Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into af/improved-parallelization

# Conflicts:
#	src/ImageSharp/ImageFrame{TPixel}.cs

README.md

@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ Our API is designed to be simple to consume. Here's an example of the code requi
 On platforms supporting netstandard 1.3+
 
 ```csharp
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing;
+
 // Image.Load(string path) is a shortcut for our default type. 
 // Other pixel formats use Image.Load<TPixel>(string path))
 using (Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load("foo.jpg"))
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@ using (Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load("foo.jpg"))
 On netstandard 1.1 - 1.2
 
 ```csharp
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing;
+
 // Image.Load(Stream stream) is a shortcut for our default type.
 // Other pixel formats use Image.Load<TPixel>(Stream stream))
 using (FileStream stream = File.OpenRead("foo.jpg"))
@@ -99,6 +105,9 @@ using (Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load(stream))
 Setting individual pixel values can be performed as follows:
 
 ```csharp
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
+
 // Individual pixels
 using (Image<Rgba32> image = new Image<Rgba32>(400, 400))
 {

src/ImageSharp/Common/Extensions/ComparableExtensions.cs

@@ -137,17 +137,6 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
             return value;
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Converts an <see cref="int"/> to a <see cref="byte"/> first restricting the value between the
-        /// minimum and maximum allowable ranges.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="value">The <see cref="int"/> this method extends.</param>
-        /// <returns>The <see cref="byte"/></returns>
-        public static byte ToByte(this int value)
-        {
-            return (byte)value.Clamp(0, 255);
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Converts an <see cref="float"/> to a <see cref="byte"/> first restricting the value between the
         /// minimum and maximum allowable ranges.

src/ImageSharp/Configuration.cs

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// Creates a shallow copy of the <see cref="Configuration"/>
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>A new configuration instance</returns>
-        public Configuration ShallowCopy()
+        public Configuration Clone()
         {
             return new Configuration
             {

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Bmp/BmpMetaData.cs

@@ -6,13 +6,29 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Bmp
     /// <summary>
     /// Provides Bmp specific metadata information for the image.
     /// </summary>
-    public class BmpMetaData
+    public class BmpMetaData : IDeepCloneable
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BmpMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BmpMetaData()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="BmpMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The metadata to create an instance from.</param>
+        private BmpMetaData(BmpMetaData other) => this.BitsPerPixel = other.BitsPerPixel;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the number of bits per pixel.
         /// </summary>
         public BmpBitsPerPixel BitsPerPixel { get; set; } = BmpBitsPerPixel.Pixel24;
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() => new BmpMetaData(this);
+
         // TODO: Colors used once we support encoding palette bmps.
     }
-}
+}

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifFrameMetaData.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,26 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif
     /// <summary>
     /// Provides Gif specific metadata information for the image frame.
     /// </summary>
-    public class GifFrameMetaData
+    public class GifFrameMetaData : IDeepCloneable
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GifFrameMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GifFrameMetaData()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GifFrameMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The metadata to create an instance from.</param>
+        private GifFrameMetaData(GifFrameMetaData other)
+        {
+            this.ColorTableLength = other.ColorTableLength;
+            this.FrameDelay = other.FrameDelay;
+            this.DisposalMethod = other.DisposalMethod;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the length of the color table for paletted images.
         /// If not 0, then this field indicates the maximum number of colors to use when quantizing the
@@ -29,5 +47,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif
         /// be treated after being displayed.
         /// </summary>
         public GifDisposalMethod DisposalMethod { get; set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() => new GifFrameMetaData(this);
     }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifMetaData.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,26 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif
     /// <summary>
     /// Provides Gif specific metadata information for the image.
     /// </summary>
-    public class GifMetaData
+    public class GifMetaData : IDeepCloneable
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GifMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GifMetaData()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GifMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The metadata to create an instance from.</param>
+        private GifMetaData(GifMetaData other)
+        {
+            this.RepeatCount = other.RepeatCount;
+            this.ColorTableMode = other.ColorTableMode;
+            this.GlobalColorTableLength = other.GlobalColorTableLength;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the number of times any animation is repeated.
         /// <remarks>
@@ -25,5 +43,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif
         /// Gets or sets the length of the global color table if present.
         /// </summary>
         public int GlobalColorTableLength { get; set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() => new GifMetaData(this);
     }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Jpeg/JpegMetaData.cs

@@ -6,11 +6,27 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Jpeg
     /// <summary>
     /// Provides Jpeg specific metadata information for the image.
     /// </summary>
-    public class JpegMetaData
+    public class JpegMetaData : IDeepCloneable
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="JpegMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public JpegMetaData()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="JpegMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The metadata to create an instance from.</param>
+        private JpegMetaData(JpegMetaData other) => this.Quality = other.Quality;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the encoded quality.
         /// </summary>
         public int Quality { get; set; } = 75;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() => new JpegMetaData(this);
     }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngDecoderCore.cs

@@ -187,6 +187,11 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
         /// </summary>
         private bool hasTrans;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The next chunk of data to return
+        /// </summary>
+        private PngChunk? nextChunk;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PngDecoderCore"/> class.
         /// </summary>
@@ -217,73 +222,73 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
             where TPixel : struct, IPixel<TPixel>
         {
             var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
-            var pngMetaData = metaData.GetFormatMetaData(PngFormat.Instance);
+            PngMetaData pngMetaData = metaData.GetFormatMetaData(PngFormat.Instance);
             this.currentStream = stream;
             this.currentStream.Skip(8);
             Image<TPixel> image = null;
             try
             {
-                using (var deframeStream = new ZlibInflateStream(this.currentStream))
+                while (!this.isEndChunkReached && this.TryReadChunk(out PngChunk chunk))
                 {
-                    while (!this.isEndChunkReached && this.TryReadChunk(out PngChunk chunk))
+                    try
                     {
-                        try
+                        switch (chunk.Type)
                         {
-                            switch (chunk.Type)
-                            {
-                                case PngChunkType.Header:
-                                    this.ReadHeaderChunk(pngMetaData, chunk.Data.Array);
-                                    this.ValidateHeader();
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Physical:
-                                    this.ReadPhysicalChunk(metaData, chunk.Data.GetSpan());
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Gamma:
-                                    this.ReadGammaChunk(pngMetaData, chunk.Data.GetSpan());
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Data:
-                                    if (image is null)
-                                    {
-                                        this.InitializeImage(metaData, out image);
-                                    }
+                            case PngChunkType.Header:
+                                this.ReadHeaderChunk(pngMetaData, chunk.Data.Array);
+                                this.ValidateHeader();
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Physical:
+                                this.ReadPhysicalChunk(metaData, chunk.Data.GetSpan());
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Gamma:
+                                this.ReadGammaChunk(pngMetaData, chunk.Data.GetSpan());
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Data:
+                                if (image is null)
+                                {
+                                    this.InitializeImage(metaData, out image);
+                                }
 
+                                using (var deframeStream = new ZlibInflateStream(this.currentStream, this.ReadNextDataChunk))
+                                {
                                     deframeStream.AllocateNewBytes(chunk.Length);
                                     this.ReadScanlines(deframeStream.CompressedStream, image.Frames.RootFrame);
-                                    this.currentStream.Read(this.crcBuffer, 0, 4);
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Palette:
-                                    byte[] pal = new byte[chunk.Length];
-                                    Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, pal, 0, chunk.Length);
-                                    this.palette = pal;
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.PaletteAlpha:
-                                    byte[] alpha = new byte[chunk.Length];
-                                    Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, alpha, 0, chunk.Length);
-                                    this.paletteAlpha = alpha;
-                                    this.AssignTransparentMarkers(alpha);
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Text:
-                                    this.ReadTextChunk(metaData, chunk.Data.Array, chunk.Length);
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.Exif:
-                                    if (!this.ignoreMetadata)
-                                    {
-                                        byte[] exifData = new byte[chunk.Length];
-                                        Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, exifData, 0, chunk.Length);
-                                        metaData.ExifProfile = new ExifProfile(exifData);
-                                    }
-
-                                    break;
-                                case PngChunkType.End:
-                                    this.isEndChunkReached = true;
-                                    break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        finally
-                        {
-                            chunk.Data?.Dispose(); // Data is rented in ReadChunkData()
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Palette:
+                                byte[] pal = new byte[chunk.Length];
+                                Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, pal, 0, chunk.Length);
+                                this.palette = pal;
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.PaletteAlpha:
+                                byte[] alpha = new byte[chunk.Length];
+                                Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, alpha, 0, chunk.Length);
+                                this.paletteAlpha = alpha;
+                                this.AssignTransparentMarkers(alpha);
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Text:
+                                this.ReadTextChunk(metaData, chunk.Data.Array, chunk.Length);
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.Exif:
+                                if (!this.ignoreMetadata)
+                                {
+                                    byte[] exifData = new byte[chunk.Length];
+                                    Buffer.BlockCopy(chunk.Data.Array, 0, exifData, 0, chunk.Length);
+                                    metaData.ExifProfile = new ExifProfile(exifData);
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            case PngChunkType.End:
+                                this.isEndChunkReached = true;
+                                break;
                         }
                     }
+                    finally
+                    {
+                        chunk.Data?.Dispose(); // Data is rented in ReadChunkData()
+                    }
                 }
 
                 if (image is null)
@@ -307,7 +312,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
         public IImageInfo Identify(Stream stream)
         {
             var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
-            var pngMetaData = metaData.GetFormatMetaData(PngFormat.Instance);
+            PngMetaData pngMetaData = metaData.GetFormatMetaData(PngFormat.Instance);
             this.currentStream = stream;
             this.currentStream.Skip(8);
             try
@@ -1366,6 +1371,32 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
             metadata.Properties.Add(new ImageProperty(name, value));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads the next data chunk.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Count of bytes in the next data chunk, or 0 if there are no more data chunks left.</returns>
+        private int ReadNextDataChunk()
+        {
+            if (this.nextChunk != null)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            this.currentStream.Read(this.crcBuffer, 0, 4);
+
+            if (this.TryReadChunk(out PngChunk chunk))
+            {
+                if (chunk.Type == PngChunkType.Data)
+                {
+                    return chunk.Length;
+                }
+
+                this.nextChunk = chunk;
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Reads a chunk from the stream.
         /// </summary>
@@ -1375,6 +1406,15 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
         /// </returns>
         private bool TryReadChunk(out PngChunk chunk)
         {
+            if (this.nextChunk != null)
+            {
+                chunk = this.nextChunk.Value;
+
+                this.nextChunk = null;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
             int length = this.ReadChunkLength();
 
             if (length == -1)

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngEncoderCore.cs

@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
             // Collect the indexed pixel data
             if (quantized != null)
             {
-                this.WritePaletteChunk(stream, header, quantized);
+                this.WritePaletteChunk(stream, quantized);
             }
 
             this.WritePhysicalChunk(stream, metaData);
@@ -555,30 +555,27 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
         /// </summary>
         /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
         /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="Stream"/> containing image data.</param>
-        /// <param name="header">The <see cref="PngHeader"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="quantized">The quantized frame.</param>
-        private void WritePaletteChunk<TPixel>(Stream stream, in PngHeader header, QuantizedFrame<TPixel> quantized)
+        private void WritePaletteChunk<TPixel>(Stream stream, QuantizedFrame<TPixel> quantized)
             where TPixel : struct, IPixel<TPixel>
         {
             // Grab the palette and write it to the stream.
             TPixel[] palette = quantized.Palette;
-            byte pixelCount = palette.Length.ToByte();
-
-            // Get max colors for bit depth.
-            int colorTableLength = ImageMaths.GetColorCountForBitDepth(header.BitDepth) * 3;
+            int paletteLength = Math.Min(palette.Length, 256);
+            int colorTableLength = paletteLength * 3;
             Rgba32 rgba = default;
             bool anyAlpha = false;
 
             using (IManagedByteBuffer colorTable = this.memoryAllocator.AllocateManagedByteBuffer(colorTableLength))
-            using (IManagedByteBuffer alphaTable = this.memoryAllocator.AllocateManagedByteBuffer(pixelCount))
+            using (IManagedByteBuffer alphaTable = this.memoryAllocator.AllocateManagedByteBuffer(paletteLength))
             {
                 Span<byte> colorTableSpan = colorTable.GetSpan();
                 Span<byte> alphaTableSpan = alphaTable.GetSpan();
                 Span<byte> quantizedSpan = quantized.GetPixelSpan();
 
-                for (byte i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++)
+                for (int i = 0; i < paletteLength; i++)
                 {
-                    if (quantizedSpan.IndexOf(i) > -1)
+                    if (quantizedSpan.IndexOf((byte)i) > -1)
                     {
                         int offset = i * 3;
                         palette[i].ToRgba32(ref rgba);
@@ -604,7 +601,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
                 // Write the transparency data
                 if (anyAlpha)
                 {
-                    this.WriteChunk(stream, PngChunkType.PaletteAlpha, alphaTable.Array, 0, pixelCount);
+                    this.WriteChunk(stream, PngChunkType.PaletteAlpha, alphaTable.Array, 0, paletteLength);
                 }
             }
         }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngMetaData.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,26 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
     /// <summary>
     /// Provides Png specific metadata information for the image.
     /// </summary>
-    public class PngMetaData
+    public class PngMetaData : IDeepCloneable
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PngMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public PngMetaData()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PngMetaData"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The metadata to create an instance from.</param>
+        private PngMetaData(PngMetaData other)
+        {
+            this.BitDepth = other.BitDepth;
+            this.ColorType = other.ColorType;
+            this.Gamma = other.Gamma;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel).
         /// Not all values are allowed for all <see cref="ColorType"/> values.
@@ -23,5 +41,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png
         /// Gets or sets the gamma value for the image.
         /// </summary>
         public float Gamma { get; set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() => new PngMetaData(this);
     }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/Zlib/ZlibInflateStream.cs

@@ -43,22 +43,24 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png.Zlib
         private bool isDisposed;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Whether the crc value has been read.
+        /// The current data remaining to be read
         /// </summary>
-        private bool crcRead;
+        private int currentDataRemaining;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The current data remaining to be read
+        /// Delegate to get more data once we've exhausted the current data remaining
         /// </summary>
-        private int currentDataRemaining;
+        private Func<int> getData;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ZlibInflateStream"/> class.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="innerStream">The inner raw stream</param>
-        public ZlibInflateStream(Stream innerStream)
+        /// <param name="getData">A delegate to get more data from the inner stream</param>
+        public ZlibInflateStream(Stream innerStream, Func<int> getData)
         {
             this.innerStream = innerStream;
+            this.getData = getData;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -112,12 +114,36 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png.Zlib
         {
             if (this.currentDataRemaining == 0)
             {
-                return 0;
+                // last buffer was read in its entirety, let's make sure we don't actually have more
+                this.currentDataRemaining = this.getData();
+
+                if (this.currentDataRemaining == 0)
+                {
+                    return 0;
+                }
             }
 
             int bytesToRead = Math.Min(count, this.currentDataRemaining);
             this.currentDataRemaining -= bytesToRead;
-            return this.innerStream.Read(buffer, offset, bytesToRead);
+            int bytesRead = this.innerStream.Read(buffer, offset, bytesToRead);
+
+            // keep reading data until we've reached the end of the stream or filled the buffer
+            while (this.currentDataRemaining == 0 && bytesRead < count)
+            {
+                this.currentDataRemaining = this.getData();
+
+                if (this.currentDataRemaining == 0)
+                {
+                    return bytesRead;
+                }
+
+                offset += bytesRead;
+                bytesToRead = Math.Min(count - bytesRead, this.currentDataRemaining);
+                this.currentDataRemaining -= bytesToRead;
+                bytesRead += this.innerStream.Read(buffer, offset, bytesToRead);
+            }
+
+            return bytesRead;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -153,14 +179,6 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png.Zlib
                 {
                     this.compressedStream.Dispose();
                     this.compressedStream = null;
-
-                    if (!this.crcRead)
-                    {
-                        // Consume the trailing 4 bytes
-                        this.innerStream.Read(ChecksumBuffer, 0, 4);
-                        this.currentDataRemaining -= 4;
-                        this.crcRead = true;
-                    }
                 }
             }
 

src/ImageSharp/IDeepCloneable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A generic interface for a deeply cloneable type.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of object to clone.</typeparam>
+    public interface IDeepCloneable<out T>
+        where T : class
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <typeparamref name="T"/> that is a deep copy of the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The <typeparamref name="T"/>.</returns>
+        T DeepClone();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An interface for objects that can be cloned. This creates a deep copy of the object.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface IDeepCloneable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new object that is a deep copy of the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="IDeepCloneable"/>.</returns>
+        IDeepCloneable DeepClone();
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ImageFrameCollection.cs

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         public ImageFrame<TPixel> InsertFrame(int index, ImageFrame<TPixel> source)
         {
             this.ValidateFrame(source);
-            ImageFrame<TPixel> clonedFrame = source.Clone();
+            ImageFrame<TPixel> clonedFrame = source.Clone(this.parent.GetConfiguration());
             this.frames.Insert(index, clonedFrame);
             return clonedFrame;
         }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         public ImageFrame<TPixel> AddFrame(ImageFrame<TPixel> source)
         {
             this.ValidateFrame(source);
-            ImageFrame<TPixel> clonedFrame = source.Clone();
+            ImageFrame<TPixel> clonedFrame = source.Clone(this.parent.GetConfiguration());
             this.frames.Add(clonedFrame);
             return clonedFrame;
         }
@@ -155,10 +155,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <returns>
         ///   <c>true</c> if the <seealso cref="ImageFrameCollection{TPixel}"/> contains the specified frame; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
         /// </returns>
-        public bool Contains(ImageFrame<TPixel> frame)
-        {
-            return this.frames.Contains(frame);
-        }
+        public bool Contains(ImageFrame<TPixel> frame) => this.frames.Contains(frame);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Moves an <seealso cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/> from <paramref name="sourceIndex"/> to <paramref name="destinationIndex"/>.
@@ -195,7 +192,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
 
             this.frames.Remove(frame);
 
-            return new Image<TPixel>(this.parent.GetConfiguration(), this.parent.MetaData.Clone(), new[] { frame });
+            return new Image<TPixel>(this.parent.GetConfiguration(), this.parent.MetaData.DeepClone(), new[] { frame });
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -208,7 +205,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         {
             ImageFrame<TPixel> frame = this[index];
             ImageFrame<TPixel> clonedFrame = frame.Clone();
-            return new Image<TPixel>(this.parent.GetConfiguration(), this.parent.MetaData.Clone(), new[] { clonedFrame });
+            return new Image<TPixel>(this.parent.GetConfiguration(), this.parent.MetaData.DeepClone(), new[] { clonedFrame });
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -217,10 +214,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <returns>
         /// The new <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}" />.
         /// </returns>
-        public ImageFrame<TPixel> CreateFrame()
-        {
-            return this.CreateFrame(default);
-        }
+        public ImageFrame<TPixel> CreateFrame() => this.CreateFrame(default);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new <seealso cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}" /> and appends it to the end of the collection.

src/ImageSharp/ImageFrame{TPixel}.cs

@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}" /> class wrapping an existing buffer.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="memorySource">The memory source.</param>
         internal ImageFrame(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, MemorySource<TPixel> memorySource)
             : this(configuration, width, height, memorySource, new ImageFrameMetaData())
         {
@@ -104,12 +108,12 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}" /> class wrapping an existing buffer.
         /// </summary>
-        internal ImageFrame(
-            Configuration configuration,
-            int width,
-            int height,
-            MemorySource<TPixel> memorySource,
-            ImageFrameMetaData metaData)
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="memorySource">The memory source.</param>
+        /// <param name="metaData">The meta data.</param>
+        internal ImageFrame(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, MemorySource<TPixel> memorySource, ImageFrameMetaData metaData)
         {
             Guard.NotNull(configuration, nameof(configuration));
             Guard.MustBeGreaterThan(width, 0, nameof(width));
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
             this.MemoryAllocator = configuration.MemoryAllocator;
             this.PixelBuffer = this.MemoryAllocator.Allocate2D<TPixel>(source.PixelBuffer.Width, source.PixelBuffer.Height);
             source.PixelBuffer.GetSpan().CopyTo(this.PixelBuffer.GetSpan());
-            this.MetaData = source.MetaData.Clone();
+            this.MetaData = source.MetaData.DeepClone();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -248,24 +252,46 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public override string ToString() => $"ImageFrame<{typeof(TPixel).Name}>: {this.Width}x{this.Height}";
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clones the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/></returns>
+        internal ImageFrame<TPixel> Clone() => this.Clone(this.configuration);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clones the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/></returns>
+        internal ImageFrame<TPixel> Clone(Configuration configuration) => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(configuration, this);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns a copy of the image frame in the given pixel format.
         /// </summary>
         /// <typeparam name="TPixel2">The pixel format.</typeparam>
         /// <returns>The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel2}"/></returns>
         internal ImageFrame<TPixel2> CloneAs<TPixel2>()
+            where TPixel2 : struct, IPixel<TPixel2> => this.CloneAs<TPixel2>(this.configuration);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a copy of the image frame in the given pixel format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TPixel2">The pixel format.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel2}"/></returns>
+        internal ImageFrame<TPixel2> CloneAs<TPixel2>(Configuration configuration)
             where TPixel2 : struct, IPixel<TPixel2>
         {
             if (typeof(TPixel2) == typeof(TPixel))
             {
-                return this.Clone() as ImageFrame<TPixel2>;
+                return this.Clone(configuration) as ImageFrame<TPixel2>;
             }
 
-            var target = new ImageFrame<TPixel2>(this.configuration, this.Width, this.Height, this.MetaData.Clone());
+            var target = new ImageFrame<TPixel2>(configuration, this.Width, this.Height, this.MetaData.DeepClone());
 
             ParallelHelper.IterateRowsWithTempBuffer<Vector4>(
                 this.Bounds(),
-                this.configuration,
+                configuration,
                 (rows, tempRowBuffer) =>
                     {
                         for (int y = rows.Min; y < rows.Max; y++)
@@ -303,12 +329,6 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
                 });
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Clones the current instance.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/></returns>
-        internal ImageFrame<TPixel> Clone() => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(this.configuration, this);
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         void IDisposable.Dispose() => this.Dispose();
     }

src/ImageSharp/Image{TPixel}.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
-using SixLabors.Memory;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
 {
@@ -23,15 +22,12 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         where TPixel : struct, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         private readonly Configuration configuration;
-        private readonly ImageFrameCollection<TPixel> frames;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> class
         /// with the height and the width of the image.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="configuration">
-        /// The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.
-        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
         /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
         public Image(Configuration configuration, int width, int height)
@@ -43,9 +39,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> class
         /// with the height and the width of the image.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="configuration">
-        /// The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.
-        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
         /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="backgroundColor">The color to initialize the pixels with.</param>
@@ -69,9 +63,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> class
         /// with the height and the width of the image.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="configuration">
-        /// The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.
-        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
         /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="metadata">The images metadata.</param>
@@ -80,37 +72,41 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
             this.configuration = configuration ?? Configuration.Default;
             this.PixelType = new PixelTypeInfo(Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>() * 8);
             this.MetaData = metadata ?? new ImageMetaData();
-            this.frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, default(TPixel));
+            this.Frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, default(TPixel));
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> class
         /// wrapping an external <see cref="MemorySource{T}"/>
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <param name="memorySource">The memory source.</param>
+        /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
+        /// <param name="metadata">The images metadata.</param>
         internal Image(Configuration configuration, MemorySource<TPixel> memorySource, int width, int height, ImageMetaData metadata)
         {
             this.configuration = configuration;
             this.PixelType = new PixelTypeInfo(Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>() * 8);
             this.MetaData = metadata;
-            this.frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, memorySource);
+            this.Frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, memorySource);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> class
         /// with the height and the width of the image.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="configuration">
-        /// The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.
-        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
         /// <param name="width">The width of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="height">The height of the image in pixels.</param>
         /// <param name="backgroundColor">The color to initialize the pixels with.</param>
         /// <param name="metadata">The images metadata.</param>
-        internal Image(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, TPixel backgroundColor, ImageMetaData metadata) {
+        internal Image(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, TPixel backgroundColor, ImageMetaData metadata)
+        {
             this.configuration = configuration ?? Configuration.Default;
             this.PixelType = new PixelTypeInfo(Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>() * 8);
             this.MetaData = metadata ?? new ImageMetaData();
-            this.frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, backgroundColor);
+            this.Frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, width, height, backgroundColor);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
             this.PixelType = new PixelTypeInfo(Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>() * 8);
             this.MetaData = metadata ?? new ImageMetaData();
 
-            this.frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, frames);
+            this.Frames = new ImageFrameCollection<TPixel>(this, frames);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -138,10 +134,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         public PixelTypeInfo PixelType { get; }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public int Width => this.frames.RootFrame.Width;
+        public int Width => this.Frames.RootFrame.Width;
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public int Height => this.frames.RootFrame.Height;
+        public int Height => this.Frames.RootFrame.Height;
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public ImageMetaData MetaData { get; }
@@ -149,12 +145,12 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the frames.
         /// </summary>
-        public ImageFrameCollection<TPixel> Frames => this.frames;
+        public ImageFrameCollection<TPixel> Frames { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the root frame.
         /// </summary>
-        private IPixelSource<TPixel> PixelSource => this.frames?.RootFrame ?? throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(Image<TPixel>));
+        private IPixelSource<TPixel> PixelSource => this.Frames?.RootFrame ?? throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(Image<TPixel>));
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the pixel at the specified position.
@@ -187,16 +183,17 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// Clones the current image
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>Returns a new image with all the same metadata as the original.</returns>
-        public Image<TPixel> Clone()
-        {
-            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> clonedFrames = this.frames.Select(x => x.Clone());
-            return new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, this.MetaData.Clone(), clonedFrames);
-        }
+        public Image<TPixel> Clone() => this.Clone(this.configuration);
 
-        /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public override string ToString()
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clones the current image with the given configueation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns a new <see cref="Image{TPixel}"/> with all the same pixel data as the original.</returns>
+        public Image<TPixel> Clone(Configuration configuration)
         {
-            return $"Image<{typeof(TPixel).Name}>: {this.Width}x{this.Height}";
+            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> clonedFrames = this.Frames.Select(x => x.Clone(configuration));
+            return new Image<TPixel>(configuration, this.MetaData.DeepClone(), clonedFrames);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -205,22 +202,27 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         /// <typeparam name="TPixel2">The pixel format.</typeparam>
         /// <returns>The <see cref="Image{TPixel2}"/></returns>
         public Image<TPixel2> CloneAs<TPixel2>()
-            where TPixel2 : struct, IPixel<TPixel2>
-        {
-            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel2>> clonedFrames = this.frames.Select(x => x.CloneAs<TPixel2>());
-            var target = new Image<TPixel2>(this.configuration, this.MetaData.Clone(), clonedFrames);
-
-            return target;
-        }
+            where TPixel2 : struct, IPixel<TPixel2> => this.CloneAs<TPixel2>(this.configuration);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Releases managed resources.
+        /// Returns a copy of the image in the given pixel format.
         /// </summary>
-        public void Dispose()
+        /// <typeparam name="TPixel2">The pixel format.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing initialization code which allows extending the library.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="Image{TPixel2}"/></returns>
+        public Image<TPixel2> CloneAs<TPixel2>(Configuration configuration)
+            where TPixel2 : struct, IPixel<TPixel2>
         {
-            this.frames.Dispose();
+            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel2>> clonedFrames = this.Frames.Select(x => x.CloneAs<TPixel2>(configuration));
+            return new Image<TPixel2>(configuration, this.MetaData.DeepClone(), clonedFrames);
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose() => this.Frames.Dispose();
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public override string ToString() => $"Image<{typeof(TPixel).Name}>: {this.Width}x{this.Height}";
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Switches the buffers used by the image and the pixelSource meaning that the Image will "own" the buffer from the pixelSource and the pixelSource will now own the Images buffer.
         /// </summary>
@@ -229,9 +231,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp
         {
             Guard.NotNull(pixelSource, nameof(pixelSource));
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < this.frames.Count; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < this.Frames.Count; i++)
             {
-                this.frames[i].SwapOrCopyPixelsBufferFrom(pixelSource.frames[i]);
+                this.Frames[i].SwapOrCopyPixelsBufferFrom(pixelSource.Frames[i]);
             }
         }
     }

src/ImageSharp/MetaData/ImageFrameMetaData.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
 
-using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 
@@ -10,9 +9,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
     /// <summary>
     /// Encapsulates the metadata of an image frame.
     /// </summary>
-    public sealed class ImageFrameMetaData
+    public sealed class ImageFrameMetaData : IDeepCloneable<ImageFrameMetaData>
     {
-        private readonly Dictionary<IImageFormat, object> formatMetaData = new Dictionary<IImageFormat, object>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable> formatMetaData = new Dictionary<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable>();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ImageFrameMetaData"/> class.
@@ -32,17 +31,14 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         {
             DebugGuard.NotNull(other, nameof(other));
 
-            foreach (KeyValuePair<IImageFormat, object> meta in other.formatMetaData)
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable> meta in other.formatMetaData)
             {
-                this.formatMetaData.Add(meta.Key, meta.Value);
+                this.formatMetaData.Add(meta.Key, meta.Value.DeepClone());
             }
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Clones this ImageFrameMetaData.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The cloned instance.</returns>
-        public ImageFrameMetaData Clone() => new ImageFrameMetaData(this);
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ImageFrameMetaData DeepClone() => new ImageFrameMetaData(this);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the metadata value associated with the specified key.
@@ -55,9 +51,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         /// </returns>
         public TFormatFrameMetaData GetFormatMetaData<TFormatMetaData, TFormatFrameMetaData>(IImageFormat<TFormatMetaData, TFormatFrameMetaData> key)
             where TFormatMetaData : class
-            where TFormatFrameMetaData : class
+            where TFormatFrameMetaData : class, IDeepCloneable
         {
-            if (this.formatMetaData.TryGetValue(key, out object meta))
+            if (this.formatMetaData.TryGetValue(key, out IDeepCloneable meta))
             {
                 return (TFormatFrameMetaData)meta;
             }

src/ImageSharp/MetaData/ImageMetaData.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
 
-using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif;
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
     /// <summary>
     /// Encapsulates the metadata of an image.
     /// </summary>
-    public sealed class ImageMetaData
+    public sealed class ImageMetaData : IDeepCloneable<ImageMetaData>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// The default horizontal resolution value (dots per inch) in x direction.
@@ -26,7 +25,13 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         /// </summary>
         public const double DefaultVerticalResolution = 96;
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<IImageFormat, object> formatMetaData = new Dictionary<IImageFormat, object>();
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The default pixel resolution units.
+        /// <remarks>The default value is <see cref="PixelResolutionUnit.PixelsPerInch"/>.</remarks>
+        /// </summary>
+        public const PixelResolutionUnit DefaultPixelResolutionUnits = PixelResolutionUnit.PixelsPerInch;
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable> formatMetaData = new Dictionary<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable>();
         private double horizontalResolution;
         private double verticalResolution;
 
@@ -37,6 +42,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         {
             this.horizontalResolution = DefaultHorizontalResolution;
             this.verticalResolution = DefaultVerticalResolution;
+            this.ResolutionUnits = DefaultPixelResolutionUnits;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -52,9 +58,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
             this.VerticalResolution = other.VerticalResolution;
             this.ResolutionUnits = other.ResolutionUnits;
 
-            foreach (KeyValuePair<IImageFormat, object> meta in other.formatMetaData)
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<IImageFormat, IDeepCloneable> meta in other.formatMetaData)
             {
-                this.formatMetaData.Add(meta.Key, meta.Value);
+                this.formatMetaData.Add(meta.Key, meta.Value.DeepClone());
             }
 
             foreach (ImageProperty property in other.Properties)
@@ -62,13 +68,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
                 this.Properties.Add(property);
             }
 
-            this.ExifProfile = other.ExifProfile != null
-                ? new ExifProfile(other.ExifProfile)
-                : null;
-
-            this.IccProfile = other.IccProfile != null
-                ? new IccProfile(other.IccProfile)
-                : null;
+            this.ExifProfile = other.ExifProfile?.DeepClone();
+            this.IccProfile = other.IccProfile?.DeepClone();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         ///  02 : Pixels per centimeter
         ///  03 : Pixels per meter
         /// </summary>
-        public PixelResolutionUnit ResolutionUnits { get; set; } = PixelResolutionUnit.PixelsPerInch;
+        public PixelResolutionUnit ResolutionUnits { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the Exif profile.
@@ -140,9 +141,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
         /// The <typeparamref name="TFormatMetaData"/>.
         /// </returns>
         public TFormatMetaData GetFormatMetaData<TFormatMetaData>(IImageFormat<TFormatMetaData> key)
-             where TFormatMetaData : class
+             where TFormatMetaData : class, IDeepCloneable
         {
-            if (this.formatMetaData.TryGetValue(key, out object meta))
+            if (this.formatMetaData.TryGetValue(key, out IDeepCloneable meta))
             {
                 return (TFormatMetaData)meta;
             }
@@ -152,11 +153,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData
             return newMeta;
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Clones this into a new instance
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The cloned metadata instance</returns>
-        public ImageMetaData Clone() => new ImageMetaData(this);
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ImageMetaData DeepClone() => new ImageMetaData(this);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Looks up a property with the provided name.

src/ImageSharp/MetaData/Profiles/Exif/ExifProfile.cs

@@ -12,23 +12,18 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
     /// <summary>
     /// Represents an EXIF profile providing access to the collection of values.
     /// </summary>
-    public sealed class ExifProfile
+    public sealed class ExifProfile : IDeepCloneable<ExifProfile>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// The byte array to read the EXIF profile from.
         /// </summary>
-        private byte[] data;
+        private readonly byte[] data;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The collection of EXIF values
         /// </summary>
         private List<ExifValue> values;
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The list of invalid EXIF tags
-        /// </summary>
-        private IReadOnlyList<ExifTag> invalidTags;
-
         /// <summary>
         /// The thumbnail offset position in the byte stream
         /// </summary>
@@ -55,7 +50,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         {
             this.Parts = ExifParts.All;
             this.data = data;
-            this.invalidTags = new List<ExifTag>();
+            this.InvalidTags = new List<ExifTag>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -63,22 +58,19 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         /// by making a copy from another EXIF profile.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="other">The other EXIF profile, where the clone should be made from.</param>
-        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="other"/> is null.</exception>
-        public ExifProfile(ExifProfile other)
+        private ExifProfile(ExifProfile other)
         {
-            Guard.NotNull(other, nameof(other));
-
             this.Parts = other.Parts;
             this.thumbnailLength = other.thumbnailLength;
             this.thumbnailOffset = other.thumbnailOffset;
-            this.invalidTags = new List<ExifTag>(other.invalidTags);
+            this.InvalidTags = new List<ExifTag>(other.InvalidTags);
             if (other.values != null)
             {
                 this.values = new List<ExifValue>(other.Values.Count);
 
                 foreach (ExifValue value in other.Values)
                 {
-                    this.values.Add(new ExifValue(value));
+                    this.values.Add(value.DeepClone());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -97,7 +89,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the tags that where found but contained an invalid value.
         /// </summary>
-        public IReadOnlyList<ExifTag> InvalidTags => this.invalidTags;
+        public IReadOnlyList<ExifTag> InvalidTags { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the values of this EXIF profile.
@@ -249,6 +241,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
             return writer.GetData();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ExifProfile DeepClone() => new ExifProfile(this);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Synchronizes the profiles with the specified meta data.
         /// </summary>
@@ -294,7 +289,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
 
             this.values = reader.ReadValues();
 
-            this.invalidTags = new List<ExifTag>(reader.InvalidTags);
+            this.InvalidTags = new List<ExifTag>(reader.InvalidTags);
             this.thumbnailOffset = (int)reader.ThumbnailOffset;
             this.thumbnailLength = (int)reader.ThumbnailLength;
         }

src/ImageSharp/MetaData/Profiles/Exif/ExifValue.cs

@@ -11,15 +11,30 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
     /// <summary>
     /// Represent the value of the EXIF profile.
     /// </summary>
-    public sealed class ExifValue : IEquatable<ExifValue>
+    public sealed class ExifValue : IEquatable<ExifValue>, IDeepCloneable<ExifValue>
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ExifValue"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tag">The tag.</param>
+        /// <param name="dataType">The data type.</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value.</param>
+        /// <param name="isArray">Whether the value is an array.</param>
+        internal ExifValue(ExifTag tag, ExifDataType dataType, object value, bool isArray)
+        {
+            this.Tag = tag;
+            this.DataType = dataType;
+            this.IsArray = isArray && dataType != ExifDataType.Ascii;
+            this.Value = value;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ExifValue"/> class
         /// by making a copy from another exif value.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="other">The other exif value, where the clone should be made from.</param>
-        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="other"/> is null.</exception>
-        public ExifValue(ExifValue other)
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="other"/> is null.</exception>
+        private ExifValue(ExifValue other)
         {
             Guard.NotNull(other, nameof(other));
 
@@ -29,30 +44,17 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
 
             if (!other.IsArray)
             {
+                // All types are value types except for string which is immutable so safe to simply assign.
                 this.Value = other.Value;
             }
             else
             {
+                // All array types are value types so Clone() is sufficient here.
                 var array = (Array)other.Value;
                 this.Value = array.Clone();
             }
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ExifValue"/> class.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="tag">The tag.</param>
-        /// <param name="dataType">The data type.</param>
-        /// <param name="value">The value.</param>
-        /// <param name="isArray">Whether the value is an array.</param>
-        internal ExifValue(ExifTag tag, ExifDataType dataType, object value, bool isArray)
-        {
-            this.Tag = tag;
-            this.DataType = dataType;
-            this.IsArray = isArray && dataType != ExifDataType.Ascii;
-            this.Value = value;
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the data type of the exif value.
         /// </summary>
@@ -145,10 +147,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         /// <returns>
         /// True if the <paramref name="left"/> parameter is equal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
         /// </returns>
-        public static bool operator ==(ExifValue left, ExifValue right)
-        {
-            return ReferenceEquals(left, right) || left.Equals(right);
-        }
+        public static bool operator ==(ExifValue left, ExifValue right) => ReferenceEquals(left, right) || left.Equals(right);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Compares two <see cref="ExifValue"/> objects for equality.
@@ -162,16 +161,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         /// <returns>
         /// True if the <paramref name="left"/> parameter is not equal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
         /// </returns>
-        public static bool operator !=(ExifValue left, ExifValue right)
-        {
-            return !(left == right);
-        }
+        public static bool operator !=(ExifValue left, ExifValue right) => !(left == right);
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
-        public override bool Equals(object obj)
-        {
-            return obj is ExifValue other && this.Equals(other);
-        }
+        public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is ExifValue other && this.Equals(other);
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public bool Equals(ExifValue other)
@@ -187,9 +180,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
             }
 
             return
-              this.Tag == other.Tag &&
-              this.DataType == other.DataType &&
-              object.Equals(this.Value, other.Value);
+              this.Tag == other.Tag
+              && this.DataType == other.DataType
+              && object.Equals(this.Value, other.Value);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -205,10 +198,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public override int GetHashCode()
-        {
-            return this.GetHashCode(this);
-        }
+        public override int GetHashCode() => this.GetHashCode(this);
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public override string ToString()
@@ -238,6 +228,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
             return sb.ToString();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ExifValue DeepClone() => new ExifValue(this);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new <see cref="ExifValue"/>
         /// </summary>
@@ -584,7 +577,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif
         private static ExifValue CreateNumber(ExifTag tag, object value, bool isArray)
         {
             Type type = value?.GetType();
-            if (type != null && type.IsArray)
+            if (type?.IsArray == true)
             {
                 type = type.GetElementType();
             }

src/ImageSharp/MetaData/Profiles/ICC/IccProfile.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Icc
     /// <summary>
     /// Represents an ICC profile
     /// </summary>
-    public sealed class IccProfile
+    public sealed class IccProfile : IDeepCloneable<IccProfile>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// The byte array to read the ICC profile from
@@ -42,23 +42,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Icc
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccProfile"/> class.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">The raw ICC profile data</param>
-        public IccProfile(byte[] data)
-        {
-            this.data = data;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccProfile"/> class
-        /// by making a copy from another ICC profile.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="other">The other ICC profile, where the clone should be made from.</param>
-        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="other"/> is null.</exception>>
-        public IccProfile(IccProfile other)
-        {
-            Guard.NotNull(other, nameof(other));
-
-            this.data = other.ToByteArray();
-        }
+        public IccProfile(byte[] data) => this.data = data;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccProfile"/> class.
@@ -74,6 +58,19 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Icc
             this.entries = new List<IccTagDataEntry>(entries);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccProfile"/> class
+        /// by making a copy from another ICC profile.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="other">The other ICC profile, where the clone should be made from.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="other"/> is null.</exception>>
+        private IccProfile(IccProfile other)
+        {
+            Guard.NotNull(other, nameof(other));
+
+            this.data = other.ToByteArray();
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the profile header
         /// </summary>
@@ -100,6 +97,9 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Icc
             }
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public IccProfile DeepClone() => new IccProfile(this);
+
 #if !NETSTANDARD1_1
 
         /// <summary>

src/ImageSharp/Processing/Processors/Quantization/WuFrameQuantizer{TPixel}.cs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
         where TPixel : struct, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         // TODO: The WuFrameQuantizer<TPixel> code is rising several questions:
-        // - Do we really need to ALWAYS allocate the whole table of size TableLength? (~ 2471625 * sizeof(long) * 5 bytes )
+        // - Do we really need to ALWAYS allocate the whole table of size TableLength? (~ 2471625 * sizeof(long) * 5 bytes ) JS. I'm afraid so.
         // - Isn't an AOS ("array of structures") layout more efficient & more readable than SOA ("structure of arrays") for this particular use case?
         //   (T, R, G, B, A, M2) could be grouped together!
         // - It's a frequently used class, we need tests! (So we can optimize safely.) There are tests in the original!!! We should just adopt them!
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
         /// <summary>
         /// The index bits.
         /// </summary>
-        private const int IndexBits = 6;
+        private const int IndexBits = 5;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The index alpha bits.
+        /// The index alpha bits. Keep separate for now to allow easy adjustment.
         /// </summary>
-        private const int IndexAlphaBits = 3;
+        private const int IndexAlphaBits = 5;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The index count.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
         private const int IndexAlphaCount = (1 << IndexAlphaBits) + 1;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The table length.
+        /// The table length. Now 1185921.
         /// </summary>
         private const int TableLength = IndexCount * IndexCount * IndexCount * IndexAlphaCount;
 
@@ -179,18 +179,24 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
             if (this.palette is null)
             {
                 this.palette = new TPixel[this.colors];
+                Span<long> vwtSpan = this.vwt.GetSpan();
+                Span<long> vmrSpan = this.vmr.GetSpan();
+                Span<long> vmgSpan = this.vmg.GetSpan();
+                Span<long> vmbSpan = this.vmb.GetSpan();
+                Span<long> vmaSpan = this.vma.GetSpan();
+
                 for (int k = 0; k < this.colors; k++)
                 {
                     this.Mark(ref this.colorCube[k], (byte)k);
 
-                    float weight = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], this.vwt.GetSpan());
+                    float weight = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], vwtSpan);
 
                     if (MathF.Abs(weight) > Constants.Epsilon)
                     {
-                        float r = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], this.vmr.GetSpan());
-                        float g = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], this.vmg.GetSpan());
-                        float b = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], this.vmb.GetSpan());
-                        float a = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], this.vma.GetSpan());
+                        float r = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], vmrSpan);
+                        float g = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], vmgSpan);
+                        float b = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], vmbSpan);
+                        float a = Volume(ref this.colorCube[k], vmaSpan);
 
                         ref TPixel color = ref this.palette[k];
                         color.PackFromScaledVector4(new Vector4(r, g, b, a) / weight / 255F);
@@ -201,57 +207,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
             return this.palette;
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Quantizes the pixel
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="rgba">The rgba used to quantize the pixel input</param>
-        private void QuantizePixel(ref Rgba32 rgba)
-        {
-            // Add the color to a 3-D color histogram.
-            int r = rgba.R >> (8 - IndexBits);
-            int g = rgba.G >> (8 - IndexBits);
-            int b = rgba.B >> (8 - IndexBits);
-            int a = rgba.A >> (8 - IndexAlphaBits);
-
-            int index = GetPaletteIndex(r + 1, g + 1, b + 1, a + 1);
-
-            Span<long> vwtSpan = this.vwt.GetSpan();
-            Span<long> vmrSpan = this.vmr.GetSpan();
-            Span<long> vmgSpan = this.vmg.GetSpan();
-            Span<long> vmbSpan = this.vmb.GetSpan();
-            Span<long> vmaSpan = this.vma.GetSpan();
-            Span<float> m2Span = this.m2.GetSpan();
-
-            vwtSpan[index]++;
-            vmrSpan[index] += rgba.R;
-            vmgSpan[index] += rgba.G;
-            vmbSpan[index] += rgba.B;
-            vmaSpan[index] += rgba.A;
-
-            var vector = new Vector4(rgba.R, rgba.G, rgba.B, rgba.A);
-            m2Span[index] += Vector4.Dot(vector, vector);
-        }
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         protected override void FirstPass(ImageFrame<TPixel> source, int width, int height)
         {
-            // Build up the 3-D color histogram
-            // Loop through each row
-            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
-            {
-                Span<TPixel> row = source.GetPixelRowSpan(y);
-                ref TPixel scanBaseRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(row);
-
-                // And loop through each column
-                Rgba32 rgba = default;
-                for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
-                {
-                    ref TPixel pixel = ref Unsafe.Add(ref scanBaseRef, x);
-                    pixel.ToRgba32(ref rgba);
-                    this.QuantizePixel(ref rgba);
-                }
-            }
-
+            this.Build3DHistogram(source, width, height);
             this.Get3DMoments(source.MemoryAllocator);
             this.BuildCube();
         }
@@ -466,6 +425,54 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Builds a 3-D color histogram of <c>counts, r/g/b, c^2</c>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">The source data.</param>
+        /// <param name="width">The width in pixels of the image.</param>
+        /// <param name="height">The height in pixels of the image.</param>
+        private void Build3DHistogram(ImageFrame<TPixel> source, int width, int height)
+        {
+            Span<long> vwtSpan = this.vwt.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmrSpan = this.vmr.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmgSpan = this.vmg.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmbSpan = this.vmb.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmaSpan = this.vma.GetSpan();
+            Span<float> m2Span = this.m2.GetSpan();
+
+            // Build up the 3-D color histogram
+            // Loop through each row
+            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
+            {
+                Span<TPixel> row = source.GetPixelRowSpan(y);
+                ref TPixel scanBaseRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(row);
+
+                // And loop through each column
+                Rgba32 rgba = default;
+                for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
+                {
+                    ref TPixel pixel = ref Unsafe.Add(ref scanBaseRef, x);
+                    pixel.ToRgba32(ref rgba);
+
+                    int r = rgba.R >> (8 - IndexBits);
+                    int g = rgba.G >> (8 - IndexBits);
+                    int b = rgba.B >> (8 - IndexBits);
+                    int a = rgba.A >> (8 - IndexAlphaBits);
+
+                    int index = GetPaletteIndex(r + 1, g + 1, b + 1, a + 1);
+
+                    vwtSpan[index]++;
+                    vmrSpan[index] += rgba.R;
+                    vmgSpan[index] += rgba.G;
+                    vmbSpan[index] += rgba.B;
+                    vmaSpan[index] += rgba.A;
+
+                    var vector = new Vector4(rgba.R, rgba.G, rgba.B, rgba.A);
+                    m2Span[index] += Vector4.Dot(vector, vector);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Converts the histogram into moments so that we can rapidly calculate the sums of the above quantities over any desired box.
         /// </summary>
@@ -631,22 +638,28 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization
         /// <returns>The <see cref="float"/>.</returns>
         private float Maximize(ref Box cube, int direction, int first, int last, out int cut, float wholeR, float wholeG, float wholeB, float wholeA, float wholeW)
         {
-            long baseR = Bottom(ref cube, direction, this.vmr.GetSpan());
-            long baseG = Bottom(ref cube, direction, this.vmg.GetSpan());
-            long baseB = Bottom(ref cube, direction, this.vmb.GetSpan());
-            long baseA = Bottom(ref cube, direction, this.vma.GetSpan());
-            long baseW = Bottom(ref cube, direction, this.vwt.GetSpan());
+            Span<long> vwtSpan = this.vwt.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmrSpan = this.vmr.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmgSpan = this.vmg.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmbSpan = this.vmb.GetSpan();
+            Span<long> vmaSpan = this.vma.GetSpan();
+
+            long baseR = Bottom(ref cube, direction, vmrSpan);
+            long baseG = Bottom(ref cube, direction, vmgSpan);
+            long baseB = Bottom(ref cube, direction, vmbSpan);
+            long baseA = Bottom(ref cube, direction, vmaSpan);
+            long baseW = Bottom(ref cube, direction, vwtSpan);
 
             float max = 0F;
             cut = -1;
 
             for (int i = first; i < last; i++)
             {
-                float halfR = baseR + Top(ref cube, direction, i, this.vmr.GetSpan());
-                float halfG = baseG + Top(ref cube, direction, i, this.vmg.GetSpan());
-                float halfB = baseB + Top(ref cube, direction, i, this.vmb.GetSpan());
-                float halfA = baseA + Top(ref cube, direction, i, this.vma.GetSpan());
-                float halfW = baseW + Top(ref cube, direction, i, this.vwt.GetSpan());
+                float halfR = baseR + Top(ref cube, direction, i, vmrSpan);
+                float halfG = baseG + Top(ref cube, direction, i, vmgSpan);
+                float halfB = baseB + Top(ref cube, direction, i, vmbSpan);
+                float halfA = baseA + Top(ref cube, direction, i, vmaSpan);
+                float halfW = baseW + Top(ref cube, direction, i, vwtSpan);
 
                 if (MathF.Abs(halfW) < Constants.Epsilon)
                 {

src/ImageSharp/Processing/Processors/Transforms/AffineTransformProcessor.cs

@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Transforms
         {
             // We will always be creating the clone even for mutate because we may need to resize the canvas
             IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames =
-                source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.TargetDimensions, x.MetaData.Clone()));
+                source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.TargetDimensions, x.MetaData.DeepClone()));
 
             // Use the overload to prevent an extra frame being added
-            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.Clone(), frames);
+            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.DeepClone(), frames);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Processing/Processors/Transforms/CropProcessor.cs

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Transforms
         protected override Image<TPixel> CreateDestination(Image<TPixel> source, Rectangle sourceRectangle)
         {
             // We will always be creating the clone even for mutate because we may need to resize the canvas
-            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames = source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.CropRectangle.Width, this.CropRectangle.Height, x.MetaData.Clone()));
+            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames = source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.CropRectangle.Width, this.CropRectangle.Height, x.MetaData.DeepClone()));
 
             // Use the overload to prevent an extra frame being added
-            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.Clone(), frames);
+            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.DeepClone(), frames);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Processing/Processors/Transforms/ProjectiveTransformProcessor.cs

@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Transforms
         {
             // We will always be creating the clone even for mutate because we may need to resize the canvas
             IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames =
-                source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.TargetDimensions.Width, this.TargetDimensions.Height, x.MetaData.Clone()));
+                source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.TargetDimensions.Width, this.TargetDimensions.Height, x.MetaData.DeepClone()));
 
             // Use the overload to prevent an extra frame being added
-            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.Clone(), frames);
+            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.DeepClone(), frames);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Processing/Processors/Transforms/ResizeProcessor.cs

@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Transforms
         protected override Image<TPixel> CreateDestination(Image<TPixel> source, Rectangle sourceRectangle)
         {
             // We will always be creating the clone even for mutate because we may need to resize the canvas
-            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames = source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.Width, this.Height, x.MetaData.Clone()));
+            IEnumerable<ImageFrame<TPixel>> frames = source.Frames.Select(x => new ImageFrame<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), this.Width, this.Height, x.MetaData.DeepClone()));
 
             // Use the overload to prevent an extra frame being added
-            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.Clone(), frames);
+            return new Image<TPixel>(source.GetConfiguration(), source.MetaData.DeepClone(), frames);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/ConfigurationTests.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
         {
             // the shallow copy of configuration should behave exactly like the default configuration,
             // so by using the copy, we test both the default and the copy.
-            this.DefaultConfiguration = Configuration.CreateDefaultInstance().ShallowCopy();
+            this.DefaultConfiguration = Configuration.CreateDefaultInstance().Clone();
             this.ConfigurationEmpty = new Configuration();
         }
 

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Bmp/BmpMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Bmp;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Bmp
+{
+    public class BmpMetaDataTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var meta = new BmpMetaData() { BitsPerPixel = BmpBitsPerPixel.Pixel24 };
+            var clone = (BmpMetaData)meta.DeepClone();
+
+            clone.BitsPerPixel = BmpBitsPerPixel.Pixel32;
+
+            Assert.False(meta.BitsPerPixel.Equals(clone.BitsPerPixel));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Gif/GifFrameMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Gif
+{
+    public class GifFrameMetaDataTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var meta = new GifFrameMetaData()
+            {
+                FrameDelay = 1,
+                DisposalMethod = GifDisposalMethod.RestoreToBackground,
+                ColorTableLength = 2
+            };
+
+            var clone = (GifFrameMetaData)meta.DeepClone();
+
+            clone.FrameDelay = 2;
+            clone.DisposalMethod = GifDisposalMethod.RestoreToPrevious;
+            clone.ColorTableLength = 1;
+
+            Assert.False(meta.FrameDelay.Equals(clone.FrameDelay));
+            Assert.False(meta.DisposalMethod.Equals(clone.DisposalMethod));
+            Assert.False(meta.ColorTableLength.Equals(clone.ColorTableLength));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Gif/GifMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Gif
+{
+    public class GifMetaDataTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var meta = new GifMetaData()
+            {
+                RepeatCount = 1,
+                ColorTableMode = GifColorTableMode.Global,
+                GlobalColorTableLength = 2
+            };
+
+            var clone = (GifMetaData)meta.DeepClone();
+
+            clone.RepeatCount = 2;
+            clone.ColorTableMode = GifColorTableMode.Local;
+            clone.GlobalColorTableLength = 1;
+
+            Assert.False(meta.RepeatCount.Equals(clone.RepeatCount));
+            Assert.False(meta.ColorTableMode.Equals(clone.ColorTableMode));
+            Assert.False(meta.GlobalColorTableLength.Equals(clone.GlobalColorTableLength));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Jpg/JpegMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Jpeg;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Jpg
+{
+    public class JpegMetaDataTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var meta = new JpegMetaData() { Quality = 50 };
+            var clone = (JpegMetaData)meta.DeepClone();
+
+            clone.Quality = 99;
+
+            Assert.False(meta.Quality.Equals(clone.Quality));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Png/PngMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.Formats.Png
+{
+    public class PngMetaDataTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var meta = new PngMetaData()
+            {
+                BitDepth = PngBitDepth.Bit16,
+                ColorType = PngColorType.GrayscaleWithAlpha,
+                Gamma = 2
+            };
+            var clone = (PngMetaData)meta.DeepClone();
+
+            clone.BitDepth = PngBitDepth.Bit2;
+            clone.ColorType = PngColorType.Palette;
+            clone.Gamma = 1;
+
+            Assert.False(meta.BitDepth.Equals(clone.BitDepth));
+            Assert.False(meta.ColorType.Equals(clone.ColorType));
+            Assert.False(meta.Gamma.Equals(clone.Gamma));
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Image/ImageTests.WrapMemory.cs

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             [Fact]
             public void WrapMemory_CreatedImageIsCorrect()
             {
-                Configuration cfg = Configuration.Default.ShallowCopy();
+                Configuration cfg = Configuration.Default.Clone();
                 var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
 
                 var array = new Rgba32[25];

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Image/ImageTests.cs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             [Fact]
             public void Configuration_Width_Height()
             {
-                Configuration configuration = Configuration.Default.ShallowCopy();
+                Configuration configuration = Configuration.Default.Clone();
 
                 using (var image = new Image<Rgba32>(configuration, 11, 23))
                 {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             [Fact]
             public void Configuration_Width_Height_BackroundColor()
             {
-                Configuration configuration = Configuration.Default.ShallowCopy();
+                Configuration configuration = Configuration.Default.Clone();
                 Rgba32 color = Rgba32.Aquamarine;
 
                 using (var image = new Image<Rgba32>(configuration, 11, 23, color))

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/MetaData/ImageFrameMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -32,5 +32,13 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             Assert.Equal(colorTableLength, cloneGifFrameMetaData.ColorTableLength);
             Assert.Equal(disposalMethod, cloneGifFrameMetaData.DisposalMethod);
         }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var metaData = new ImageFrameMetaData();
+            ImageFrameMetaData clone = metaData.DeepClone();
+            Assert.False(metaData.GetFormatMetaData(GifFormat.Instance).Equals(clone.GetFormatMetaData(GifFormat.Instance)));
+        }
     }
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/MetaData/ImageMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors and contributors.
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
 
-using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Jpeg.Components.Decoder;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.MetaData.Profiles.Exif;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             metaData.VerticalResolution = 2;
             metaData.Properties.Add(imageProperty);
 
-            ImageMetaData clone = metaData.Clone();
+            ImageMetaData clone = metaData.DeepClone();
 
             Assert.Equal(exifProfile.ToByteArray(), clone.ExifProfile.ToByteArray());
             Assert.Equal(4, clone.HorizontalResolution);
@@ -37,19 +37,43 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             Assert.Equal(imageProperty, clone.Properties[0]);
         }
 
+        [Fact]
+        public void CloneIsDeep()
+        {
+            var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
+
+            var exifProfile = new ExifProfile();
+            var imageProperty = new ImageProperty("name", "value");
+
+            metaData.ExifProfile = exifProfile;
+            metaData.HorizontalResolution = 4;
+            metaData.VerticalResolution = 2;
+            metaData.Properties.Add(imageProperty);
+
+            ImageMetaData clone = metaData.DeepClone();
+            clone.HorizontalResolution = 2;
+            clone.VerticalResolution = 4;
+
+            Assert.False(metaData.ExifProfile.Equals(clone.ExifProfile));
+            Assert.False(metaData.HorizontalResolution.Equals(clone.HorizontalResolution));
+            Assert.False(metaData.VerticalResolution.Equals(clone.VerticalResolution));
+            Assert.False(metaData.Properties.Equals(clone.Properties));
+            Assert.False(metaData.GetFormatMetaData(GifFormat.Instance).Equals(clone.GetFormatMetaData(GifFormat.Instance)));
+        }
+
         [Fact]
         public void HorizontalResolution()
         {
             var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
             Assert.Equal(96, metaData.HorizontalResolution);
 
-            metaData.HorizontalResolution=0;
+            metaData.HorizontalResolution = 0;
             Assert.Equal(96, metaData.HorizontalResolution);
 
-            metaData.HorizontalResolution=-1;
+            metaData.HorizontalResolution = -1;
             Assert.Equal(96, metaData.HorizontalResolution);
 
-            metaData.HorizontalResolution=1;
+            metaData.HorizontalResolution = 1;
             Assert.Equal(1, metaData.HorizontalResolution);
         }
 

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/MetaData/Profiles/Exif/ExifProfileTests.cs

@@ -67,16 +67,16 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
         [Fact]
         public void ConstructorCopy()
         {
-            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => { new ExifProfile((ExifProfile)null); });
+            Assert.Throws<NullReferenceException>(() => ((ExifProfile)null).DeepClone());
 
             ExifProfile profile = GetExifProfile();
 
-            var clone = new ExifProfile(profile);
+            ExifProfile clone = profile.DeepClone();
             TestProfile(clone);
 
             profile.SetValue(ExifTag.ColorSpace, (ushort)2);
 
-            clone = new ExifProfile(profile);
+            clone = profile.DeepClone();
             TestProfile(clone);
         }
 
@@ -234,10 +234,12 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             exifProfile.SetValue(ExifTag.XResolution, new Rational(200));
             exifProfile.SetValue(ExifTag.YResolution, new Rational(300));
 
-            var metaData = new ImageMetaData();
-            metaData.ExifProfile = exifProfile;
-            metaData.HorizontalResolution = 200;
-            metaData.VerticalResolution = 300;
+            var metaData = new ImageMetaData
+            {
+                ExifProfile = exifProfile,
+                HorizontalResolution = 200,
+                VerticalResolution = 300
+            };
 
             metaData.HorizontalResolution = 100;
 
@@ -355,11 +357,11 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
 
             // act
             Image<Rgba32> reloadedImage = WriteAndRead(image, imageFormat);
-            
+
             // assert
             ExifProfile actual = reloadedImage.MetaData.ExifProfile;
             Assert.NotNull(actual);
-            foreach(KeyValuePair<ExifTag, object> expectedProfileValue in TestProfileValues)
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<ExifTag, object> expectedProfileValue in TestProfileValues)
             {
                 ExifValue actualProfileValue = actual.GetValue(expectedProfileValue.Key);
                 Assert.NotNull(actualProfileValue);
@@ -371,7 +373,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
         public void ProfileToByteArray()
         {
             // arrange
-            byte[] exifBytesWithExifCode = ProfileResolver.ExifMarker.Concat(ExifConstants.LittleEndianByteOrderMarker).ToArray(); 
+            byte[] exifBytesWithExifCode = ProfileResolver.ExifMarker.Concat(ExifConstants.LittleEndianByteOrderMarker).ToArray();
             byte[] exifBytesWithoutExifCode = ExifConstants.LittleEndianByteOrderMarker;
             ExifProfile expectedProfile = CreateExifProfile();
             var expectedProfileTags = expectedProfile.Values.Select(x => x.Tag).ToList();
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
             Assert.NotNull(actualBytes);
             Assert.NotEmpty(actualBytes);
             Assert.Equal(exifBytesWithoutExifCode, actualBytes.Take(exifBytesWithoutExifCode.Length).ToArray());
-            foreach(ExifTag expectedProfileTag in expectedProfileTags)
+            foreach (ExifTag expectedProfileTag in expectedProfileTags)
             {
                 ExifValue actualProfileValue = actualProfile.GetValue(expectedProfileTag);
                 ExifValue expectedProfileValue = expectedProfile.GetValue(expectedProfileTag);
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
         {
             var profile = new ExifProfile();
 
-            foreach(KeyValuePair<ExifTag, object> exifProfileValue in TestProfileValues)
+            foreach (KeyValuePair<ExifTag, object> exifProfileValue in TestProfileValues)
             {
                 profile.SetValue(exifProfileValue.Key, exifProfileValue.Value);
             }
@@ -416,7 +418,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
 
         private static Image<Rgba32> WriteAndRead(Image<Rgba32> image, TestImageWriteFormat imageFormat)
         {
-            switch(imageFormat)
+            switch (imageFormat)
             {
                 case TestImageWriteFormat.Jpeg:
                     return WriteAndReadJpeg(image);

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/TestUtilities/ImageProviders/TestImageProvider.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests
 
         public virtual string SourceFileOrDescription => "";
 
-        public Configuration Configuration { get; set; } = Configuration.Default.ShallowCopy();
+        public Configuration Configuration { get; set; } = Configuration.Default.Clone();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Utility instance to provide informations about the test image & manage input/output

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/TestUtilities/Tests/ReferenceDecoderBenchmarks.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities.Tests
         private ITestOutputHelper Output { get; }
 
         public const string SkipBenchmarks =
-#if false
+#if true
             "Benchmark, enable manually!";
 #else
             null;