Merge pull request #3119 from SixLabors/js/proper-segment-integrity-handling

Enhance decoders with segment integrity handling

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Bmp/BmpDecoderCore.cs

@@ -1431,12 +1431,8 @@ internal sealed class BmpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             this.infoHeader = BmpInfoHeader.ParseV5(buffer);
             if (this.infoHeader.ProfileData != 0 && this.infoHeader.ProfileSize != 0)
             {
-                // Read color profile.
                 long streamPosition = stream.Position;
-                byte[] iccProfileData = new byte[this.infoHeader.ProfileSize];
-                stream.Position = infoHeaderStart + this.infoHeader.ProfileData;
-                stream.Read(iccProfileData);
-                this.metadata.IccProfile = new IccProfile(iccProfileData);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadIccProfile(stream, this.metadata, infoHeaderStart));
                 stream.Position = streamPosition;
             }
         }
@@ -1470,6 +1466,33 @@ internal sealed class BmpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         this.Dimensions = new Size(this.infoHeader.Width, this.infoHeader.Height);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads the embedded ICC profile from the BMP V5 info header.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
+    /// <param name="imageMetadata">The image metadata.</param>
+    /// <param name="infoHeaderStart">The stream position where the info header begins.</param>
+    private void ReadIccProfile(BufferedReadStream stream, ImageMetadata imageMetadata, long infoHeaderStart)
+    {
+        byte[] iccProfileData = new byte[this.infoHeader.ProfileSize];
+        stream.Position = infoHeaderStart + this.infoHeader.ProfileData;
+
+        if (stream.Read(iccProfileData) != iccProfileData.Length)
+        {
+            BmpThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Not enough data to read BMP ICC profile.");
+        }
+
+        IccProfile profile = new(iccProfileData);
+        if (profile.CheckIsValid())
+        {
+            imageMetadata.IccProfile = profile;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid BMP ICC profile.");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads the <see cref="BmpFileHeader"/> from the stream.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/DecoderOptions.cs

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public sealed class DecoderOptions
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the segment error handling strategy to use during decoding.
     /// </summary>
-    public SegmentIntegrityHandling SegmentIntegrityHandling { get; init; } = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNonCritical;
+    public SegmentIntegrityHandling SegmentIntegrityHandling { get; init; } = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreAncillary;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets a value that controls how ICC profiles are handled during decode.

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifDecoderCore.cs

@@ -146,10 +146,10 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                             this.ReadGraphicalControlExtension(stream);
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.CommentLabel:
-                            this.ReadComments(stream);
+                            this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadComments(stream));
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.ApplicationExtensionLabel:
-                            this.ReadApplicationExtension(stream);
+                            this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadApplicationExtension(stream));
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.PlainTextLabel:
                             SkipBlock(stream); // Not supported by any known decoder.
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                             this.ReadGraphicalControlExtension(stream);
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.CommentLabel:
-                            this.ReadComments(stream);
+                            this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadComments(stream));
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.ApplicationExtensionLabel:
-                            this.ReadApplicationExtension(stream);
+                            this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadApplicationExtension(stream));
                             break;
                         case GifConstants.PlainTextLabel:
                             SkipBlock(stream); // Not supported by any known decoder.
@@ -266,6 +266,13 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             GifThrowHelper.ThrowNoHeader();
         }
 
+        // Ignoring a malformed ancillary extension must not let identify succeed for a file
+        // that never contained any readable image frame data.
+        if (previousFrame is null)
+        {
+            GifThrowHelper.ThrowNoData();
+        }
+
         return new ImageInfo(
             new Size(this.logicalScreenDescriptor.Width, this.logicalScreenDescriptor.Height),
             this.metadata,
@@ -331,51 +338,128 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     private void ReadApplicationExtension(BufferedReadStream stream)
     {
         int appLength = stream.ReadByte();
+        if (appLength == -1)
+        {
+            GifThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif application extension");
+        }
+
+        if (appLength != GifConstants.ApplicationBlockSize)
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError($"Gif application extension length '{appLength}' is invalid");
+            SkipBlock(stream, appLength);
+            return;
+        }
 
         // If the length is 11 then it's a valid extension and most likely
         // a NETSCAPE, XMP or ANIMEXTS extension. We want the loop count from this.
         long position = stream.Position;
-        if (appLength == GifConstants.ApplicationBlockSize)
+        int bytesRead = stream.Read(this.buffer.Span, 0, GifConstants.ApplicationBlockSize);
+        if (bytesRead != GifConstants.ApplicationBlockSize)
         {
-            stream.Read(this.buffer.Span, 0, GifConstants.ApplicationBlockSize);
-            bool isXmp = this.buffer.Span.StartsWith(GifConstants.XmpApplicationIdentificationBytes);
-            if (isXmp && !this.skipMetadata)
-            {
-                GifXmpApplicationExtension extension = GifXmpApplicationExtension.Read(stream, this.memoryAllocator);
-                if (extension.Data.Length > 0)
-                {
-                    this.metadata!.XmpProfile = new XmpProfile(extension.Data);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // Reset the stream position and continue.
-                    stream.Position = position;
-                    SkipBlock(stream, appLength);
-                }
+            GifThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif application extension");
+        }
 
-                return;
-            }
+        bool isXmp = this.buffer.Span.StartsWith(GifConstants.XmpApplicationIdentificationBytes);
+        if (isXmp)
+        {
+            this.ReadXmpApplicationExtension(stream, position, appLength);
+            return;
+        }
 
-            int subBlockSize = stream.ReadByte();
+        int subBlockSize = stream.ReadByte();
+        if (subBlockSize == -1)
+        {
+            GifThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif application extension");
+        }
 
-            // TODO: There's also a NETSCAPE buffer extension.
-            // http://www.vurdalakov.net/misc/gif/netscape-buffering-application-extension
-            if (subBlockSize == GifConstants.NetscapeLoopingSubBlockSize)
-            {
-                stream.Read(this.buffer.Span, 0, GifConstants.NetscapeLoopingSubBlockSize);
-                this.gifMetadata!.RepeatCount = GifNetscapeLoopingApplicationExtension.Parse(this.buffer.Span[1..]).RepeatCount;
-                stream.Skip(1); // Skip the terminator.
-                return;
-            }
+        // TODO: There's also a NETSCAPE buffer extension.
+        // http://www.vurdalakov.net/misc/gif/netscape-buffering-application-extension
+        if (subBlockSize == GifConstants.NetscapeLoopingSubBlockSize)
+        {
+            this.ReadNetscapeApplicationExtension(stream);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Could be something else not supported yet.
+        // Skip the subblock and terminator.
+        SkipBlock(stream, subBlockSize);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads the GIF XMP application extension.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
+    /// <param name="applicationPosition">The stream position where the application identifier begins.</param>
+    /// <param name="appLength">The application block length.</param>
+    private void ReadXmpApplicationExtension(BufferedReadStream stream, long applicationPosition, int appLength)
+    {
+        if (this.skipMetadata)
+        {
+            stream.Position = applicationPosition;
+            SkipBlock(stream, appLength);
+            return;
+        }
 
-            // Could be something else not supported yet.
-            // Skip the subblock and terminator.
-            SkipBlock(stream, subBlockSize);
+        bool completed = false;
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(
+            () =>
+        {
+            this.ReadXmpApplicationExtensionData(stream, applicationPosition, appLength);
+            completed = true;
+        });
+
+        if (!completed)
+        {
+            stream.Position = applicationPosition;
+            SkipBlock(stream, appLength);
+        }
+    }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads the GIF XMP application extension data.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
+    /// <param name="applicationPosition">The stream position where the application identifier begins.</param>
+    /// <param name="appLength">The application block length.</param>
+    private void ReadXmpApplicationExtensionData(BufferedReadStream stream, long applicationPosition, int appLength)
+    {
+        GifXmpApplicationExtension extension = GifXmpApplicationExtension.Read(stream, this.memoryAllocator);
+        if (extension.Data.Length > 0)
+        {
+            this.metadata!.XmpProfile = new XmpProfile(extension.Data);
             return;
         }
 
-        SkipBlock(stream, appLength); // Not supported by any known decoder.
+        stream.Position = applicationPosition;
+        SkipBlock(stream, appLength);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads the GIF NETSCAPE looping application extension.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
+    private void ReadNetscapeApplicationExtension(BufferedReadStream stream) =>
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => this.ReadNetscapeApplicationExtensionData(stream));
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads the GIF NETSCAPE looping application extension data.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
+    private void ReadNetscapeApplicationExtensionData(BufferedReadStream stream)
+    {
+        int bytesRead = stream.Read(this.buffer.Span, 0, GifConstants.NetscapeLoopingSubBlockSize);
+        if (bytesRead != GifConstants.NetscapeLoopingSubBlockSize)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif application extension");
+        }
+
+        this.gifMetadata!.RepeatCount = GifNetscapeLoopingApplicationExtension.Parse(this.buffer.Span[1..]).RepeatCount;
+
+        int terminator = stream.ReadByte();
+        if (terminator == -1)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif application extension");
+        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -428,7 +512,12 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             using IMemoryOwner<byte> commentsBuffer = this.memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(length);
             Span<byte> commentsSpan = commentsBuffer.GetSpan();
 
-            stream.Read(commentsSpan);
+            int bytesRead = stream.Read(commentsSpan);
+            if (bytesRead != length)
+            {
+                GifThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif comment");
+            }
+
             string commentPart = GifConstants.Encoding.GetString(commentsSpan);
             stringBuilder.Append(commentPart);
         }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/Sections/GifXmpApplicationExtension.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ internal readonly struct GifXmpApplicationExtension : IGifExtension
     /// <returns>The XMP metadata</returns>
     public static GifXmpApplicationExtension Read(Stream stream, MemoryAllocator allocator)
     {
-        byte[] xmpBytes = ReadXmpData(stream, allocator);
+        byte[] xmpBytes = ReadXmpData(stream, allocator, out bool terminated);
+        if (!terminated)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidImageContentException("Unexpected end of stream while reading gif XMP data");
+        }
 
         // Exclude the "magic trailer", see XMP Specification Part 3, 1.1.2 GIF
         int xmpLength = xmpBytes.Length - 256; // 257 - unread 0x0
@@ -71,7 +75,7 @@ internal readonly struct GifXmpApplicationExtension : IGifExtension
         return this.ContentLength;
     }
 
-    private static byte[] ReadXmpData(Stream stream, MemoryAllocator allocator)
+    private static byte[] ReadXmpData(Stream stream, MemoryAllocator allocator, out bool terminated)
     {
         using ChunkedMemoryStream bytes = new(allocator);
 
@@ -83,8 +87,15 @@ internal readonly struct GifXmpApplicationExtension : IGifExtension
         while (true)
         {
             int b = stream.ReadByte();
-            if (b <= 0)
+            if (b == 0)
+            {
+                terminated = true;
+                return bytes.ToArray();
+            }
+
+            if (b < 0)
             {
+                terminated = false;
                 return bytes.ToArray();
             }
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/ImageDecoderCore.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,74 @@ internal abstract class ImageDecoderCore
     /// </summary>
     public Size Dimensions { get; protected internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Executes a known ancillary segment parsing action using the configured integrity policy.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="action">The action.</param>
+    protected void ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(Action action)
+    {
+        if (this.Options.SegmentIntegrityHandling is SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict)
+        {
+            action();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            action();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex
+            is ImageFormatException
+            or InvalidIccProfileException
+            or InvalidImageContentException
+            or InvalidOperationException
+            or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            // Intentionally ignored in non-strict segment integrity modes.
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Executes a known image data segment parsing action using the configured integrity policy.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="action">The action.</param>
+    protected void ExecuteImageDataSegmentAction(Action action)
+    {
+        if (this.Options.SegmentIntegrityHandling is not SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreImageData)
+        {
+            action();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            action();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) when (ex
+            is ImageFormatException
+            or InvalidIccProfileException
+            or InvalidImageContentException
+            or InvalidOperationException
+            or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            // Intentionally ignored when image data integrity handling is set to IgnoreImageData.
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Throws unless the decoder is running in a non-strict segment integrity mode.
+    /// Use this only from within <see cref="ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction"/> when local control flow
+    /// must continue after the error.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="message">The exception message.</param>
+    protected void ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError(string message)
+    {
+        if (this.Options.SegmentIntegrityHandling is SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidImageContentException(message);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads the raw image information from the specified stream.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Jpeg/JpegDecoderCore.cs

@@ -208,11 +208,7 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             JpegThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Missing SOS marker.");
         }
 
-        this.InitExifProfile();
-        this.InitIccProfile();
-        this.InitIptcProfile();
-        this.InitXmpProfile();
-        this.InitDerivedMetadataProperties();
+        this.InitializeMetadataProfiles();
 
         _ = this.Options.TryGetIccProfileForColorConversion(this.Metadata.IccProfile, out IccProfile profile);
 
@@ -232,11 +228,7 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             JpegThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Missing SOS marker.");
         }
 
-        this.InitExifProfile();
-        this.InitIccProfile();
-        this.InitIptcProfile();
-        this.InitXmpProfile();
-        this.InitDerivedMetadataProperties();
+        this.InitializeMetadataProfiles();
 
         Size pixelSize = this.Frame.PixelSize;
         return new ImageInfo(new Size(pixelSize.Width, pixelSize.Height), this.Metadata);
@@ -385,7 +377,11 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
                     case JpegConstants.Markers.SOF1:
                     case JpegConstants.Markers.SOF2:
 
-                        this.ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(stream, markerContentByteSize, fileMarker, ComponentType.Huffman, metadataOnly);
+                        if (!this.ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(stream, markerContentByteSize, fileMarker, ComponentType.Huffman, metadataOnly))
+                        {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
                         break;
 
                     case JpegConstants.Markers.SOF9:
@@ -398,7 +394,11 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
                             this.scanDecoder.ResetInterval = this.resetInterval.Value;
                         }
 
-                        this.ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(stream, markerContentByteSize, fileMarker, ComponentType.Arithmetic, metadataOnly);
+                        if (!this.ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(stream, markerContentByteSize, fileMarker, ComponentType.Arithmetic, metadataOnly))
+                        {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
                         break;
 
                     case JpegConstants.Markers.SOF5:
@@ -429,7 +429,9 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
                         }
 
                         // It's highly unlikely that APPn related data will be found after the SOS marker
-                        // We should have gathered everything we need by now.
+                        // So we can stop parsing here and return the metadata we have parsed so far, instead
+                        // of trying to parse any APPn markers after the SOS marker and risking running out of
+                        // memory or other exceptions.
                         return;
 
                     case JpegConstants.Markers.DHT:
@@ -701,6 +703,10 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             {
                 this.Metadata.IccProfile = profile;
             }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid ICC profile.");
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -771,6 +777,18 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         return 0;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes decoded metadata profiles using the configured ancillary segment handling policy.
+    /// </summary>
+    private void InitializeMetadataProfiles()
+    {
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitExifProfile);
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitIccProfile);
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitIptcProfile);
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitXmpProfile);
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitDerivedMetadataProperties);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Extends the profile with additional data.
     /// </summary>
@@ -794,7 +812,16 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         // We can only decode JFif identifiers.
         // Some images contain multiple JFIF markers (Issue 1932) so we check to see
         // if it's already been read.
-        if (remaining < JFifMarker.Length || (!this.jFif.Equals(default)))
+        if (remaining < JFifMarker.Length)
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App0 Marker length.");
+
+            // Skip the application header length
+            stream.Skip(remaining);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!this.jFif.Equals(default))
         {
             // Skip the application header length
             stream.Skip(remaining);
@@ -804,7 +831,10 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         Span<byte> temp = stackalloc byte[2 * 16 * 4];
 
         stream.Read(temp, 0, JFifMarker.Length);
-        _ = JFifMarker.TryParse(temp, out this.jFif);
+        if (!JFifMarker.TryParse(temp, out this.jFif))
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App0 marker.");
+        }
 
         remaining -= JFifMarker.Length;
 
@@ -813,7 +843,9 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         {
             if (stream.Position + remaining >= stream.Length)
             {
-                JpegThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Bad App0 Marker length.");
+                this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App0 Marker length.");
+                stream.Skip(remaining);
+                return;
             }
 
             stream.Skip(remaining);
@@ -829,7 +861,16 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
     {
         const int exifMarkerLength = 6;
         const int xmpMarkerLength = 29;
-        if (remaining < exifMarkerLength || this.skipMetadata)
+        if (remaining < exifMarkerLength)
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App1 Marker length.");
+
+            // Skip the application header length.
+            stream.Skip(remaining);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (this.skipMetadata)
         {
             // Skip the application header length.
             stream.Skip(remaining);
@@ -838,7 +879,9 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
 
         if (stream.Position + remaining >= stream.Length)
         {
-            JpegThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Bad App1 Marker length.");
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App1 Marker length.");
+            stream.Skip(remaining);
+            return;
         }
 
         Span<byte> temp = stackalloc byte[2 * 16 * 4];
@@ -869,8 +912,10 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         if (ProfileResolver.IsProfile(temp, ProfileResolver.XmpMarker[..exifMarkerLength]))
         {
             const int remainingXmpMarkerBytes = xmpMarkerLength - exifMarkerLength;
-            if (remaining < remainingXmpMarkerBytes || this.skipMetadata)
+            if (remaining < remainingXmpMarkerBytes)
             {
+                this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App1 Marker length.");
+
                 // Skip the application header length.
                 stream.Skip(remaining);
                 return;
@@ -896,6 +941,10 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
 
                 remaining = 0;
             }
+            else
+            {
+                this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App1 marker.");
+            }
         }
 
         // Skip over any remaining bytes of this header.
@@ -911,7 +960,15 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
     {
         // Length is 14 though we only need to check 12.
         const int icclength = 14;
-        if (remaining < icclength || this.skipMetadata)
+        if (remaining < icclength)
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App2 Marker length.");
+
+            stream.Skip(remaining);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (this.skipMetadata)
         {
             stream.Skip(remaining);
             return;
@@ -952,7 +1009,15 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
     /// <param name="remaining">The remaining bytes in the segment block.</param>
     private void ProcessApp13Marker(BufferedReadStream stream, int remaining)
     {
-        if (remaining < ProfileResolver.AdobePhotoshopApp13Marker.Length || this.skipMetadata)
+        if (remaining < ProfileResolver.AdobePhotoshopApp13Marker.Length)
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App13 Marker length.");
+
+            stream.Skip(remaining);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (this.skipMetadata)
         {
             stream.Skip(remaining);
             return;
@@ -970,6 +1035,7 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             {
                 if (!ProfileResolver.IsProfile(blockDataSpan[..4], ProfileResolver.AdobeImageResourceBlockMarker))
                 {
+                    this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App13 marker.");
                     return;
                 }
 
@@ -986,6 +1052,9 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
                         this.iptcData = blockDataSpan.Slice(dataStartIdx, resourceDataSize).ToArray();
                         break;
                     }
+
+                    this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App13 marker.");
+                    return;
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -995,6 +1064,7 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
                     if (blockDataSpan.Length < dataStartIdx + resourceDataSize)
                     {
                         // Not enough data or the resource data size is wrong.
+                        this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App13 marker.");
                         break;
                     }
 
@@ -1089,6 +1159,8 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         const int markerLength = AdobeMarker.Length;
         if (remaining < markerLength)
         {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Bad App14 Marker length.");
+
             // Skip the application header length
             stream.Skip(remaining);
             return;
@@ -1103,6 +1175,10 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
         {
             this.hasAdobeMarker = true;
         }
+        else
+        {
+            this.ThrowOrIgnoreNonStrictSegmentError("Invalid App14 marker.");
+        }
 
         if (remaining > 0)
         {
@@ -1212,13 +1288,19 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
     /// <param name="frameMarker">The current frame marker.</param>
     /// <param name="decodingComponentType">The jpeg decoding component type.</param>
     /// <param name="metadataOnly">Whether to parse metadata only.</param>
-    private void ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(BufferedReadStream stream, int remaining, in JpegFileMarker frameMarker, ComponentType decodingComponentType, bool metadataOnly)
+    private bool ProcessStartOfFrameMarker(BufferedReadStream stream, int remaining, in JpegFileMarker frameMarker, ComponentType decodingComponentType, bool metadataOnly)
     {
         if (this.Frame != null)
         {
-            if (metadataOnly)
+            // If we have found the SOS marker, we can stop parsing as we have all
+            // the information we need to decode the image.
+            // It's possible that there are APPn related markers after the SOS marker,
+            // but it's highly unlikely and we would be better off stopping parsing
+            // and decoding the image instead of trying to parse those APPn markers
+            // and risking running out of memory or other exceptions.
+            if (this.hasSOSMarker)
             {
-                return;
+                return false;
             }
 
             JpegThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Multiple SOF markers. Only single frame jpegs supported.");
@@ -1351,6 +1433,8 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             this.Frame.Init(maxH, maxV);
             this.scanDecoder.InjectFrameData(this.Frame, this);
         }
+
+        return true;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -1550,7 +1634,7 @@ internal sealed class JpegDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IRawJpegData
             arithmeticScanDecoder.InitDecodingTables(this.arithmeticDecodingTables);
         }
 
-        this.InitIccProfile();
+        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(this.InitIccProfile);
         _ = this.Options.TryGetIccProfileForColorConversion(this.Metadata.IccProfile, out IccProfile profile);
         this.scanDecoder.ParseEntropyCodedData(selectorsCount, profile);
     }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngChunk.cs

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ internal readonly struct PngChunk
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="handling">The segment handling behavior.</param>
     public bool IsCritical(SegmentIntegrityHandling handling)
-        => handling switch
+        => this.Type switch
         {
-            SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNone => true,
-            SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNonCritical => this.Type is PngChunkType.Header or PngChunkType.Palette or PngChunkType.Data or PngChunkType.FrameData,
-            SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData => this.Type is PngChunkType.Header or PngChunkType.Palette,
-            _ => false,
+            PngChunkType.Header => true,
+            PngChunkType.Palette => true,
+            PngChunkType.Data or PngChunkType.FrameData => handling < SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreImageData,
+            _ => handling < SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreAncillary,
         };
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngDecoderCore.cs

@@ -800,18 +800,46 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         PngMetadata pngMetadata,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
+    {
+        using IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory = frameControl.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over
+            ? this.memoryAllocator.Allocate<TPixel>(imageFrame.Width, AllocationOptions.Clean)
+            : null;
+
+        this.ExecuteImageDataSegmentAction(() => this.DecodePixelDataCore(
+            frameControl,
+            compressedStream,
+            imageFrame,
+            pngMetadata,
+            blendMemory,
+            cancellationToken));
+
+        this.hasImageData = true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes the raw pixel data row by row.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="frameControl">The frame control.</param>
+    /// <param name="compressedStream">The compressed pixel data stream.</param>
+    /// <param name="imageFrame">The image frame to decode to.</param>
+    /// <param name="pngMetadata">The png metadata.</param>
+    /// <param name="blendMemory">The optional row blending buffer.</param>
+    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
+    private void DecodePixelDataCore<TPixel>(
+        FrameControl frameControl,
+        DeflateStream compressedStream,
+        ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame,
+        PngMetadata pngMetadata,
+        IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         int currentRow = (int)frameControl.YOffset;
         int currentRowBytesRead = 0;
         int height = (int)frameControl.YMax;
 
-        IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory = null;
-        Span<TPixel> blendRowBuffer = [];
-        if (frameControl.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over)
-        {
-            blendMemory = this.memoryAllocator.Allocate<TPixel>(imageFrame.Width, AllocationOptions.Clean);
-            blendRowBuffer = blendMemory.Memory.Span;
-        }
+        Span<TPixel> blendRowBuffer = blendMemory is null ? [] : blendMemory.Memory.Span;
 
         while (currentRow < height)
         {
@@ -855,11 +883,6 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                     break;
 
                 default:
-                    if (this.segmentIntegrityHandling is SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData or SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreAll)
-                    {
-                        goto EXIT;
-                    }
-
                     PngThrowHelper.ThrowUnknownFilter();
                     break;
             }
@@ -870,8 +893,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         }
 
         EXIT:
-        this.hasImageData = true;
-        blendMemory?.Dispose();
+        return;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -890,6 +912,41 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         PngMetadata pngMetadata,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
+    {
+        using IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory = frameControl.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over
+            ? this.memoryAllocator.Allocate<TPixel>(imageFrame.Width, AllocationOptions.Clean)
+            : null;
+
+        FrameControl frameControlCopy = frameControl;
+        this.ExecuteImageDataSegmentAction(() => this.DecodeInterlacedPixelDataCore(
+            frameControlCopy,
+            compressedStream,
+            imageFrame,
+            pngMetadata,
+            blendMemory,
+            cancellationToken));
+
+        this.hasImageData = true;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes the raw interlaced pixel data row by row.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="frameControl">The frame control.</param>
+    /// <param name="compressedStream">The compressed pixel data stream.</param>
+    /// <param name="imageFrame">The current image frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="pngMetadata">The png metadata.</param>
+    /// <param name="blendMemory">The optional row blending buffer.</param>
+    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
+    private void DecodeInterlacedPixelDataCore<TPixel>(
+        FrameControl frameControl,
+        DeflateStream compressedStream,
+        ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame,
+        PngMetadata pngMetadata,
+        IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         int currentRow = Adam7.FirstRow[0] + (int)frameControl.YOffset;
         int currentRowBytesRead = 0;
@@ -899,13 +956,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
 
         Buffer2D<TPixel> imageBuffer = imageFrame.PixelBuffer;
 
-        IMemoryOwner<TPixel>? blendMemory = null;
-        Span<TPixel> blendRowBuffer = [];
-        if (frameControl.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over)
-        {
-            blendMemory = this.memoryAllocator.Allocate<TPixel>(imageFrame.Width, AllocationOptions.Clean);
-            blendRowBuffer = blendMemory.Memory.Span;
-        }
+        Span<TPixel> blendRowBuffer = blendMemory is null ? [] : blendMemory.Memory.Span;
 
         while (true)
         {
@@ -962,11 +1013,6 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                         break;
 
                     default:
-                        if (this.segmentIntegrityHandling is SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData or SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreAll)
-                        {
-                            goto EXIT;
-                        }
-
                         PngThrowHelper.ThrowUnknownFilter();
                         break;
                 }
@@ -1002,8 +1048,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         }
 
         EXIT:
-        this.hasImageData = true;
-        blendMemory?.Dispose();
+        return;
     }
 
     /// <summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/SegmentIntegrityHandling.cs

@@ -1,30 +1,26 @@
-// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Specifies how to handle validation of errors in different segments of encoded image files.
+/// Specifies how to handle validation of recoverable errors in ancillary and image data segments.
+/// Structural errors that prevent safe decoding remain fatal regardless of the selected mode.
 /// </summary>
 public enum SegmentIntegrityHandling
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Do not ignore any errors.
+    /// Do not ignore any recoverable ancillary or image data segment errors.
     /// </summary>
-    IgnoreNone,
+    Strict = 0,
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Ignore errors in non-critical segments of the encoded image.
+    /// Ignore recoverable errors in ancillary segments, such as optional metadata.
     /// </summary>
-    IgnoreNonCritical,
+    IgnoreAncillary = 1,
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Ignore errors in data segments (e.g., image data, metadata).
+    /// Ignore recoverable errors in image data segments in addition to ancillary segments.
     /// </summary>
-    IgnoreData,
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Ignore errors in all segments.
-    /// </summary>
-    IgnoreAll
+    IgnoreImageData = 2,
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tiff/TiffDecoderCore.cs

@@ -289,7 +289,19 @@ internal class TiffDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             // We resolve the ICC profile early so that we can use it for color conversion if needed.
             if (tags.TryGetValue(ExifTag.IccProfile, out IExifValue<byte[]> iccProfileBytes))
             {
-                imageFrameMetaData.IccProfile = new IccProfile(iccProfileBytes.Value);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(
+                    () =>
+                    {
+                        IccProfile profile = new(iccProfileBytes.Value);
+                        if (profile.CheckIsValid())
+                        {
+                            imageFrameMetaData.IccProfile = profile;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid TIFF ICC profile.");
+                        }
+                    });
             }
         }
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/WebpAnimationDecoder.cs

@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
     private readonly BackgroundColorHandling backgroundColorHandling;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// How to handle validation of errors in different segments of encoded image files.
+    /// Executes a known ancillary segment parsing action using the configured integrity policy.
     /// </summary>
-    private readonly SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling;
+    private readonly Action<Action> executeAncillarySegmentAction;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="WebpAnimationDecoder"/> class.
@@ -76,21 +76,21 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
     /// <param name="maxFrames">The maximum number of frames to decode. Inclusive.</param>
     /// <param name="skipMetadata">Whether to skip metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="backgroundColorHandling">The flag to decide how to handle the background color in the Animation Chunk.</param>
-    /// <param name="segmentIntegrityHandling">How to handle validation of errors in different segments of encoded image files.</param>
+    /// <param name="executeAncillarySegmentAction">Executes a known ancillary segment parsing action using the configured integrity policy.</param>
     public WebpAnimationDecoder(
         MemoryAllocator memoryAllocator,
         Configuration configuration,
         uint maxFrames,
         bool skipMetadata,
         BackgroundColorHandling backgroundColorHandling,
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling)
+        Action<Action> executeAncillarySegmentAction)
     {
         this.memoryAllocator = memoryAllocator;
         this.configuration = configuration;
         this.maxFrames = maxFrames;
         this.skipMetadata = skipMetadata;
         this.backgroundColorHandling = backgroundColorHandling;
-        this.segmentIntegrityHandling = segmentIntegrityHandling;
+        this.executeAncillarySegmentAction = executeAncillarySegmentAction;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
             : features.AnimationBackgroundColor!.Value;
 
         bool ignoreMetadata = this.skipMetadata;
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling = this.segmentIntegrityHandling;
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
         uint frameCount = 0;
         int remainingBytes = (int)completeDataSize;
@@ -139,13 +138,7 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
                 case WebpChunkType.Iccp:
                 case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
                 case WebpChunkType.Exif:
-                    WebpChunkParsingUtils.ParseOptionalChunks(
-                        stream,
-                        chunkType,
-                        this.metadata,
-                        ignoreMetadata,
-                        segmentIntegrityHandling,
-                        buffer);
+                    this.ReadOptionalChunk(stream, chunkType, this.metadata, ignoreMetadata);
                     break;
                 default:
 
@@ -196,7 +189,6 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
         TPixel backgroundPixel = backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>();
 
         bool ignoreMetadata = this.skipMetadata;
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling = this.segmentIntegrityHandling;
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
         uint frameCount = 0;
         int remainingBytes = (int)completeDataSize;
@@ -223,7 +215,7 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
                 case WebpChunkType.Iccp:
                 case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
                 case WebpChunkType.Exif:
-                    WebpChunkParsingUtils.ParseOptionalChunks(stream, chunkType, image!.Metadata, ignoreMetadata, segmentIntegrityHandling, buffer);
+                    this.ReadOptionalChunk(stream, chunkType, image!.Metadata, ignoreMetadata);
                     break;
                 default:
 
@@ -380,6 +372,29 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
         frameMetadata.DisposalMode = frameData.DisposalMethod;
     }
 
+    private void ReadOptionalChunk(
+        BufferedReadStream stream,
+        WebpChunkType chunkType,
+        ImageMetadata imageMetadata,
+        bool ignoreMetadata)
+    {
+        switch (chunkType)
+        {
+            case WebpChunkType.Iccp:
+
+                // While ICC profiles are optional, an invalid ICC profile cannot be ignored because it must
+                // precede the frame data, and we cannot safely skip it without successfully reading its size.
+                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadIccProfile(stream, imageMetadata, ignoreMetadata);
+                break;
+            case WebpChunkType.Exif:
+                this.executeAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadExifProfile(stream, imageMetadata, ignoreMetadata));
+                break;
+            case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
+                this.executeAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadXmpProfile(stream, imageMetadata, ignoreMetadata));
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads the ALPH chunk data.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/WebpChunkParsingUtils.cs

@@ -343,69 +343,18 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
         throw new ImageFormatException("Invalid Webp data, could not read chunk type.");
     }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Parses optional metadata chunks. There SHOULD be at most one chunk of each type ('EXIF' and 'XMP ').
-    /// If there are more such chunks, readers MAY ignore all except the first one.
-    /// Also, a file may possibly contain both 'EXIF' and 'XMP ' chunks.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="stream">The stream to read the data from.</param>
-    /// <param name="chunkType">The chunk type to parse.</param>
-    /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata to write to.</param>
-    /// <param name="ignoreMetadata">If true, metadata will be ignored.</param>
-    /// <param name="segmentIntegrityHandling">Indicates how to handle segment integrity issues.</param>
-    /// <param name="buffer">Buffer to store the data read from the stream.</param>
-    public static void ParseOptionalChunks(
-        BufferedReadStream stream,
-        WebpChunkType chunkType,
-        ImageMetadata metadata,
-        bool ignoreMetadata,
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling,
-        Span<byte> buffer)
-    {
-        long streamLength = stream.Length;
-        while (stream.Position < streamLength)
-        {
-            switch (chunkType)
-            {
-                case WebpChunkType.Iccp:
-                    ReadIccProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, segmentIntegrityHandling, buffer);
-                    break;
-
-                case WebpChunkType.Exif:
-                    ReadExifProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, segmentIntegrityHandling, buffer);
-                    break;
-                case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
-                    ReadXmpProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, segmentIntegrityHandling, buffer);
-                    break;
-                default:
-
-                    // Ignore unknown chunks.
-                    // These must always fall after the image data so we are safe to always skip them.
-                    uint chunkLength = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer, false);
-                    stream.Skip((int)chunkLength);
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Reads the ICCP chunk from the stream.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="stream">The stream to decode from.</param>
     /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="ignoreMetadata">If true, metadata will be ignored.</param>
-    /// <param name="segmentIntegrityHandling">Indicates how to handle segment integrity issues.</param>
-    /// <param name="buffer">Temporary buffer.</param>
     public static void ReadIccProfile(
         BufferedReadStream stream,
         ImageMetadata metadata,
-        bool ignoreMetadata,
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling,
-        Span<byte> buffer)
+        bool ignoreMetadata)
     {
-        // While ICC profiles are optional, an invalid ICC profile cannot be ignored as it must precede the image data
-        // and since we canot determine its size to allow skipping without reading the chunk size, we have to throw if it's invalid.
-        // Hence we do not consider segment integrity handling here.
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
         uint iccpChunkSize = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer);
         if (ignoreMetadata || metadata.IccProfile != null)
         {
@@ -413,22 +362,20 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
         }
         else
         {
-            bool ignoreNone = segmentIntegrityHandling == SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNone;
             byte[] iccpData = new byte[iccpChunkSize];
             int bytesRead = stream.Read(iccpData, 0, (int)iccpChunkSize);
-
-            // We have the size but the profile is invalid if we cannot read enough data.
-            // Use the segment integrity handling to determine if we throw.
-            if (bytesRead != iccpChunkSize && ignoreNone)
+            if (bytesRead != iccpChunkSize)
             {
                 WebpThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Not enough data to read the iccp chunk");
             }
 
             IccProfile profile = new(iccpData);
-            if (profile.CheckIsValid())
+            if (!profile.CheckIsValid())
             {
-                metadata.IccProfile = profile;
+                throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid ICC profile.");
             }
+
+            metadata.IccProfile = profile;
         }
     }
 
@@ -438,17 +385,13 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
     /// <param name="stream">The stream to decode from.</param>
     /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="ignoreMetadata">If true, metadata will be ignored.</param>
-    /// <param name="segmentIntegrityHandling">Indicates how to handle segment integrity issues.</param>
-    /// <param name="buffer">Temporary buffer.</param>
     public static void ReadExifProfile(
         BufferedReadStream stream,
         ImageMetadata metadata,
-        bool ignoreMetadata,
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling,
-        Span<byte> buffer)
+        bool ignoreMetadata)
     {
-        bool ignoreNone = segmentIntegrityHandling == SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNone;
-        uint exifChunkSize = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer, ignoreNone);
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
+        uint exifChunkSize = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer);
         if (ignoreMetadata || metadata.ExifProfile != null)
         {
             stream.Skip((int)exifChunkSize);
@@ -459,12 +402,7 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
             int bytesRead = stream.Read(exifData, 0, (int)exifChunkSize);
             if (bytesRead != exifChunkSize)
             {
-                if (ignoreNone)
-                {
-                    WebpThrowHelper.ThrowImageFormatException("Could not read enough data for the EXIF profile");
-                }
-
-                return;
+                WebpThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Could not read enough data for the EXIF profile");
             }
 
             ExifProfile exifProfile = new(exifData);
@@ -490,18 +428,13 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
     /// <param name="stream">The stream to decode from.</param>
     /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="ignoreMetadata">If true, metadata will be ignored.</param>
-    /// <param name="segmentIntegrityHandling">Indicates how to handle segment integrity issues.</param>
-    /// <param name="buffer">Temporary buffer.</param>
     public static void ReadXmpProfile(
         BufferedReadStream stream,
         ImageMetadata metadata,
-        bool ignoreMetadata,
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling,
-        Span<byte> buffer)
+        bool ignoreMetadata)
     {
-        bool ignoreNone = segmentIntegrityHandling == SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNone;
-
-        uint xmpChunkSize = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer, ignoreNone);
+        Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
+        uint xmpChunkSize = ReadChunkSize(stream, buffer);
         if (ignoreMetadata || metadata.XmpProfile != null)
         {
             stream.Skip((int)xmpChunkSize);
@@ -512,12 +445,7 @@ internal static class WebpChunkParsingUtils
             int bytesRead = stream.Read(xmpData, 0, (int)xmpChunkSize);
             if (bytesRead != xmpChunkSize)
             {
-                if (ignoreNone)
-                {
-                    WebpThrowHelper.ThrowImageFormatException("Could not read enough data for the XMP profile");
-                }
-
-                return;
+                WebpThrowHelper.ThrowInvalidImageContentException("Could not read enough data for the XMP profile");
             }
 
             metadata.XmpProfile = new XmpProfile(xmpData);

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/WebpDecoderCore.cs

@@ -52,8 +52,6 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
     /// </summary>
     private readonly BackgroundColorHandling backgroundColorHandling;
 
-    private readonly SegmentIntegrityHandling segmentIntegrityHandling;
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="WebpDecoderCore"/> class.
     /// </summary>
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
         : base(options.GeneralOptions)
     {
         this.backgroundColorHandling = options.BackgroundColorHandling;
-        this.segmentIntegrityHandling = options.GeneralOptions.SegmentIntegrityHandling;
         this.configuration = options.GeneralOptions.Configuration;
         this.skipMetadata = options.GeneralOptions.SkipMetadata;
         this.maxFrames = options.GeneralOptions.MaxFrames;
@@ -90,7 +87,7 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
                         this.maxFrames,
                         this.skipMetadata,
                         this.backgroundColorHandling,
-                        this.segmentIntegrityHandling);
+                        this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction);
 
                     return animationDecoder.Decode<TPixel>(stream, this.webImageInfo.Features, this.webImageInfo.Width, this.webImageInfo.Height, fileSize);
                 }
@@ -149,7 +146,7 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
                     this.maxFrames,
                     this.skipMetadata,
                     this.backgroundColorHandling,
-                    this.segmentIntegrityHandling);
+                    this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction);
 
                 return animationDecoder.Identify(
                     stream,
@@ -278,19 +275,21 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
         Span<byte> buffer)
     {
         bool ignoreMetadata = this.skipMetadata;
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling integrityHandling = this.segmentIntegrityHandling;
         switch (chunkType)
         {
             case WebpChunkType.Iccp:
-                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadIccProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, integrityHandling, buffer);
+
+                // While ICC profiles are optional, an invalid ICC profile cannot be ignored because it must
+                // precede the image data, and we cannot safely skip it without successfully reading its size.
+                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadIccProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata);
                 break;
 
             case WebpChunkType.Exif:
-                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadExifProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, integrityHandling, buffer);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadExifProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata));
                 break;
 
             case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
-                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadXmpProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, integrityHandling, buffer);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadXmpProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata));
                 break;
 
             case WebpChunkType.AnimationParameter:
@@ -320,7 +319,6 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
     private void ParseOptionalChunks(BufferedReadStream stream, ImageMetadata metadata, WebpFeatures features, Span<byte> buffer)
     {
         bool ignoreMetadata = this.skipMetadata;
-        SegmentIntegrityHandling integrityHandling = this.segmentIntegrityHandling;
 
         if (ignoreMetadata || (!features.ExifProfile && !features.XmpMetaData))
         {
@@ -334,11 +332,11 @@ internal sealed class WebpDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore, IDisposable
             WebpChunkType chunkType = WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadChunkType(stream, buffer);
             if (chunkType == WebpChunkType.Exif && metadata.ExifProfile == null)
             {
-                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadExifProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, integrityHandling, buffer);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadExifProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata));
             }
             else if (chunkType == WebpChunkType.Xmp && metadata.XmpProfile == null)
             {
-                WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadXmpProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata, integrityHandling, buffer);
+                this.ExecuteAncillarySegmentAction(() => WebpChunkParsingUtils.ReadXmpProfile(stream, metadata, ignoreMetadata));
             }
             else
             {

src/ImageSharp/Metadata/Profiles/ICC/TagDataEntries/IccChromaticityTagDataEntry.cs

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ internal sealed class IccChromaticityTagDataEntry : IccTagDataEntry, IEquatable<
                     [0.155, 0.070]
                 ];
             default:
-                throw new ArgumentException("Unrecognized colorant encoding");
+                throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Unrecognized colorant encoding");
         }
     }
 

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Bmp/BmpMetadataTests.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Bmp;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities;
 using static SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestImages.Bmp;
 
 // ReSharper disable InconsistentNaming
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ public class BmpMetadataTests
     }
 
     [Theory]
-    [WithFile(IccProfile, PixelTypes.Rgba32)]
+    [WithFile(TestImages.Bmp.IccProfile, PixelTypes.Rgba32)]
     public void Decoder_CanReadColorProfile<TPixel>(TestImageProvider<TPixel> provider)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
@@ -56,4 +59,40 @@ public class BmpMetadataTests
         Assert.NotNull(metaData.IccProfile);
         Assert.Equal(16, metaData.IccProfile.Entries.Length);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedIccProfile_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        ImageInfo info = Image.Identify(CreateBmpWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedIccProfile_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(CreateBmpWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedIccProfile_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidIccProfileException>(() => Image.Identify(options, CreateBmpWithMalformedIccProfile()));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedIccProfile_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidIccProfileException>(() =>
+        {
+            using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(options, CreateBmpWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateBmpWithMalformedIccProfile()
+        => CorruptedMetadataImageFactory.CreateImageWithMalformedIccProfile(new BmpEncoder());
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Gif/GifDecoderTests.cs

@@ -408,4 +408,54 @@ public class GifDecoderTests
         image.DebugSaveMultiFrame(provider);
         image.CompareToReferenceOutputMultiFrame(provider, ImageComparer.Exact);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedApplicationExtension_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        ImageInfo info = Image.Identify(CreateGifWithMalformedApplicationExtension());
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedApplicationExtension_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(CreateGifWithMalformedApplicationExtension());
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedApplicationExtension_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() => Image.Identify(options, CreateGifWithMalformedApplicationExtension()));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedApplicationExtension_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() =>
+        {
+            using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(options, CreateGifWithMalformedApplicationExtension());
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateGifWithMalformedApplicationExtension()
+    {
+        // The application extension declares a 5-byte application block (0x05), but GIF application
+        // extensions require the fixed identifier/authentication block to be 11 bytes long.
+        return
+        [
+            (byte)'G', (byte)'I', (byte)'F', (byte)'8', (byte)'9', (byte)'a',
+            0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
+            0x21, 0xFF, 0x05, (byte)'B', (byte)'a', (byte)'d', (byte)'A', (byte)'p', 0x00,
+            0x21, 0xF9, 0x04, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x2C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x02, 0x02, 0x44, 0x01, 0x00,
+            0x3B
+        ];
+    }
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Jpg/JpegDecoderTests.cs

@@ -457,4 +457,71 @@ public partial class JpegDecoderTests
             byte[] data = [0xFF, 0xD8, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30];
             using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(data);
         });
+
+    // https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/issues/3118
+    [Theory]
+    [WithFile(TestImages.Jpeg.Issues.Issue3118, PixelTypes.Rgb24)]
+    public void Issue3118_Multiple_SOF_WithSOS_DoesNotThrow<TPixel>(TestImageProvider<TPixel> provider)
+        where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
+    {
+        using Image<TPixel> image = provider.GetImage(JpegDecoder.Instance);
+        image.DebugSave(provider);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedApp13Segment_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        ImageInfo info = Image.Identify(CreateJpegWithMalformedApp13Segment());
+        Assert.True(info.Width > 0);
+        Assert.True(info.Height > 0);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedApp13Segment_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(CreateJpegWithMalformedApp13Segment());
+        Assert.True(image.Width > 0);
+        Assert.True(image.Height > 0);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedApp13Segment_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() => Image.Identify(options, CreateJpegWithMalformedApp13Segment()));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedApp13Segment_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() =>
+        {
+            using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(options, CreateJpegWithMalformedApp13Segment());
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateJpegWithMalformedApp13Segment()
+    {
+        byte[] source = TestFile.Create(TestImages.Jpeg.Baseline.Calliphora).Bytes;
+
+        // This APP13 segment starts with the valid "Photoshop 3.0\0" identifier, but the remaining
+        // payload does not begin with the required "8BIM" image resource block signature.
+        byte[] malformedApp13 =
+        [
+            0xFF, 0xED,
+            0x00, 0x1D,
+            (byte)'P', (byte)'h', (byte)'o', (byte)'t', (byte)'o', (byte)'s', (byte)'h', (byte)'o', (byte)'p', (byte)' ', (byte)'3', (byte)'.', (byte)'0', 0x00,
+            (byte)'B', (byte)'a', (byte)'d', (byte)'R', (byte)'e', (byte)'s', (byte)'o', (byte)'u', (byte)'r', (byte)'c', (byte)'e', (byte)'!', (byte)'!'
+        ];
+
+        byte[] payload = new byte[source.Length + malformedApp13.Length];
+        payload[0] = source[0];
+        payload[1] = source[1];
+
+        Buffer.BlockCopy(malformedApp13, 0, payload, 2, malformedApp13.Length);
+        Buffer.BlockCopy(source, 2, payload, 2 + malformedApp13.Length, source.Length - 2);
+
+        return payload;
+    }
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Png/PngDecoderTests.cs

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ public partial class PngDecoderTests
         TestFile testFile = TestFile.Create(imagePath);
         using MemoryStream stream = new(testFile.Bytes, false);
 
-        ImageInfo imageInfo = Image.Identify(new DecoderOptions { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData }, stream);
+        ImageInfo imageInfo = Image.Identify(new DecoderOptions { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreImageData }, stream);
 
         Assert.NotNull(imageInfo);
         Assert.Equal(expectedPixelSize, imageInfo.PixelType.BitsPerPixel);
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ public partial class PngDecoderTests
     public void Decode_InvalidDataChunkCrc_IgnoreCrcErrors<TPixel>(TestImageProvider<TPixel> provider, bool compare)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
-        using Image<TPixel> image = provider.GetImage(PngDecoder.Instance, new DecoderOptions() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData });
+        using Image<TPixel> image = provider.GetImage(PngDecoder.Instance, new DecoderOptions() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreImageData });
 
         image.DebugSave(provider);
         if (compare)
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ public partial class PngDecoderTests
     public void Binary_PrematureEof()
     {
         PngDecoder decoder = PngDecoder.Instance;
-        PngDecoderOptions options = new() { GeneralOptions = new DecoderOptions { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreData } };
+        PngDecoderOptions options = new() { GeneralOptions = new DecoderOptions { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreImageData } };
         using EofHitCounter eofHitCounter = EofHitCounter.RunDecoder(TestImages.Png.Bad.FlagOfGermany0000016446, decoder, options);
 
         // TODO: Try to reduce this to 1.

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Tiff/TiffDecoderTests.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities.ImageComparison;
 using static SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestImages.Tiff;
 
@@ -868,4 +870,40 @@ public class TiffDecoderTests : TiffDecoderBaseTester
     [WithFile(Issue2983, PixelTypes.Rgba32)]
     public void TiffDecoder_CanDecode_Issue2983<TPixel>(TestImageProvider<TPixel> provider)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel> => TestTiffDecoder(provider);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedIccProfile_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        ImageInfo info = Image.Identify(CreateTiffWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, info.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedIccProfile_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(CreateTiffWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Width);
+        Assert.Equal(1, image.Height);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_MalformedIccProfile_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidIccProfileException>(() => Image.Identify(options, CreateTiffWithMalformedIccProfile()));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_MalformedIccProfile_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidIccProfileException>(() =>
+        {
+            using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(options, CreateTiffWithMalformedIccProfile());
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] CreateTiffWithMalformedIccProfile()
+        => CorruptedMetadataImageFactory.CreateImageWithMalformedIccProfile(new TiffEncoder());
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/Tiff/TiffMetadataTests.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Iptc;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Xmp;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestDataIcc;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities;
 using static SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestImages.Tiff;
 
@@ -335,8 +336,7 @@ public class TiffMetadataTests
         iptcProfile.SetValue(IptcTag.Name, "Test name");
         rootFrameInput.Metadata.IptcProfile = iptcProfile;
 
-        IccProfileHeader iccProfileHeader = new() { Class = IccProfileClass.ColorSpace };
-        IccProfile iccProfile = new();
+        IccProfile iccProfile = new(IccTestDataProfiles.ProfileRandomArray);
         rootFrameInput.Metadata.IccProfile = iccProfile;
 
         TiffFrameMetadata frameMetaInput = rootFrameInput.Metadata.GetTiffMetadata();

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Formats/WebP/WebpMetaDataTests.cs

@@ -200,4 +200,32 @@ public class WebpMetaDataTests
         });
         Assert.Null(ex);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_InvalidExifChunk_IgnoresNonCriticalErrorsByDefault()
+    {
+        using MemoryStream stream = new(TestFile.Create(TestImages.Webp.Lossy.WithExifNotEnoughData).Bytes, false);
+        ImageInfo info = Image.Identify(stream);
+        Assert.True(info.Width > 0);
+        Assert.True(info.Height > 0);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Identify_InvalidExifChunk_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        using MemoryStream stream = new(TestFile.Create(TestImages.Webp.Lossy.WithExifNotEnoughData).Bytes, false);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() => Image.Identify(options, stream));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Decode_InvalidExifChunk_ThrowsWithStrict()
+    {
+        DecoderOptions options = new() { SegmentIntegrityHandling = SegmentIntegrityHandling.Strict };
+        using MemoryStream stream = new(TestFile.Create(TestImages.Webp.Lossy.WithExifNotEnoughData).Bytes, false);
+        Assert.Throws<InvalidImageContentException>(() =>
+        {
+            using Image<Rgba32> image = Image.Load<Rgba32>(options, stream);
+        });
+    }
 }

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/TestImages.cs

@@ -361,6 +361,7 @@ public static class TestImages
             public const string Issue2758 = "Jpg/issues/issue-2758.jpg";
             public const string Issue2857 = "Jpg/issues/issue-2857-subsub-ifds.jpg";
             public const string Issue2948 = "Jpg/issues/issue-2948-sos.jpg";
+            public const string Issue3118 = "Jpg/issues/issue3118-multiple-sof.jpg";
 
             public static class Fuzz
             {

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/TestUtilities/CorruptedMetadataImageFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestDataIcc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Tests.TestUtilities;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Creates encoded images with malformed metadata payloads while keeping the surrounding container valid.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class CorruptedMetadataImageFactory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates an encoded single-pixel image with a malformed ICC profile.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="encoder">The encoder used to produce the image bytes.</param>
+    /// <returns>The encoded image bytes with a malformed ICC profile payload.</returns>
+    public static byte[] CreateImageWithMalformedIccProfile(IImageEncoder encoder)
+    {
+        using Image<Rgba32> image = new(1, 1);
+        image[0, 0] = new Rgba32(255, 0, 0, 255);
+        image.Metadata.IccProfile = new IccProfile(IccTestDataProfiles.HeaderInvalidSizeSmallArray);
+
+        using MemoryStream stream = new();
+        image.Save(stream, encoder);
+
+        return stream.ToArray();
+    }
+}

tests/Images/Input/Jpg/issues/issue3118-multiple-sof.jpg

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:29d9073bc60cb8f5965993654ec5a949cdbacebe6365db9831ece860095ca85f
+size 11541050