollectionChangedEventArgs(NotifyCollectionChangedAction.Reset));
            }

            public event NotifyCollectionChangedEventHandler? CollectionChanged;
        }

        private class NonRecyclingItemsControl : ItemsControl
        {
            protected override Type StyleKeyOverride => typeof(ItemsControl);

            protected internal override bool NeedsContainerOverride(object? item, int index, out object? recycleKey)
            {
                recycleKey = null;
                return true;
            }
        }

        private interface ICountMeasureArrangeCalls
        {
            int Measured { get; set; }
            int Arranged { get; set; }
        }

        [DebuggerDisplay("{DebuggerDisplay}")]
        private class ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount : ItemWithHeight, ICountMeasureArrangeCalls
        {
            public ItemWithHeightAndMeasureArrangeCount(int index, double height = 10) : base(index, height)
            {
            }

            public int Measured { get; set; }
            public int Arranged { get; set; }

            private string DebuggerDisplay => $"{Caption} (height: {Height} m:{Measured} a: {Arranged})";
        }

        [DebuggerDisplay("{DebuggerDisplay}")]
        private class ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount : ItemWithWidth, ICountMeasureArrangeCalls
        {
            public ItemWithWidthAndMeasureArrangeCount(int index, double width = 10) : base(index, width)
            {
            }

            public int Measured { get; set; }
            public int Arranged { get; set; }

            private string DebuggerDisplay => $"{Caption} (width: {Width} m:{Measured} a: {Arranged})";
        }


        private class VirtualizingStackPanelCountingMeasureArrange : VirtualizingStackPanel
        {
            public int Measured { get; set; }
            public int Arranged { get; set; }

            public void ResetMeasureArrangeCounters()
            {
                // reset counters
                Measured = 0;
                Arranged = 0;
                foreach (var itm in Items.OfType<ICountMeasureArrangeCalls>())
                {
                    itm.Measured = 0;
                    itm.Arranged = 0;
                }
            }

            protected override Size MeasureOverride(Size availableSize)
            {
                Measured++;
                return base.MeasureOverride(availableSize);
            }

            protected override Size ArrangeOverride(Size finalSize)
            {
                Arranged++;
                return base.ArrangeOverride(finalSize);
            }
        }

        private class CanvasCountingMeasureArrangeCalls : Canvas
        {
            protected override Size MeasureOverride(Size availableSize)
            {
                if(DataContext is ICountMeasureArrangeCalls itm)
                    itm.Measured++;

                return base.MeasureOverride(availableSize);
            }

            protected override Size ArrangeOverride(Size finalSize)
            {
                if(DataContext is ICountMeasureArrangeCalls itm)
                    itm.Arranged++;

                return base.ArrangeOverride(finalSize);
            }
        }
    }
}