Merge branch 'main' into js/block8x8-simd

.editorconfig

@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ dotnet_style_parentheses_in_relational_binary_operators = always_for_clarity:war
 dotnet_style_parentheses_in_other_binary_operators = always_for_clarity:warning
 dotnet_style_parentheses_in_other_operators = always_for_clarity:suggestion
 # Expression-level preferences
-dotnet_style_object_initializer = true:warning
-dotnet_style_collection_initializer = true:warning
+dotnet_style_object_initializer = true:error
+dotnet_style_collection_initializer = true:error
 dotnet_style_explicit_tuple_names = true:warning
 dotnet_style_prefer_inferred_tuple_names = true:warning
 dotnet_style_prefer_inferred_anonymous_type_member_names = true:warning
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ csharp_style_prefer_null_check_over_type_check = true:warning
 # https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/fundamentals/code-analysis/style-rules/language-rules#c-style-rules
 [*.{cs,csx,cake}]
 # 'var' preferences
-csharp_style_var_for_built_in_types = false:warning
-csharp_style_var_when_type_is_apparent = false:warning
-csharp_style_var_elsewhere = false:warning
+csharp_style_var_for_built_in_types = false:error
+csharp_style_var_when_type_is_apparent = false:error
+csharp_style_var_elsewhere = false:error
 # Expression-bodied members
 csharp_style_expression_bodied_methods = true:warning
 csharp_style_expression_bodied_constructors = true:warning
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ csharp_style_pattern_local_over_anonymous_function = true:warning
 csharp_style_deconstructed_variable_declaration = true:warning
 csharp_style_prefer_index_operator = true:warning
 csharp_style_prefer_range_operator = true:warning
-csharp_style_implicit_object_creation_when_type_is_apparent = true:warning
+csharp_style_implicit_object_creation_when_type_is_apparent = true:error
 # "Null" checking preferences
 csharp_style_throw_expression = true:warning
 csharp_style_conditional_delegate_call = true:warning

.gitattributes

@@ -136,3 +136,10 @@
 *.ico               filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.cur               filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.ani               filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.heic              filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.hif               filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.avif              filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+###############################################################################
+# Handle ICC files by git lfs
+###############################################################################
+*.icc               filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

shared-infrastructure

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1dbfb576c83507645265c79e03369b66cdc0379f
+Subproject commit 5e13cde851a3d6e95d0dfdde2a57071f1efda9c3

src/ImageSharp/Advanced/AotCompilerTools.cs

@@ -138,10 +138,11 @@ internal static class AotCompilerTools
         AotCompileResamplers<TPixel>();
         AotCompileQuantizers<TPixel>();
         AotCompilePixelSamplingStrategys<TPixel>();
+        AotCompilePixelMaps<TPixel>();
         AotCompileDithers<TPixel>();
         AotCompileMemoryManagers<TPixel>();
 
-        Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>();
+        _ = Unsafe.SizeOf<TPixel>();
 
         // TODO: Do the discovery work to figure out what works and what doesn't.
     }
@@ -514,6 +515,20 @@ internal static class AotCompilerTools
         default(ExtensivePixelSamplingStrategy).EnumeratePixelRegions(default(ImageFrame<TPixel>));
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This method pre-seeds the all <see cref="IColorIndexCache{T}" /> in the AoT compiler.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
+    [Preserve]
+    private static void AotCompilePixelMaps<TPixel>()
+        where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
+    {
+        default(EuclideanPixelMap<TPixel, HybridCache>).GetClosestColor(default, out _);
+        default(EuclideanPixelMap<TPixel, AccurateCache>).GetClosestColor(default, out _);
+        default(EuclideanPixelMap<TPixel, CoarseCache>).GetClosestColor(default, out _);
+        default(EuclideanPixelMap<TPixel, NullCache>).GetClosestColor(default, out _);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// This method pre-seeds the all <see cref="IDither" /> in the AoT compiler.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieLab.cs

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ public readonly struct CieLab : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieLab, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the l, a, b components.</param>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public CieLab(Vector3 vector)
-        : this()
     {
         this.L = vector.X;
         this.A = vector.Y;
@@ -82,6 +81,49 @@ public readonly struct CieLab : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieLab, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(CieLab left, CieLab right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 += new Vector3(0, 128F, 128F);
+        v3 /= new Vector3(100F, 255F, 255F);
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieLab FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= new Vector3(100F, 255, 255);
+        v3 -= new Vector3(0, 128F, 128F);
+        return new CieLab(v3);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieLab> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieLab> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static CieLab FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
@@ -136,7 +178,7 @@ public readonly struct CieLab : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieLab, CieXyz>
         float yr = l > CieConstants.Kappa * CieConstants.Epsilon ? Numerics.Pow3((l + 16F) / 116F) : l / CieConstants.Kappa;
         float zr = fz3 > CieConstants.Epsilon ? fz3 : ((116F * fz) - 16F) / CieConstants.Kappa;
 
-        CieXyz whitePoint = options.WhitePoint;
+        CieXyz whitePoint = options.SourceWhitePoint;
         Vector3 wxyz = new(whitePoint.X, whitePoint.Y, whitePoint.Z);
         Vector3 xyzr = new(xr, yr, zr);
 

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieLch.cs

@@ -42,6 +42,17 @@ public readonly struct CieLch : IColorProfile<CieLch, CieLab>
         this.H = vector.Z;
     }
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private CieLch(Vector3 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        vector = Vector3.Clamp(vector, Min, Max);
+        this.L = vector.X;
+        this.C = vector.Y;
+        this.H = vector.Z;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the lightness dimension.
     /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 (black), 100 (diffuse white) or higher (specular white).</remarks>
@@ -50,7 +61,7 @@ public readonly struct CieLch : IColorProfile<CieLch, CieLab>
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the a chroma component.
-    /// <remarks>A value ranging from 0 to 200.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging from -200 to 200.</remarks>
     /// </summary>
     public float C { get; }
 
@@ -82,6 +93,49 @@ public readonly struct CieLch : IColorProfile<CieLch, CieLab>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(CieLch left, CieLch right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 += new Vector3(0, 200, 0);
+        v3 /= new Vector3(100, 400, 360);
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieLch FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= new Vector3(100, 400, 360);
+        v3 -= new Vector3(0, 200, 0);
+        return new CieLch(v3, true);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieLch> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieLch> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static CieLch FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieLab source)
     {

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieLchuv.cs

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ public readonly struct CieLchuv : IColorProfile<CieLchuv, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the l, c, h components.</param>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public CieLchuv(Vector3 vector)
-        : this()
     {
         vector = Vector3.Clamp(vector, Min, Max);
         this.L = vector.X;
@@ -43,6 +42,16 @@ public readonly struct CieLchuv : IColorProfile<CieLchuv, CieXyz>
         this.H = vector.Z;
     }
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private CieLchuv(Vector3 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        this.L = vector.X;
+        this.C = vector.Y;
+        this.H = vector.Z;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the lightness dimension.
     /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 (black), 100 (diffuse white) or higher (specular white).</remarks>
@@ -51,7 +60,7 @@ public readonly struct CieLchuv : IColorProfile<CieLchuv, CieXyz>
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the a chroma component.
-    /// <remarks>A value ranging from 0 to 200.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging from -200 to 200.</remarks>
     /// </summary>
     public float C { get; }
 
@@ -81,6 +90,49 @@ public readonly struct CieLchuv : IColorProfile<CieLchuv, CieXyz>
     /// </returns>
     public static bool operator !=(CieLchuv left, CieLchuv right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 += new Vector3(0, 200, 0);
+        v3 /= new Vector3(100, 400, 360);
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieLchuv FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= new Vector3(100, 400, 360);
+        v3 -= new Vector3(0, 200, 0);
+        return new CieLchuv(v3, true);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieLchuv> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieLchuv> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static CieLchuv FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
     {

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieLuv.cs

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ public readonly struct CieLuv : IColorProfile<CieLuv, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the l, u, v components.</param>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public CieLuv(Vector3 vector)
-        : this()
     {
         this.L = vector.X;
         this.U = vector.Y;
@@ -84,6 +83,18 @@ public readonly struct CieLuv : IColorProfile<CieLuv, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(CieLuv left, CieLuv right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4() => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieLuv FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieLuv> source, Span<Vector4> destination) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieLuv> destination) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static CieLuv FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
     {
@@ -143,7 +154,7 @@ public readonly struct CieLuv : IColorProfile<CieLuv, CieXyz>
         // Use doubles here for accuracy.
         // Conversion algorithm described here:
         // http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_Luv_to_XYZ.html
-        CieXyz whitePoint = options.WhitePoint;
+        CieXyz whitePoint = options.SourceWhitePoint;
 
         double l = this.L, u = this.U, v = this.V;
 

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieXyy.cs

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ public readonly struct CieXyy : IColorProfile<CieXyy, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the x, y, Y components.</param>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public CieXyy(Vector3 vector)
-        : this()
     {
         // Not clamping as documentation about this space only indicates "usual" ranges
         this.X = vector.X;
@@ -83,6 +82,38 @@ public readonly struct CieXyy : IColorProfile<CieXyy, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(CieXyy left, CieXyy right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+        => new(this.AsVector3Unsafe(), 1F);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieXyy FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source.AsVector3());
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieXyy> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieXyy> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static CieXyy FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
     {

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/CieXyz.cs

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ public readonly struct CieXyz : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieXyz, CieXyz>
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the x, y, z components.</param>
     public CieXyz(Vector3 vector)
-        : this()
     {
         this.X = vector.X;
         this.Y = vector.Y;
@@ -81,12 +80,85 @@ public readonly struct CieXyz : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieXyz, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(CieXyz left, CieXyz right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns a new <see cref="Vector3"/> representing this instance.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector3"/>.</returns>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Vector3 ToVector3() => new(this.X, this.Y, this.Z);
+    internal Vector3 ToVector3() => new(this.X, this.Y, this.Z);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    internal Vector4 ToVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 *= 32768F / 65535;
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    internal static CieXyz FromVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        return new CieXyz(v3);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static CieXyz FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= 65535 / 32768F;
+        return new CieXyz(v3);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieXyz> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieXyz> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void FromVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<CieXyz> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void ToVector4(ReadOnlySpan<CieXyz> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToVector4();
+        }
+    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static CieXyz FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
@@ -127,5 +199,5 @@ public readonly struct CieXyz : IProfileConnectingSpace<CieXyz, CieXyz>
     public bool Equals(CieXyz other)
         => this.AsVector3Unsafe() == other.AsVector3Unsafe();
 
-    private Vector3 AsVector3Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<CieXyz, Vector3>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
+    internal Vector3 AsVector3Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<CieXyz, Vector3>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
 }

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Cmyk.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Represents an CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, keyline) color.
+/// <see href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model"/>
 /// </summary>
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
 public readonly struct Cmyk : IColorProfile<Cmyk, Rgb>
@@ -36,7 +37,18 @@ public readonly struct Cmyk : IColorProfile<Cmyk, Rgb>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public Cmyk(Vector4 vector)
     {
-        vector = Numerics.Clamp(vector, Min, Max);
+        vector = Vector4.Clamp(vector, Min, Max);
+        this.C = vector.X;
+        this.M = vector.Y;
+        this.Y = vector.Z;
+        this.K = vector.W;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private Cmyk(Vector4 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
         this.C = vector.X;
         this.M = vector.Y;
         this.Y = vector.Z;
@@ -89,16 +101,42 @@ public readonly struct Cmyk : IColorProfile<Cmyk, Rgb>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(Cmyk left, Cmyk right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector4 v4 = default;
+        v4 += this.AsVector4Unsafe();
+        return v4;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Cmyk FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source, true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Cmyk> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+        MemoryMarshal.Cast<Cmyk, Vector4>(source).CopyTo(destination);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Cmyk> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+        MemoryMarshal.Cast<Vector4, Cmyk>(source).CopyTo(destination);
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static Cmyk FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
     {
         // To CMY
-        Vector3 cmy = Vector3.One - source.ToScaledVector3();
+        Vector3 cmy = Vector3.One - source.AsVector3Unsafe();
 
         // To CMYK
         Vector3 k = new(MathF.Min(cmy.X, MathF.Min(cmy.Y, cmy.Z)));
 
-        if (MathF.Abs(k.X - 1F) < Constants.Epsilon)
+        if (k.X >= 1F - Constants.Epsilon)
         {
             return new Cmyk(0, 0, 0, 1F);
         }
@@ -124,7 +162,7 @@ public readonly struct Cmyk : IColorProfile<Cmyk, Rgb>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public Rgb ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
     {
-        Vector3 rgb = (Vector3.One - new Vector3(this.C, this.M, this.Y)) * (Vector3.One - new Vector3(this.K));
+        Vector3 rgb = (Vector3.One - new Vector3(this.C, this.M, this.Y)) * (1F - this.K);
         return Rgb.FromScaledVector3(rgb);
     }
 
@@ -134,8 +172,7 @@ public readonly struct Cmyk : IColorProfile<Cmyk, Rgb>
         // TODO: We can possibly optimize this by using SIMD
         for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
         {
-            Cmyk cmyk = source[i];
-            destination[i] = cmyk.ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
         }
     }
 

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorConversionOptions.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using System.Numerics;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.WorkingSpaces;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
 
@@ -13,11 +14,16 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
 public class ColorConversionOptions
 {
     private Matrix4x4 adaptationMatrix;
+    private YCbCrMatrix yCbCrMatrix;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ColorConversionOptions"/> class.
     /// </summary>
-    public ColorConversionOptions() => this.AdaptationMatrix = KnownChromaticAdaptationMatrices.Bradford;
+    public ColorConversionOptions()
+    {
+        this.AdaptationMatrix = KnownChromaticAdaptationMatrices.Bradford;
+        this.YCbCrMatrix = KnownYCbCrMatrices.BT601;
+    }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the memory allocator.
@@ -27,7 +33,7 @@ public class ColorConversionOptions
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the source white point used for chromatic adaptation in conversions from/to XYZ color space.
     /// </summary>
-    public CieXyz WhitePoint { get; init; } = KnownIlluminants.D50;
+    public CieXyz SourceWhitePoint { get; init; } = KnownIlluminants.D50;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the destination white point used for chromatic adaptation in conversions from/to XYZ color space.
@@ -37,13 +43,36 @@ public class ColorConversionOptions
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the source working space used for companding in conversions from/to XYZ color space.
     /// </summary>
-    public RgbWorkingSpace RgbWorkingSpace { get; init; } = KnownRgbWorkingSpaces.SRgb;
+    public RgbWorkingSpace SourceRgbWorkingSpace { get; init; } = KnownRgbWorkingSpaces.SRgb;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the destination working space used for companding in conversions from/to XYZ color space.
     /// </summary>
     public RgbWorkingSpace TargetRgbWorkingSpace { get; init; } = KnownRgbWorkingSpaces.SRgb;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the YCbCr matrix to used to perform conversions from/to RGB.
+    /// </summary>
+    public YCbCrMatrix YCbCrMatrix
+    {
+        get => this.yCbCrMatrix;
+        init
+        {
+            this.yCbCrMatrix = value;
+            this.TransposedYCbCrMatrix = value.Transpose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the source ICC profile.
+    /// </summary>
+    public IccProfile? SourceIccProfile { get; init; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the target ICC profile.
+    /// </summary>
+    public IccProfile? TargetIccProfile { get; init; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the transformation matrix used in conversion to perform chromatic adaptation.
     /// <see cref="KnownChromaticAdaptationMatrices"/> for further information. Default is Bradford.
@@ -54,10 +83,12 @@ public class ColorConversionOptions
         init
         {
             this.adaptationMatrix = value;
-            Matrix4x4.Invert(value, out Matrix4x4 inverted);
+            _ = Matrix4x4.Invert(value, out Matrix4x4 inverted);
             this.InverseAdaptationMatrix = inverted;
         }
     }
 
+    internal YCbCrMatrix TransposedYCbCrMatrix { get; private set; }
+
     internal Matrix4x4 InverseAdaptationMatrix { get; private set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverter.cs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ public class ColorProfileConverter
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ColorProfileConverter"/> class.
     /// </summary>
     public ColorProfileConverter()
-    : this(new())
+        : this(new())
     {
     }
 
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ public class ColorProfileConverter
                where TTo : struct, IColorProfile
     {
         CieXyz sourceWhitePoint = TFrom.GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource() == ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.WhitePoint
-            ? this.Options.WhitePoint
-            : this.Options.RgbWorkingSpace.WhitePoint;
+            ? this.Options.SourceWhitePoint
+            : this.Options.SourceRgbWorkingSpace.WhitePoint;
 
         CieXyz targetWhitePoint = TTo.GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource() == ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.WhitePoint
             ? this.Options.TargetWhitePoint
@@ -42,4 +42,7 @@ public class ColorProfileConverter
 
         return (sourceWhitePoint, targetWhitePoint);
     }
+
+    internal bool ShouldUseIccProfiles()
+        => this.Options.SourceIccProfile != null && this.Options.TargetIccProfile != null;
 }

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieLab.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -33,6 +38,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieXyz.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -32,6 +37,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabRgb.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -33,6 +38,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieLabRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieLab>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieLab.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -32,6 +37,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieXyz.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -29,6 +34,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzRgb.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -32,6 +37,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsCieXyzRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, CieXyz>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsIcc.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
+
+internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsIcc
+{
+    private static readonly float[] PcsV2FromBlackPointScale =
+        [0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F,
+         0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F,
+         0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F,
+         0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F];
+
+    private static readonly float[] PcsV2FromBlackPointOffset =
+        [0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F,
+         0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F,
+         0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F,
+         0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F];
+
+    private static readonly float[] PcsV2ToBlackPointScale =
+        [1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F,
+         1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F,
+         1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F,
+         1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F];
+
+    private static readonly float[] PcsV2ToBlackPointOffset =
+        [0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F,
+         0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F,
+         0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F,
+         0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F];
+
+    internal static TTo ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(this ColorProfileConverter converter, in TFrom source)
+        where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom>
+        where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo>
+    {
+        // TODO: Validation of ICC Profiles against color profile. Is this possible?
+        if (converter.Options.SourceIccProfile is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Source ICC profile is missing.");
+        }
+
+        if (converter.Options.TargetIccProfile is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Target ICC profile is missing.");
+        }
+
+        ConversionParams sourceParams = new(converter.Options.SourceIccProfile, toPcs: true);
+        ConversionParams targetParams = new(converter.Options.TargetIccProfile, toPcs: false);
+
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter = new(new ColorConversionOptions
+        {
+            MemoryAllocator = converter.Options.MemoryAllocator,
+            SourceWhitePoint = new CieXyz(converter.Options.SourceIccProfile.Header.PcsIlluminant),
+            TargetWhitePoint = new CieXyz(converter.Options.TargetIccProfile.Header.PcsIlluminant),
+        });
+
+        // Normalize the source, then convert to the PCS space.
+        Vector4 sourcePcs = sourceParams.Converter.Calculate(source.ToScaledVector4());
+
+        // If both profiles need PCS adjustment, they both share the same unadjusted PCS space
+        // cancelling out the need to make the adjustment
+        // except if using TRC transforms, which always requires perceptual handling
+        // TODO: this does not include adjustment for absolute intent, which would double existing complexity, suggest throwing exception and addressing in future update
+        bool anyProfileNeedsPerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling || targetParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling;
+        bool oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling ^ targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling;
+
+        Vector4 targetPcs = anyProfileNeedsPerceptualAdjustment || oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment
+            ? GetTargetPcsWithPerceptualAdjustment(sourcePcs, sourceParams, targetParams, pcsConverter)
+            : GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(sourcePcs, sourceParams, targetParams, pcsConverter);
+
+        return TTo.FromScaledVector4(targetParams.Converter.Calculate(targetPcs));
+    }
+
+    internal static void ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(this ColorProfileConverter converter, ReadOnlySpan<TFrom> source, Span<TTo> destination)
+        where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom>
+        where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo>
+    {
+        // TODO: Validation of ICC Profiles against color profile. Is this possible?
+        if (converter.Options.SourceIccProfile is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Source ICC profile is missing.");
+        }
+
+        if (converter.Options.TargetIccProfile is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Target ICC profile is missing.");
+        }
+
+        Guard.MustBeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(source.Length, destination.Length, nameof(destination));
+
+        ConversionParams sourceParams = new(converter.Options.SourceIccProfile, toPcs: true);
+        ConversionParams targetParams = new(converter.Options.TargetIccProfile, toPcs: false);
+
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter = new(new ColorConversionOptions
+        {
+            MemoryAllocator = converter.Options.MemoryAllocator,
+            SourceWhitePoint = new CieXyz(converter.Options.SourceIccProfile.Header.PcsIlluminant),
+            TargetWhitePoint = new CieXyz(converter.Options.TargetIccProfile.Header.PcsIlluminant),
+        });
+
+        using IMemoryOwner<Vector4> pcsBuffer = converter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<Vector4>(source.Length);
+        Span<Vector4> pcs = pcsBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+        // Normalize the source, then convert to the PCS space.
+        TFrom.ToScaledVector4(source, pcs);
+        sourceParams.Converter.Calculate(pcs, pcs);
+
+        // If both profiles need PCS adjustment, they both share the same unadjusted PCS space
+        // cancelling out the need to make the adjustment
+        // except if using TRC transforms, which always requires perceptual handling
+        // TODO: this does not include adjustment for absolute intent, which would double existing complexity, suggest throwing exception and addressing in future update
+        bool anyProfileNeedsPerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling || targetParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling;
+        bool oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling ^ targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling;
+
+        if (anyProfileNeedsPerceptualAdjustment || oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment)
+        {
+            GetTargetPcsWithPerceptualAdjustment(pcs, sourceParams, targetParams, pcsConverter);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(pcs, sourceParams, targetParams, pcsConverter);
+        }
+
+        // Convert to the target space.
+        targetParams.Converter.Calculate(pcs, pcs);
+        TTo.FromScaledVector4(pcs, destination);
+    }
+
+    private static Vector4 GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(
+        Vector4 sourcePcs,
+        ConversionParams sourceParams,
+        ConversionParams targetParams,
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter)
+    {
+        // Profile connecting spaces can only be Lab, XYZ.
+        // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+        // so ensure that Lab is using the correct encoding when a 16-bit LUT is used
+        switch (sourceParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // Convert from Lab to XYZ.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+            {
+                sourcePcs = sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabV2ToLab(sourcePcs) : sourcePcs;
+                CieLab lab = CieLab.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                CieXyz xyz = pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieXyz>(in lab);
+                return xyz.ToScaledVector4();
+            }
+
+            // Convert from XYZ to Lab.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                CieXyz xyz = CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                CieLab lab = pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieLab>(in xyz);
+                Vector4 targetPcs = lab.ToScaledVector4();
+                return targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabToLabV2(targetPcs) : targetPcs;
+            }
+
+            // Convert from XYZ to XYZ.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+            {
+                CieXyz xyz = CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                CieXyz targetXyz = pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieXyz>(in xyz);
+                return targetXyz.ToScaledVector4();
+            }
+
+            // Convert from Lab to Lab.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                // if both source and target LUT use same v2 LAB encoding, no need to correct them
+                if (sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry && targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    CieLab sourceLab = CieLab.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                    CieLab targetLab = pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieLab>(in sourceLab);
+                    return targetLab.ToScaledVector4();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sourcePcs = sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabV2ToLab(sourcePcs) : sourcePcs;
+                    CieLab sourceLab = CieLab.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                    CieLab targetLab = pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieLab>(in sourceLab);
+                    Vector4 targetPcs = targetLab.ToScaledVector4();
+                    return targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabToLabV2(targetPcs) : targetPcs;
+                }
+            }
+
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Source PCS {sourceParams.PcsType} to target PCS {targetParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(
+        Span<Vector4> pcs,
+        ConversionParams sourceParams,
+        ConversionParams targetParams,
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter)
+    {
+        // Profile connecting spaces can only be Lab, XYZ.
+        // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+        // so ensure that Lab is using the correct encoding when a 16-bit LUT is used
+        switch (sourceParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // Convert from Lab to XYZ.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+            {
+                if (sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    LabV2ToLab(pcs, pcs);
+                }
+
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieLab> pcsFromBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieLab>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieLab> pcsFrom = pcsFromBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieXyz> pcsToBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieXyz>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieXyz> pcsTo = pcsToBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                CieLab.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFrom);
+                pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieXyz>(pcsFrom, pcsTo);
+
+                CieXyz.ToScaledVector4(pcsTo, pcs);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Convert from XYZ to Lab.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieXyz> pcsFromBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieXyz>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieXyz> pcsFrom = pcsFromBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieLab> pcsToBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieLab>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieLab> pcsTo = pcsToBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFrom);
+                pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieLab>(pcsFrom, pcsTo);
+
+                CieLab.ToScaledVector4(pcsTo, pcs);
+
+                if (targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    LabToLabV2(pcs, pcs);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Convert from XYZ to XYZ.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+            {
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieXyz> pcsFromToBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieXyz>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieXyz> pcsFromTo = pcsFromToBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFromTo);
+                pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieXyz>(pcsFromTo, pcsFromTo);
+
+                CieXyz.ToScaledVector4(pcsFromTo, pcs);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Convert from Lab to Lab.
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab when targetParams.PcsType is IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieLab> pcsFromToBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieLab>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieLab> pcsFromTo = pcsFromToBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+                // if both source and target LUT use same v2 LAB encoding, no need to correct them
+                if (sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry && targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    CieLab.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFromTo);
+                    pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieLab>(pcsFromTo, pcsFromTo);
+                    CieLab.ToScaledVector4(pcsFromTo, pcs);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                    {
+                        LabV2ToLab(pcs, pcs);
+                    }
+
+                    CieLab.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFromTo);
+                    pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieLab>(pcsFromTo, pcsFromTo);
+                    CieLab.ToScaledVector4(pcsFromTo, pcs);
+
+                    if (targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                    {
+                        LabToLabV2(pcs, pcs);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Source PCS {sourceParams.PcsType} to target PCS {targetParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Effectively this is <see cref="GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(Vector4, ConversionParams, ConversionParams, ColorProfileConverter)"/> with an extra step in the middle.
+    /// It adjusts PCS by compensating for the black point used for perceptual intent in v2 profiles.
+    /// The adjustment needs to be performed in XYZ space, potentially an overhead of 2 more conversions.
+    /// Not required if both spaces need V2 correction, since they both have the same understanding of the PCS.
+    /// Not compatible with PCS adjustment for absolute intent.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sourcePcs">The source PCS values.</param>
+    /// <param name="sourceParams">The source profile parameters.</param>
+    /// <param name="targetParams">The target profile parameters.</param>
+    /// <param name="pcsConverter">The converter to use for the PCS adjustments.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when the source or target PCS is not supported.</exception>
+    private static Vector4 GetTargetPcsWithPerceptualAdjustment(
+        Vector4 sourcePcs,
+        ConversionParams sourceParams,
+        ConversionParams targetParams,
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter)
+    {
+        // all conversions are funneled through XYZ in case PCS adjustments need to be made
+        CieXyz xyz;
+
+        switch (sourceParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+            // so convert Lab to modern v4 encoding when returned from a 16-bit LUT
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+                sourcePcs = sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabV2ToLab(sourcePcs) : sourcePcs;
+                CieLab lab = CieLab.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                xyz = pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieXyz>(in lab);
+                break;
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+                xyz = CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(sourcePcs);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Source PCS {sourceParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+
+        bool oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling ^ targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling;
+
+        // when converting from device to PCS with v2 perceptual intent
+        // the black point needs to be adjusted to v4 after converting the PCS values
+        if (sourceParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling ||
+            (oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment && sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling))
+        {
+            Vector3 vector = xyz.ToVector3();
+
+            // when using LAB PCS, negative values are clipped before PCS adjustment (in DemoIccMAX)
+            if (sourceParams.PcsType == IccColorSpaceType.CieLab)
+            {
+                vector = Vector3.Max(vector, Vector3.Zero);
+            }
+
+            xyz = new CieXyz(AdjustPcsFromV2BlackPoint(vector));
+        }
+
+        // when converting from PCS to device with v2 perceptual intent
+        // the black point needs to be adjusted to v2 before converting the PCS values
+        if (targetParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling ||
+            (oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment && targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling))
+        {
+            Vector3 vector = AdjustPcsToV2BlackPoint(xyz.AsVector3Unsafe());
+
+            // when using XYZ PCS, negative values are clipped after PCS adjustment (in DemoIccMAX)
+            if (targetParams.PcsType == IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz)
+            {
+                vector = Vector3.Max(vector, Vector3.Zero);
+            }
+
+            xyz = new CieXyz(vector);
+        }
+
+        switch (targetParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+            // so convert Lab back to legacy encoding before using in a 16-bit LUT
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+                CieLab lab = pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieLab>(in xyz);
+                Vector4 targetPcs = lab.ToScaledVector4();
+                return targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry ? LabToLabV2(targetPcs) : targetPcs;
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+                return xyz.ToScaledVector4();
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Target PCS {targetParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Effectively this is <see cref="GetTargetPcsWithoutAdjustment(Span{Vector4}, ConversionParams, ConversionParams, ColorProfileConverter)"/> with an extra step in the middle.
+    /// It adjusts PCS by compensating for the black point used for perceptual intent in v2 profiles.
+    /// The adjustment needs to be performed in XYZ space, potentially an overhead of 2 more conversions.
+    /// Not required if both spaces need V2 correction, since they both have the same understanding of the PCS.
+    /// Not compatible with PCS adjustment for absolute intent.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The PCS values from the source.</param>
+    /// <param name="sourceParams">The source profile parameters.</param>
+    /// <param name="targetParams">The target profile parameters.</param>
+    /// <param name="pcsConverter">The converter to use for the PCS adjustments.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when the source or target PCS is not supported.</exception>
+    private static void GetTargetPcsWithPerceptualAdjustment(
+        Span<Vector4> pcs,
+        ConversionParams sourceParams,
+        ConversionParams targetParams,
+        ColorProfileConverter pcsConverter)
+    {
+        // All conversions are funneled through XYZ in case PCS adjustments need to be made
+        using IMemoryOwner<CieXyz> xyzBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieXyz>(pcs.Length);
+        Span<CieXyz> xyz = xyzBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+        switch (sourceParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+            // so convert Lab to modern v4 encoding when returned from a 16-bit LUT
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                if (sourceParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    LabV2ToLab(pcs, pcs);
+                }
+
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieLab> pcsFromBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieLab>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieLab> pcsFrom = pcsFromBuffer.GetSpan();
+                CieLab.FromScaledVector4(pcs, pcsFrom);
+                pcsConverter.Convert<CieLab, CieXyz>(pcsFrom, xyz);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+                CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(pcs, xyz);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Source PCS {sourceParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+
+        bool oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment = sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling ^ targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling;
+
+        using IMemoryOwner<Vector4> vectorBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<Vector4>(pcs.Length);
+        Span<Vector4> vector = vectorBuffer.GetSpan();
+
+        // When converting from device to PCS with v2 perceptual intent
+        // the black point needs to be adjusted to v4 after converting the PCS values
+        if (sourceParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling ||
+            (oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment && sourceParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling))
+        {
+            CieXyz.ToVector4(xyz, vector);
+
+            // When using LAB PCS, negative values are clipped before PCS adjustment (in DemoIccMAX)
+            if (sourceParams.PcsType == IccColorSpaceType.CieLab)
+            {
+                ClipNegative(vector);
+            }
+
+            AdjustPcsFromV2BlackPoint(vector, vector);
+            CieXyz.FromVector4(vector, xyz);
+        }
+
+        // When converting from PCS to device with v2 perceptual intent
+        // the black point needs to be adjusted to v2 before converting the PCS values
+        if (targetParams.HasNoPerceptualHandling ||
+            (oneProfileHasV2PerceptualAdjustment && targetParams.HasV2PerceptualHandling))
+        {
+            CieXyz.ToVector4(xyz, vector);
+            AdjustPcsToV2BlackPoint(vector, vector);
+
+            // When using XYZ PCS, negative values are clipped after PCS adjustment (in DemoIccMAX)
+            if (targetParams.PcsType == IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz)
+            {
+                ClipNegative(vector);
+            }
+
+            CieXyz.FromVector4(vector, xyz);
+        }
+
+        switch (targetParams.PcsType)
+        {
+            // 16-bit Lab encodings changed from v2 to v4, but 16-bit LUTs always use the legacy encoding regardless of version
+            // so convert Lab back to legacy encoding before using in a 16-bit LUT
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieLab:
+            {
+                using IMemoryOwner<CieLab> pcsToBuffer = pcsConverter.Options.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<CieLab>(pcs.Length);
+                Span<CieLab> pcsTo = pcsToBuffer.GetSpan();
+                pcsConverter.Convert<CieXyz, CieLab>(xyz, pcsTo);
+
+                CieLab.ToScaledVector4(pcsTo, pcs);
+
+                if (targetParams.Is16BitLutEntry)
+                {
+                    LabToLabV2(pcs, pcs);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case IccColorSpaceType.CieXyz:
+                CieXyz.ToScaledVector4(xyz, pcs);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Target PCS {targetParams.PcsType} is not supported");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // as per DemoIccMAX icPerceptual values in IccCmm.h
+    // refBlack = 0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F
+    // refWhite = 0.9642F, 1.0000F, 0.8249F
+    // scale = 1 - (refBlack / refWhite)
+    // offset = refBlack
+    private static Vector3 AdjustPcsFromV2BlackPoint(Vector3 xyz)
+        => (xyz * new Vector3(0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F)) + new Vector3(0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F);
+
+    // as per DemoIccMAX icPerceptual values in IccCmm.h
+    // refBlack = 0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F
+    // refWhite = 0.9642F, 1.0000F, 0.8249F
+    // scale = 1 / (1 - (refBlack / refWhite))
+    // offset = -refBlack * scale
+    private static Vector3 AdjustPcsToV2BlackPoint(Vector3 xyz)
+        => (xyz * new Vector3(1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F)) - new Vector3(0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F);
+
+    private static void AdjustPcsFromV2BlackPoint(Span<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && Vector<float>.IsSupported &&
+            Vector<float>.Count <= Vector512<float>.Count &&
+            source.Length * 4 >= Vector<float>.Count)
+        {
+            // TODO: Check our constants. They may require scaling.
+            Vector<float> vScale = new(PcsV2FromBlackPointScale.AsSpan()[..Vector<float>.Count]);
+            Vector<float> vOffset = new(PcsV2FromBlackPointOffset.AsSpan()[..Vector<float>.Count]);
+
+            // SIMD loop
+            int i = 0;
+            int simdBatchSize = Vector<float>.Count / 4; // Number of Vector4 elements per SIMD batch
+            for (; i <= source.Length - simdBatchSize; i += simdBatchSize)
+            {
+                // Load the vector from source span
+                Vector<float> v = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<Vector<float>>(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref source[i]));
+
+                // Scale and offset the vector
+                v *= vScale;
+                v += vOffset;
+
+                // Write the vector to the destination span
+                Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref destination[i]), v);
+            }
+
+            // Scalar fallback for remaining elements
+            for (; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                Vector4 s = source[i];
+                s *= new Vector4(0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F);
+                s += new Vector4(0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F);
+                destination[i] = s;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Scalar fallback if SIMD is not supported
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                Vector4 s = source[i];
+                s *= new Vector4(0.9965153F, 0.9965269F, 0.9965208F, 1F);
+                s += new Vector4(0.00336F, 0.0034731F, 0.00287F, 0F);
+                destination[i] = s;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void AdjustPcsToV2BlackPoint(Span<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && Vector<float>.IsSupported &&
+            Vector<float>.Count <= Vector512<float>.Count &&
+            source.Length * 4 >= Vector<float>.Count)
+        {
+            // TODO: Check our constants. They may require scaling.
+            Vector<float> vScale = new(PcsV2ToBlackPointScale.AsSpan()[..Vector<float>.Count]);
+            Vector<float> vOffset = new(PcsV2ToBlackPointOffset.AsSpan()[..Vector<float>.Count]);
+
+            // SIMD loop
+            int i = 0;
+            int simdBatchSize = Vector<float>.Count / 4; // Number of Vector4 elements per SIMD batch
+            for (; i <= source.Length - simdBatchSize; i += simdBatchSize)
+            {
+                // Load the vector from source span
+                Vector<float> v = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<Vector<float>>(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref source[i]));
+
+                // Scale and offset the vector
+                v *= vScale;
+                v -= vOffset;
+
+                // Write the vector to the destination span
+                Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref destination[i]), v);
+            }
+
+            // Scalar fallback for remaining elements
+            for (; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                Vector4 s = source[i];
+                s *= new Vector4(1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F);
+                s -= new Vector4(0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F);
+                destination[i] = s;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Scalar fallback if SIMD is not supported
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                Vector4 s = source[i];
+                s *= new Vector4(1.0034969F, 1.0034852F, 1.0034913F, 1F);
+                s -= new Vector4(0.0033717495F, 0.0034852044F, 0.0028800198F, 0F);
+                destination[i] = s;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ClipNegative(Span<Vector4> source)
+    {
+        if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && Vector<float>.IsSupported && Vector<float>.Count >= source.Length * 4)
+        {
+            // SIMD loop
+            int i = 0;
+            int simdBatchSize = Vector<float>.Count / 4; // Number of Vector4 elements per SIMD batch
+            for (; i <= source.Length - simdBatchSize; i += simdBatchSize)
+            {
+                // Load the vector from source span
+                Vector<float> v = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<Vector<float>>(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref source[i]));
+
+                v = Vector.Max(v, Vector<float>.Zero);
+
+                // Write the vector to the destination span
+                Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref source[i]), v);
+            }
+
+            // Scalar fallback for remaining elements
+            for (; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ref Vector4 s = ref source[i];
+                s = Vector4.Max(s, Vector4.Zero);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Scalar fallback if SIMD is not supported
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ref Vector4 s = ref source[i];
+                s = Vector4.Max(s, Vector4.Zero);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private static Vector4 LabToLabV2(Vector4 input)
+        => input * 65280F / 65535F;
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private static Vector4 LabV2ToLab(Vector4 input)
+        => input * 65535F / 65280F;
+
+    private static void LabToLabV2(Span<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+        => LabToLab(source, destination, 65280F / 65535F);
+
+    private static void LabV2ToLab(Span<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+        => LabToLab(source, destination, 65535F / 65280F);
+
+    private static void LabToLab(Span<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination, [ConstantExpected] float scale)
+    {
+        if (Vector.IsHardwareAccelerated && Vector<float>.IsSupported)
+        {
+            Vector<float> vScale = new(scale);
+            int i = 0;
+
+            // SIMD loop
+            int simdBatchSize = Vector<float>.Count / 4; // Number of Vector4 elements per SIMD batch
+            for (; i <= source.Length - simdBatchSize; i += simdBatchSize)
+            {
+                // Load the vector from source span
+                Vector<float> v = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<Vector<float>>(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref source[i]));
+
+                // Scale the vector
+                v *= vScale;
+
+                // Write the scaled vector to the destination span
+                Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, byte>(ref destination[i]), v);
+            }
+
+            // Scalar fallback for remaining elements
+            for (; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                destination[i] = source[i] * scale;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Scalar fallback if SIMD is not supported
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+            {
+                destination[i] = source[i] * scale;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ConversionParams
+    {
+        private readonly IccProfile profile;
+
+        internal ConversionParams(IccProfile profile, bool toPcs)
+        {
+            this.profile = profile;
+            this.Converter = toPcs ? new IccDataToPcsConverter(profile) : new IccPcsToDataConverter(profile);
+        }
+
+        internal IccConverterBase Converter { get; }
+
+        internal IccProfileHeader Header => this.profile.Header;
+
+        internal IccRenderingIntent Intent => this.Header.RenderingIntent;
+
+        internal IccColorSpaceType PcsType => this.Header.ProfileConnectionSpace;
+
+        internal IccVersion Version => this.Header.Version;
+
+        internal bool HasV2PerceptualHandling => this.Intent == IccRenderingIntent.Perceptual && this.Version.Major == 2;
+
+        internal bool HasNoPerceptualHandling => this.Intent == IccRenderingIntent.Perceptual && this.Converter.IsTrc;
+
+        internal bool Is16BitLutEntry => this.Converter.Is16BitLutEntry;
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieLab.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -33,6 +38,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieLab
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieLab>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieXyz.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -32,6 +37,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbCieXyz
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, CieXyz>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbRgb.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            return converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile<TFrom, TTo>(source);
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS
@@ -33,6 +38,12 @@ internal static class ColorProfileConverterExtensionsRgbRgb
         where TFrom : struct, IColorProfile<TFrom, Rgb>
         where TTo : struct, IColorProfile<TTo, Rgb>
     {
+        if (converter.ShouldUseIccProfiles())
+        {
+            converter.ConvertUsingIccProfile(source, destination);
+            return;
+        }
+
         ColorConversionOptions options = converter.Options;
 
         // Convert to input PCS.

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Hsl.cs

@@ -41,6 +41,16 @@ public readonly struct Hsl : IColorProfile<Hsl, Rgb>
         this.L = vector.Z;
     }
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private Hsl(Vector3 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        this.H = vector.X;
+        this.S = vector.Y;
+        this.L = vector.Z;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the hue component.
     /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 360.</remarks>
@@ -83,6 +93,38 @@ public readonly struct Hsl : IColorProfile<Hsl, Rgb>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(Hsl left, Hsl right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+        => new(this.AsVector3Unsafe() / 360F, 1F);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Hsl FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source.AsVector3() * 360F, true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Hsl> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Hsl> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static Hsl FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
     {

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Hsv.cs

@@ -41,6 +41,16 @@ public readonly struct Hsv : IColorProfile<Hsv, Rgb>
         this.V = vector.Z;
     }
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private Hsv(Vector3 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        this.H = vector.X;
+        this.S = vector.Y;
+        this.V = vector.Z;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the hue component.
     /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 360.</remarks>
@@ -81,6 +91,38 @@ public readonly struct Hsv : IColorProfile<Hsv, Rgb>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(Hsv left, Hsv right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+        => new(this.AsVector3Unsafe() / 360F, 1F);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Hsv FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source.AsVector3() * 360F, true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Hsv> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Hsv> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static Hsv FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
     {

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/HunterLab.cs

@@ -80,6 +80,49 @@ public readonly struct HunterLab : IColorProfile<HunterLab, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(HunterLab left, HunterLab right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 += new Vector3(0, 128F, 128F);
+        v3 /= new Vector3(100F, 255F, 255F);
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static HunterLab FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= new Vector3(100F, 255, 255);
+        v3 -= new Vector3(0, 128F, 128F);
+        return new HunterLab(v3);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<HunterLab> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<HunterLab> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static HunterLab FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
     {
@@ -127,7 +170,7 @@ public readonly struct HunterLab : IColorProfile<HunterLab, CieXyz>
     {
         // Conversion algorithm described here:
         // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space#Hunter_Lab
-        CieXyz whitePoint = options.WhitePoint;
+        CieXyz whitePoint = options.SourceWhitePoint;
         float l = this.L, a = this.A, b = this.B;
         float xn = whitePoint.X, yn = whitePoint.Y, zn = whitePoint.Z;
 

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/IColorProfile.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
+using System.Numerics;
+
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -15,18 +17,60 @@ public interface IColorProfile
     public static abstract ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource();
 }
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Defines the contract for all color profiles.
+/// </summary>
+/// <typeparam name="TSelf">The type of color profile.</typeparam>
+public interface IColorProfile<TSelf> : IColorProfile, IEquatable<TSelf>
+    where TSelf : IColorProfile<TSelf>
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Expands the pixel into a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
+    /// with values scaled and clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
+    /// The vector components are typically expanded in least to greatest significance order.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector4"/>.</returns>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4();
+
+#pragma warning disable CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes the color instance from a generic a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
+    /// with values scaled and clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">The vector to load the pixel from.</param>
+    /// <returns>The <typeparamref name="TSelf"/>.</returns>
+    public static abstract TSelf FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts the span of colors to a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
+    /// with values scaled and clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">The color span to convert from.</param>
+    /// <param name="destination">The vector span to write the results to.</param>
+    public static abstract void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<TSelf> source, Span<Vector4> destination);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts the span of colors from a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
+    /// with values scaled and clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">The vector span to convert from.</param>
+    /// <param name="destination">The color span to write the results to.</param>
+    public static abstract void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<TSelf> destination);
+#pragma warning restore CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
+}
+
 /// <summary>
 /// Defines the contract for all color profiles.
 /// </summary>
 /// <typeparam name="TSelf">The type of color profile.</typeparam>
 /// <typeparam name="TProfileSpace">The type of color profile connecting space.</typeparam>
-public interface IColorProfile<TSelf, TProfileSpace> : IColorProfile, IEquatable<TSelf>
+public interface IColorProfile<TSelf, TProfileSpace> : IColorProfile<TSelf>
     where TSelf : IColorProfile<TSelf, TProfileSpace>
     where TProfileSpace : struct, IProfileConnectingSpace
 {
 #pragma warning disable CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
     /// <summary>
-    /// Converts the color from the profile connection space.
+    /// Initializes the color instance from the profile connection space.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="options">The color profile conversion options.</param>
     /// <param name="source">The color profile connecting space.</param>

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/ClutCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Implements interpolation methods for color profile lookup tables.
+/// Adapted from ICC Reference implementation:
+/// https://github.com/InternationalColorConsortium/DemoIccMAX/blob/79ecb74135ad47bac7d42692905a079839b7e105/IccProfLib/IccTagLut.cpp
+/// </summary>
+internal class ClutCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private readonly int inputCount;
+    private readonly int outputCount;
+    private readonly float[] lut;
+    private readonly byte[] gridPointCount;
+    private readonly byte[] maxGridPoint;
+    private readonly int[] indexFactor;
+    private readonly int[] dimSize;
+    private readonly int nodeCount;
+    private readonly float[][] nodes;
+    private readonly float[] g;
+    private readonly uint[] ig;
+    private readonly float[] s;
+    private readonly float[] df;
+    private readonly uint[] nPower;
+    private int n000;
+    private int n001;
+    private int n010;
+    private int n011;
+    private int n100;
+    private int n101;
+    private int n110;
+    private int n111;
+    private int n1000;
+
+    public ClutCalculator(IccClut clut)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(clut, nameof(clut));
+        Guard.MustBeGreaterThan(clut.InputChannelCount, 0, nameof(clut.InputChannelCount));
+        Guard.MustBeGreaterThan(clut.OutputChannelCount, 0, nameof(clut.OutputChannelCount));
+
+        this.inputCount = clut.InputChannelCount;
+        this.outputCount = clut.OutputChannelCount;
+        this.g = new float[this.inputCount];
+        this.ig = new uint[this.inputCount];
+        this.s = new float[this.inputCount];
+        this.nPower = new uint[16];
+        this.lut = clut.Values;
+        this.nodeCount = (int)Math.Pow(2, clut.InputChannelCount);
+        this.df = new float[this.nodeCount];
+        this.nodes = new float[this.nodeCount][];
+        this.dimSize = new int[this.inputCount];
+        this.gridPointCount = clut.GridPointCount;
+        this.maxGridPoint = new byte[this.inputCount];
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.inputCount; i++)
+        {
+            this.maxGridPoint[i] = (byte)(this.gridPointCount[i] - 1);
+        }
+
+        this.dimSize[this.inputCount - 1] = this.outputCount;
+        for (int i = this.inputCount - 2; i >= 0; i--)
+        {
+            this.dimSize[i] = this.dimSize[i + 1] * this.gridPointCount[i + 1];
+        }
+
+        this.indexFactor = this.CalculateIndexFactor();
+    }
+
+    public unsafe Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        Vector4 result = default;
+        switch (this.inputCount)
+        {
+            case 1:
+                this.Interpolate1d((float*)&value, (float*)&result);
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                this.Interpolate2d((float*)&value, (float*)&result);
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                this.Interpolate3d((float*)&value, (float*)&result);
+                break;
+            case 4:
+                this.Interpolate4d((float*)&value, (float*)&result);
+                break;
+            default:
+                this.InterpolateNd((float*)&value, (float*)&result);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private int[] CalculateIndexFactor()
+    {
+        int[] factors = new int[16];
+        switch (this.inputCount)
+        {
+            case 1:
+                factors[0] = this.n000 = 0;
+                factors[1] = this.n001 = this.dimSize[0];
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                factors[0] = this.n000 = 0;
+                factors[1] = this.n001 = this.dimSize[0];
+                factors[2] = this.n010 = this.dimSize[1];
+                factors[3] = this.n011 = this.n001 + this.n010;
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                factors[0] = this.n000 = 0;
+                factors[1] = this.n001 = this.dimSize[0];
+                factors[2] = this.n010 = this.dimSize[1];
+                factors[3] = this.n011 = this.n001 + this.n010;
+                factors[4] = this.n100 = this.dimSize[2];
+                factors[5] = this.n101 = this.n100 + this.n001;
+                factors[6] = this.n110 = this.n100 + this.n010;
+                factors[7] = this.n111 = this.n110 + this.n001;
+                break;
+            case 4:
+                factors[0] = 0;
+                factors[1] = this.n001 = this.dimSize[0];
+                factors[2] = this.n010 = this.dimSize[1];
+                factors[3] = factors[2] + factors[1];
+                factors[4] = this.n100 = this.dimSize[2];
+                factors[5] = factors[4] + factors[1];
+                factors[6] = factors[4] + factors[2];
+                factors[7] = factors[4] + factors[3];
+                factors[8] = this.n1000 = this.dimSize[3];
+                factors[9] = factors[8] + factors[1];
+                factors[10] = factors[8] + factors[2];
+                factors[11] = factors[8] + factors[3];
+                factors[12] = factors[8] + factors[4];
+                factors[13] = factors[8] + factors[5];
+                factors[14] = factors[8] + factors[6];
+                factors[15] = factors[8] + factors[7];
+                break;
+            default:
+                // Initialize ND interpolation variables.
+                factors[0] = 0;
+                int count;
+                for (count = 0; count < this.inputCount; count++)
+                {
+                    this.nPower[count] = (uint)(1 << (this.inputCount - 1 - count));
+                }
+
+                uint[] nPower = [0, 1];
+                count = 0;
+                int nFlag = 1;
+                for (uint j = 1; j < this.nodeCount; j++)
+                {
+                    if (j == nPower[1])
+                    {
+                        factors[j] = this.dimSize[count];
+                        nPower[0] = (uint)(1 << count);
+                        count++;
+                        nPower[1] = (uint)(1 << count);
+                        nFlag = 1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        factors[j] = factors[nPower[0]] + factors[nFlag];
+                        nFlag++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return factors;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// One dimensional interpolation function.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="srcPixel">The input pixel values, which will be interpolated.</param>
+    /// <param name="destPixel">The interpolated output pixels.</param>
+    private unsafe void Interpolate1d(float* srcPixel, float* destPixel)
+    {
+        byte mx = this.maxGridPoint[0];
+
+        float x = UnitClip(srcPixel[0]) * mx;
+
+        uint ix = (uint)x;
+
+        float u = x - ix;
+
+        if (ix == mx)
+        {
+            ix--;
+            u = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        float nu = (float)(1.0 - u);
+
+        int i;
+        Span<float> p = this.lut.AsSpan((int)(ix * this.n001));
+
+        // Normalize grid units.
+        float dF0 = nu;
+        float dF1 = u;
+
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < this.outputCount; i++)
+        {
+            destPixel[i] = (float)((p[offset + this.n000] * dF0) + (p[offset + this.n001] * dF1));
+            offset++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Two dimensional interpolation function.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="srcPixel">The input pixel values, which will be interpolated.</param>
+    /// <param name="destPixel">The interpolated output pixels.</param>
+    private unsafe void Interpolate2d(float* srcPixel, float* destPixel)
+    {
+        byte mx = this.maxGridPoint[0];
+        byte my = this.maxGridPoint[1];
+
+        float x = UnitClip(srcPixel[0]) * mx;
+        float y = UnitClip(srcPixel[1]) * my;
+
+        uint ix = (uint)x;
+        uint iy = (uint)y;
+
+        float u = x - ix;
+        float t = y - iy;
+
+        if (ix == mx)
+        {
+            ix--;
+            u = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (iy == my)
+        {
+            iy--;
+            t = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        float nt = (float)(1.0 - t);
+        float nu = (float)(1.0 - u);
+
+        int i;
+        Span<float> p = this.lut.AsSpan((int)((ix * this.n001) + (iy * this.n010)));
+
+        // Normalize grid units.
+        float dF0 = nt * nu;
+        float dF1 = nt * u;
+        float dF2 = t * nu;
+        float dF3 = t * u;
+
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < this.outputCount; i++)
+        {
+            destPixel[i] = (float)((p[offset + this.n000] * dF0) + (p[offset + this.n001] * dF1) + (p[offset + this.n010] * dF2) + (p[offset + this.n011] * dF3));
+            offset++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Three dimensional interpolation function.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="srcPixel">The input pixel values, which will be interpolated.</param>
+    /// <param name="destPixel">The interpolated output pixels.</param>
+    private unsafe void Interpolate3d(float* srcPixel, float* destPixel)
+    {
+        byte mx = this.maxGridPoint[0];
+        byte my = this.maxGridPoint[1];
+        byte mz = this.maxGridPoint[2];
+
+        float x = UnitClip(srcPixel[0]) * mx;
+        float y = UnitClip(srcPixel[1]) * my;
+        float z = UnitClip(srcPixel[2]) * mz;
+
+        uint ix = (uint)x;
+        uint iy = (uint)y;
+        uint iz = (uint)z;
+
+        float u = x - ix;
+        float t = y - iy;
+        float s = z - iz;
+
+        if (ix == mx)
+        {
+            ix--;
+            u = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (iy == my)
+        {
+            iy--;
+            t = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (iz == mz)
+        {
+            iz--;
+            s = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        float ns = (float)(1.0 - s);
+        float nt = (float)(1.0 - t);
+        float nu = (float)(1.0 - u);
+
+        Span<float> p = this.lut.AsSpan((int)((ix * this.n001) + (iy * this.n010) + (iz * this.n100)));
+
+        // Normalize grid units
+        float dF0 = ns * nt * nu;
+        float dF1 = ns * nt * u;
+        float dF2 = ns * t * nu;
+        float dF3 = ns * t * u;
+        float dF4 = s * nt * nu;
+        float dF5 = s * nt * u;
+        float dF6 = s * t * nu;
+        float dF7 = s * t * u;
+
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.outputCount; i++)
+        {
+            destPixel[i] = (float)((p[offset + this.n000] * dF0) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n001] * dF1) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n010] * dF2) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n011] * dF3) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n100] * dF4) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n101] * dF5) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n110] * dF6) +
+                                   (p[offset + this.n111] * dF7));
+            offset++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Four dimensional interpolation function.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="srcPixel">The input pixel values, which will be interpolated.</param>
+    /// <param name="destPixel">The interpolated output pixels.</param>
+    private unsafe void Interpolate4d(float* srcPixel, float* destPixel)
+    {
+        byte mw = this.maxGridPoint[0];
+        byte mx = this.maxGridPoint[1];
+        byte my = this.maxGridPoint[2];
+        byte mz = this.maxGridPoint[3];
+
+        float w = UnitClip(srcPixel[0]) * mw;
+        float x = UnitClip(srcPixel[1]) * mx;
+        float y = UnitClip(srcPixel[2]) * my;
+        float z = UnitClip(srcPixel[3]) * mz;
+
+        uint iw = (uint)w;
+        uint ix = (uint)x;
+        uint iy = (uint)y;
+        uint iz = (uint)z;
+
+        float v = w - iw;
+        float u = x - ix;
+        float t = y - iy;
+        float s = z - iz;
+
+        if (iw == mw)
+        {
+            iw--;
+            v = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (ix == mx)
+        {
+            ix--;
+            u = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (iy == my)
+        {
+            iy--;
+            t = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        if (iz == mz)
+        {
+            iz--;
+            s = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        float ns = (float)(1.0 - s);
+        float nt = (float)(1.0 - t);
+        float nu = (float)(1.0 - u);
+        float nv = (float)(1.0 - v);
+
+        Span<float> p = this.lut.AsSpan((int)((iw * this.n001) + (ix * this.n010) + (iy * this.n100) + (iz * this.n1000)));
+
+        // Normalize grid units.
+        float[] dF =
+        [
+            ns * nt * nu * nv,
+            ns * nt * nu * v,
+            ns * nt * u * nv,
+            ns * nt * u * v,
+            ns * t * nu * nv,
+            ns * t * nu * v,
+            ns * t * u * nv,
+            ns * t * u * v,
+            s * nt * nu * nv,
+            s * nt * nu * v,
+            s * nt * u * nv,
+            s * nt * u * v,
+            s * t * nu * nv,
+            s * t * nu * v,
+            s * t * u * nv,
+            s * t * u * v,
+        ];
+
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.outputCount; i++)
+        {
+            float pv = 0.0f;
+            for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++)
+            {
+                pv += p[offset + this.indexFactor[j]] * dF[j];
+            }
+
+            destPixel[i] = pv;
+            offset++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generic N-dimensional interpolation function.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="srcPixel">The input pixel values, which will be interpolated.</param>
+    /// <param name="destPixel">The interpolated output pixels.</param>
+    private unsafe void InterpolateNd(float* srcPixel, float* destPixel)
+    {
+        int index = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.inputCount; i++)
+        {
+            this.g[i] = UnitClip(srcPixel[i]) * this.maxGridPoint[i];
+            this.ig[i] = (uint)this.g[i];
+            this.s[this.inputCount - 1 - i] = this.g[i] - this.ig[i];
+            if (this.ig[i] == this.maxGridPoint[i])
+            {
+                this.ig[i]--;
+                this.s[this.inputCount - 1 - i] = 1.0f;
+            }
+
+            index += (int)this.ig[i] * this.dimSize[i];
+        }
+
+        Span<float> p = this.lut.AsSpan(index);
+        float[] temp = new float[2];
+        bool nFlag = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.nodeCount; i++)
+        {
+            this.df[i] = 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.inputCount; i++)
+        {
+            temp[0] = 1.0f - this.s[i];
+            temp[1] = this.s[i];
+            index = (int)this.nPower[i];
+            for (int j = 0; j < this.nodeCount; j++)
+            {
+                this.df[j] *= temp[nFlag ? 1 : 0];
+                if ((j + 1) % index == 0)
+                {
+                    nFlag = !nFlag;
+                }
+            }
+
+            nFlag = false;
+        }
+
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.outputCount; i++)
+        {
+            float pv = 0;
+            for (int j = 0; j < this.nodeCount; j++)
+            {
+                pv += p[offset + this.indexFactor[j]] * this.df[j];
+            }
+
+            destPixel[i] = pv;
+            offset++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static float UnitClip(float v)
+    {
+        if (v < 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (v > 1.0)
+        {
+            return 1.0f;
+        }
+
+        return v;
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/ColorTrcCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class ColorTrcCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private readonly TrcCalculator curveCalculator;
+    private readonly Matrix4x4 matrix;
+    private readonly bool toPcs;
+
+    public ColorTrcCalculator(
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry redMatrixColumn,
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry greenMatrixColumn,
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry blueMatrixColumn,
+        IccTagDataEntry redTrc,
+        IccTagDataEntry greenTrc,
+        IccTagDataEntry blueTrc,
+        bool toPcs)
+    {
+        this.toPcs = toPcs;
+        this.curveCalculator = new TrcCalculator([redTrc, greenTrc, blueTrc], !toPcs);
+
+        Vector3 mr = redMatrixColumn.Data[0];
+        Vector3 mg = greenMatrixColumn.Data[0];
+        Vector3 mb = blueMatrixColumn.Data[0];
+        this.matrix = new Matrix4x4(mr.X, mr.Y, mr.Z, 0, mg.X, mg.Y, mg.Z, 0, mb.X, mb.Y, mb.Z, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+
+        if (!toPcs)
+        {
+            Matrix4x4.Invert(this.matrix, out this.matrix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        if (this.toPcs)
+        {
+            // input is always linear RGB
+            value = this.curveCalculator.Calculate(value);
+            CieXyz xyz = new(Vector4.Transform(value, this.matrix).AsVector3());
+
+            // when data to PCS, output from calculator is descaled XYZ
+            // but downstream process requires scaled XYZ
+            // (see DemoMaxICC IccCmm.cpp : CIccXformMatrixTRC::Apply)
+            return xyz.ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // input is always XYZ
+            Vector4 xyz = Vector4.Transform(value, this.matrix);
+
+            // when data to PCS, upstream process provides scaled XYZ
+            // but input to calculator is descaled XYZ
+            // (see DemoMaxICC IccCmm.cpp : CIccXformMatrixTRC::Apply)
+            xyz = new(CieXyz.FromScaledVector4(xyz).AsVector3Unsafe(), 1);
+            return this.curveCalculator.Calculate(xyz);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/CurveCalculator.CalculationType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+internal partial class CurveCalculator
+{
+    private enum CalculationType
+    {
+        Identity,
+        Gamma,
+        Lut,
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/CurveCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+#nullable disable
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+internal partial class CurveCalculator : ISingleCalculator
+{
+    private readonly LutCalculator lutCalculator;
+    private readonly float gamma;
+    private readonly CalculationType type;
+
+    public CurveCalculator(IccCurveTagDataEntry entry, bool inverted)
+    {
+        if (entry.IsIdentityResponse)
+        {
+            this.type = CalculationType.Identity;
+        }
+        else if (entry.IsGamma)
+        {
+            this.gamma = entry.Gamma;
+            if (inverted)
+            {
+                this.gamma = 1f / this.gamma;
+            }
+
+            this.type = CalculationType.Gamma;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.lutCalculator = new LutCalculator(entry.CurveData, inverted);
+            this.type = CalculationType.Lut;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public float Calculate(float value)
+        => this.type switch
+        {
+            CalculationType.Identity => value,
+            CalculationType.Gamma => MathF.Pow(value, this.gamma), // TODO: This could be optimized using a LUT. See SrgbCompanding
+            CalculationType.Lut => this.lutCalculator.Calculate(value),
+            _ => throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid calculation type"),
+        };
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/GrayTrcCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class GrayTrcCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private readonly TrcCalculator calculator;
+
+    public GrayTrcCalculator(IccTagDataEntry grayTrc, bool toPcs)
+        => this.calculator = new TrcCalculator(new IccTagDataEntry[] { grayTrc }, !toPcs);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value) => this.calculator.Calculate(value);
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/ISingleCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents an ICC calculator with a single floating point value and result
+/// </summary>
+internal interface ISingleCalculator
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Calculates a result from the given value
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The input value</param>
+    /// <returns>The calculated result</returns>
+    float Calculate(float value);
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/IVector4Calculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents an ICC calculator with <see cref="Vector4"/> values and results
+/// </summary>
+internal interface IVector4Calculator
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Calculates a result from the given values
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The input values</param>
+    /// <returns>The calculated result</returns>
+    Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value);
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/LutABCalculator.CalculationType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+internal partial class LutABCalculator
+{
+    private enum CalculationType
+    {
+        AtoB = 1 << 3,
+        BtoA = 1 << 4,
+
+        SingleCurve = 1,
+        CurveMatrix = 2,
+        CurveClut = 3,
+        Full = 4,
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/LutABCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+#nullable disable
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+internal partial class LutABCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private CalculationType type;
+    private TrcCalculator curveACalculator;
+    private TrcCalculator curveBCalculator;
+    private TrcCalculator curveMCalculator;
+    private MatrixCalculator matrixCalculator;
+    private ClutCalculator clutCalculator;
+
+    public LutABCalculator(IccLutAToBTagDataEntry entry)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(entry, nameof(entry));
+        this.Init(entry.CurveA, entry.CurveB, entry.CurveM, entry.Matrix3x1, entry.Matrix3x3, entry.ClutValues);
+        this.type |= CalculationType.AtoB;
+    }
+
+    public LutABCalculator(IccLutBToATagDataEntry entry)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(entry, nameof(entry));
+        this.Init(entry.CurveA, entry.CurveB, entry.CurveM, entry.Matrix3x1, entry.Matrix3x3, entry.ClutValues);
+        this.type |= CalculationType.BtoA;
+    }
+
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        switch (this.type)
+        {
+            case CalculationType.Full | CalculationType.AtoB:
+                value = this.curveACalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.clutCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.curveMCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.matrixCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.Full | CalculationType.BtoA:
+                value = this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.matrixCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.curveMCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.clutCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveACalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.CurveClut | CalculationType.AtoB:
+                value = this.curveACalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.clutCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.CurveClut | CalculationType.BtoA:
+                value = this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.clutCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveACalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.CurveMatrix | CalculationType.AtoB:
+                value = this.curveMCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.matrixCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.CurveMatrix | CalculationType.BtoA:
+                value = this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                value = this.matrixCalculator.Calculate(value);
+                return this.curveMCalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            case CalculationType.SingleCurve | CalculationType.AtoB:
+            case CalculationType.SingleCurve | CalculationType.BtoA:
+                return this.curveBCalculator.Calculate(value);
+
+            default:
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid calculation type");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Init(IccTagDataEntry[] curveA, IccTagDataEntry[] curveB, IccTagDataEntry[] curveM, Vector3? matrix3x1, Matrix4x4? matrix3x3, IccClut clut)
+    {
+        bool hasACurve = curveA != null;
+        bool hasBCurve = curveB != null;
+        bool hasMCurve = curveM != null;
+        bool hasMatrix = matrix3x1 != null && matrix3x3 != null;
+        bool hasClut = clut != null;
+
+        if (hasBCurve && hasMatrix && hasMCurve && hasClut && hasACurve)
+        {
+            this.type = CalculationType.Full;
+        }
+        else if (hasBCurve && hasClut && hasACurve)
+        {
+            this.type = CalculationType.CurveClut;
+        }
+        else if (hasBCurve && hasMatrix && hasMCurve)
+        {
+            this.type = CalculationType.CurveMatrix;
+        }
+        else if (hasBCurve)
+        {
+            this.type = CalculationType.SingleCurve;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw new InvalidIccProfileException("AToB or BToA tag has an invalid configuration");
+        }
+
+        if (hasACurve)
+        {
+            this.curveACalculator = new TrcCalculator(curveA, false);
+        }
+
+        if (hasBCurve)
+        {
+            this.curveBCalculator = new TrcCalculator(curveB, false);
+        }
+
+        if (hasMCurve)
+        {
+            this.curveMCalculator = new TrcCalculator(curveM, false);
+        }
+
+        if (hasMatrix)
+        {
+            this.matrixCalculator = new MatrixCalculator(matrix3x3.Value, matrix3x1.Value);
+        }
+
+        if (hasClut)
+        {
+            this.clutCalculator = new ClutCalculator(clut);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/LutCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class LutCalculator : ISingleCalculator
+{
+    private readonly float[] lut;
+    private readonly bool inverse;
+
+    public LutCalculator(float[] lut, bool inverse)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(lut, nameof(lut));
+
+        this.lut = lut;
+        this.inverse = inverse;
+    }
+
+    public float Calculate(float value)
+    {
+        if (this.inverse)
+        {
+            return this.LookupInverse(value);
+        }
+
+        return this.Lookup(value);
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float Lookup(float value)
+    {
+        value = Math.Max(value, 0);
+
+        float factor = value * (this.lut.Length - 1);
+        int index = (int)factor;
+        float low = this.lut[index];
+
+        float high = 1F;
+        if (index < this.lut.Length - 1)
+        {
+            high = this.lut[index + 1];
+        }
+
+        return low + ((high - low) * (factor - index));
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float LookupInverse(float value)
+    {
+        int index = Array.BinarySearch(this.lut, value);
+        if (index >= 0)
+        {
+            return index / (float)(this.lut.Length - 1);
+        }
+
+        index = ~index;
+        if (index == 0)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else if (index == this.lut.Length)
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        float high = this.lut[index];
+        float low = this.lut[index - 1];
+
+        float valuePercent = (value - low) / (high - low);
+        float lutRange = 1 / (float)(this.lut.Length - 1);
+        float lutLow = (index - 1) / (float)(this.lut.Length - 1);
+
+        return lutLow + (valuePercent * lutRange);
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/LutEntryCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+#nullable disable
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class LutEntryCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private LutCalculator[] inputCurve;
+    private LutCalculator[] outputCurve;
+    private ClutCalculator clutCalculator;
+    private Matrix4x4 matrix;
+    private bool doTransform;
+
+    public LutEntryCalculator(IccLut8TagDataEntry lut)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(lut, nameof(lut));
+        this.Init(lut.InputValues, lut.OutputValues, lut.ClutValues, lut.Matrix);
+        this.Is16Bit = false;
+    }
+
+    public LutEntryCalculator(IccLut16TagDataEntry lut)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(lut, nameof(lut));
+        this.Init(lut.InputValues, lut.OutputValues, lut.ClutValues, lut.Matrix);
+        this.Is16Bit = true;
+    }
+
+    internal bool Is16Bit { get; }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        if (this.doTransform)
+        {
+            value = Vector4.Transform(value, this.matrix);
+        }
+
+        value = CalculateLut(this.inputCurve, value);
+        value = this.clutCalculator.Calculate(value);
+        return CalculateLut(this.outputCurve, value);
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private static Vector4 CalculateLut(LutCalculator[] lut, Vector4 value)
+    {
+        ref float f = ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, float>(ref value);
+        for (int i = 0; i < lut.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Unsafe.Add(ref f, i) = lut[i].Calculate(Unsafe.Add(ref f, i));
+        }
+
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private void Init(IccLut[] inputCurve, IccLut[] outputCurve, IccClut clut, Matrix4x4 matrix)
+    {
+        this.inputCurve = InitLut(inputCurve);
+        this.outputCurve = InitLut(outputCurve);
+        this.clutCalculator = new ClutCalculator(clut);
+        this.matrix = matrix;
+
+        this.doTransform = !matrix.IsIdentity && inputCurve.Length == 3;
+    }
+
+    private static LutCalculator[] InitLut(IccLut[] curves)
+    {
+        LutCalculator[] calculators = new LutCalculator[curves.Length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < curves.Length; i++)
+        {
+            calculators[i] = new LutCalculator(curves[i].Values, false);
+        }
+
+        return calculators;
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/MatrixCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class MatrixCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private Matrix4x4 matrix2D;
+    private Vector4 matrix1D;
+
+    public MatrixCalculator(Matrix4x4 matrix3x3, Vector3 matrix3x1)
+    {
+        this.matrix2D = matrix3x3;
+        this.matrix1D = new Vector4(matrix3x1, 0);
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        Vector4 transformed = Vector4.Transform(value, this.matrix2D);
+        return Vector4.Add(this.matrix1D, transformed);
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/ParametricCurveCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class ParametricCurveCalculator : ISingleCalculator
+{
+    private readonly IccParametricCurve curve;
+    private readonly IccParametricCurveType type;
+    private const IccParametricCurveType InvertedFlag = (IccParametricCurveType)(1 << 3);
+
+    public ParametricCurveCalculator(IccParametricCurveTagDataEntry entry, bool inverted)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(entry, nameof(entry));
+        this.curve = entry.Curve;
+        this.type = entry.Curve.Type;
+
+        if (inverted)
+        {
+            this.type |= InvertedFlag;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public float Calculate(float value)
+        => this.type switch
+        {
+            IccParametricCurveType.Type1 => this.CalculateGamma(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Cie122_1996 => this.CalculateCie122(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Iec61966_3 => this.CalculateIec61966(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.SRgb => this.CalculateSRgb(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Type5 => this.CalculateType5(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Type1 | InvertedFlag => this.CalculateInvertedGamma(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Cie122_1996 | InvertedFlag => this.CalculateInvertedCie122(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Iec61966_3 | InvertedFlag => this.CalculateInvertedIec61966(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.SRgb | InvertedFlag => this.CalculateInvertedSRgb(value),
+            IccParametricCurveType.Type5 | InvertedFlag => this.CalculateInvertedType5(value),
+            _ => throw new InvalidIccProfileException("ParametricCurve"),
+        };
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateGamma(float value) => MathF.Pow(value, this.curve.G);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateCie122(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= -this.curve.B / this.curve.A)
+        {
+            return MathF.Pow((this.curve.A * value) + this.curve.B, this.curve.G);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateIec61966(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= -this.curve.B / this.curve.A)
+        {
+            return MathF.Pow((this.curve.A * value) + this.curve.B, this.curve.G) + this.curve.C;
+        }
+
+        return this.curve.C;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateSRgb(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= this.curve.D)
+        {
+            return MathF.Pow((this.curve.A * value) + this.curve.B, this.curve.G);
+        }
+
+        return this.curve.C * value;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateType5(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= this.curve.D)
+        {
+            return MathF.Pow((this.curve.A * value) + this.curve.B, this.curve.G) + this.curve.E;
+        }
+
+        return (this.curve.C * value) + this.curve.F;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateInvertedGamma(float value)
+        => MathF.Pow(value, 1 / this.curve.G);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateInvertedCie122(float value)
+        => (MathF.Pow(value, 1 / this.curve.G) - this.curve.B) / this.curve.A;
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateInvertedIec61966(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= this.curve.C)
+        {
+            return (MathF.Pow(value - this.curve.C, 1 / this.curve.G) - this.curve.B) / this.curve.A;
+        }
+
+        return -this.curve.B / this.curve.A;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateInvertedSRgb(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= MathF.Pow((this.curve.A * this.curve.D) + this.curve.B, this.curve.G))
+        {
+            return (MathF.Pow(value, 1 / this.curve.G) - this.curve.B) / this.curve.A;
+        }
+
+        return value / this.curve.C;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    private float CalculateInvertedType5(float value)
+    {
+        if (value >= (this.curve.C * this.curve.D) + this.curve.F)
+        {
+            return (MathF.Pow(value - this.curve.E, 1 / this.curve.G) - this.curve.B) / this.curve.A;
+        }
+
+        return (value - this.curve.F) / this.curve.C;
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/Calculators/TrcCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+
+internal class TrcCalculator : IVector4Calculator
+{
+    private readonly ISingleCalculator[] calculators;
+
+    public TrcCalculator(IccTagDataEntry[] entries, bool inverted)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(entries, nameof(entries));
+
+        this.calculators = new ISingleCalculator[entries.Length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < entries.Length; i++)
+        {
+            this.calculators[i] = entries[i] switch
+            {
+                IccCurveTagDataEntry curve => new CurveCalculator(curve, inverted),
+                IccParametricCurveTagDataEntry parametricCurve => new ParametricCurveCalculator(parametricCurve, inverted),
+                _ => throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid Entry."),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    public unsafe Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value)
+    {
+        ref float f = ref Unsafe.As<Vector4, float>(ref value);
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.calculators.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Unsafe.Add(ref f, i) = this.calculators[i].Calculate(Unsafe.Add(ref f, i));
+        }
+
+        return value;
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccConverterBase.Checks.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+#nullable disable
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal abstract partial class IccConverterBase
+{
+    private static ConversionMethod GetConversionMethod(IccProfile profile, IccRenderingIntent renderingIntent) => profile.Header.Class switch
+    {
+        IccProfileClass.InputDevice or
+        IccProfileClass.DisplayDevice or
+        IccProfileClass.OutputDevice or
+        IccProfileClass.ColorSpace => CheckMethod1(profile, renderingIntent),
+        IccProfileClass.DeviceLink or IccProfileClass.Abstract => CheckMethod2(profile),
+        _ => ConversionMethod.Invalid,
+    };
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethod1(IccProfile profile, IccRenderingIntent renderingIntent)
+    {
+        ConversionMethod method = CheckMethodD(profile, renderingIntent);
+        if (method != ConversionMethod.Invalid)
+        {
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        method = CheckMethodA(profile, renderingIntent);
+        if (method != ConversionMethod.Invalid)
+        {
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        method = CheckMethodA0(profile);
+        if (method != ConversionMethod.Invalid)
+        {
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        method = CheckMethodTrc(profile);
+        if (method != ConversionMethod.Invalid)
+        {
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        return ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethodD(IccProfile profile, IccRenderingIntent renderingIntent)
+    {
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB0) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD0))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.Perceptual)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.D0;
+        }
+
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB1) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD1))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.MediaRelativeColorimetric)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.D1;
+        }
+
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB2) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD2))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.Saturation)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.D2;
+        }
+
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB3) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD3))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.AbsoluteColorimetric)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.D3;
+        }
+
+        return ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethodA(IccProfile profile, IccRenderingIntent renderingIntent)
+    {
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB0) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA0))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.Perceptual)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.A0;
+        }
+
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB1) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA1))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.MediaRelativeColorimetric)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.A1;
+        }
+
+        if ((HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB2) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA2))
+            && renderingIntent == IccRenderingIntent.Saturation)
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.A2;
+        }
+
+        return ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethodA0(IccProfile profile)
+    {
+        bool valid = HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB0) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA0);
+        return valid ? ConversionMethod.A0 : ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethodTrc(IccProfile profile)
+    {
+        if (HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.RedMatrixColumn)
+            && HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.GreenMatrixColumn)
+            && HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BlueMatrixColumn)
+            && HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.RedTrc)
+            && HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.GreenTrc)
+            && HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BlueTrc))
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.ColorTrc;
+        }
+
+        if (HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.GrayTrc))
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.GrayTrc;
+        }
+
+        return ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static ConversionMethod CheckMethod2(IccProfile profile)
+    {
+        if (HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB0) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD0))
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.D0;
+        }
+
+        if (HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB0) || HasTag(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB0))
+        {
+            return ConversionMethod.A0;
+        }
+
+        return ConversionMethod.Invalid;
+    }
+
+    private static bool HasTag(IccProfile profile, IccProfileTag tag)
+        => profile.Entries.Any(t => t.TagSignature == tag);
+
+    private static IccTagDataEntry GetTag(IccProfile profile, IccProfileTag tag)
+        => Array.Find(profile.Entries, t => t.TagSignature == tag);
+
+    private static T GetTag<T>(IccProfile profile, IccProfileTag tag)
+        where T : IccTagDataEntry
+        => profile.Entries.OfType<T>().FirstOrDefault(t => t.TagSignature == tag);
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccConverterBase.ConversionMethod.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal abstract partial class IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Conversion methods with ICC profiles
+    /// </summary>
+    private enum ConversionMethod
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using anything but Multi Process Elements with perceptual rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        A0,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using anything but Multi Process Elements with relative colorimetric rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        A1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using anything but Multi Process Elements with saturation rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        A2,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using Multi Process Elements with perceptual rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        D0,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using Multi Process Elements with relative colorimetric rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        D1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using Multi Process Elements with saturation rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        D2,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion using Multi Process Elements with absolute colorimetric rendering intent
+        /// </summary>
+        D3,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion of more than one channel using tone reproduction curves
+        /// </summary>
+        ColorTrc,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Conversion of exactly one channel using a tone reproduction curve
+        /// </summary>
+        GrayTrc,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// No valid conversion method available or found
+        /// </summary>
+        Invalid,
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccConverterbase.Conversions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc.Calculators;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal abstract partial class IccConverterBase
+{
+    private IVector4Calculator calculator;
+
+    internal bool Is16BitLutEntry => this.calculator is LutEntryCalculator { Is16Bit: true };
+
+    internal bool IsTrc => this.calculator is ColorTrcCalculator or GrayTrcCalculator;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks the profile for available conversion methods and gathers all the information's necessary for it.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The profile to use for the conversion.</param>
+    /// <param name="toPcs">True if the conversion is to the Profile Connection Space.</param>
+    /// <param name="renderingIntent">The wanted rendering intent. Can be ignored if not available.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidIccProfileException">Invalid conversion method.</exception>
+    protected void Init(IccProfile profile, bool toPcs, IccRenderingIntent renderingIntent)
+        => this.calculator = GetConversionMethod(profile, renderingIntent) switch
+        {
+            ConversionMethod.D0 => toPcs ?
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB0) :
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD0),
+            ConversionMethod.D1 => toPcs ?
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB1) :
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD1),
+            ConversionMethod.D2 => toPcs ?
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB2) :
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD2),
+            ConversionMethod.D3 => toPcs ?
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.DToB3) :
+                                InitD(profile, IccProfileTag.BToD3),
+            ConversionMethod.A0 => toPcs ?
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB0) :
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA0),
+            ConversionMethod.A1 => toPcs ?
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB1) :
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA1),
+            ConversionMethod.A2 => toPcs ?
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.AToB2) :
+                                InitA(profile, IccProfileTag.BToA2),
+            ConversionMethod.ColorTrc => InitColorTrc(profile, toPcs),
+            ConversionMethod.GrayTrc => InitGrayTrc(profile, toPcs),
+            _ => throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid conversion method."),
+        };
+
+    private static IVector4Calculator InitA(IccProfile profile, IccProfileTag tag)
+        => GetTag(profile, tag) switch
+        {
+            IccLut8TagDataEntry lut8 => new LutEntryCalculator(lut8),
+            IccLut16TagDataEntry lut16 => new LutEntryCalculator(lut16),
+            IccLutAToBTagDataEntry lutAtoB => new LutABCalculator(lutAtoB),
+            IccLutBToATagDataEntry lutBtoA => new LutABCalculator(lutBtoA),
+            _ => throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Invalid entry."),
+        };
+
+    private static IVector4Calculator InitD(IccProfile profile, IccProfileTag tag)
+    {
+        IccMultiProcessElementsTagDataEntry entry = GetTag<IccMultiProcessElementsTagDataEntry>(profile, tag)
+            ?? throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Entry is null.");
+
+        throw new NotImplementedException("Multi process elements are not supported");
+    }
+
+    private static ColorTrcCalculator InitColorTrc(IccProfile profile, bool toPcs)
+    {
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry redMatrixColumn = GetTag<IccXyzTagDataEntry>(profile, IccProfileTag.RedMatrixColumn);
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry greenMatrixColumn = GetTag<IccXyzTagDataEntry>(profile, IccProfileTag.GreenMatrixColumn);
+        IccXyzTagDataEntry blueMatrixColumn = GetTag<IccXyzTagDataEntry>(profile, IccProfileTag.BlueMatrixColumn);
+
+        IccTagDataEntry redTrc = GetTag(profile, IccProfileTag.RedTrc);
+        IccTagDataEntry greenTrc = GetTag(profile, IccProfileTag.GreenTrc);
+        IccTagDataEntry blueTrc = GetTag(profile, IccProfileTag.BlueTrc);
+
+        if (redMatrixColumn == null ||
+            greenMatrixColumn == null ||
+            blueMatrixColumn == null ||
+            redTrc == null ||
+            greenTrc == null ||
+            blueTrc == null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidIccProfileException("Missing matrix column or channel.");
+        }
+
+        return new ColorTrcCalculator(
+            redMatrixColumn,
+            greenMatrixColumn,
+            blueMatrixColumn,
+            redTrc,
+            greenTrc,
+            blueTrc,
+            toPcs);
+    }
+
+    private static GrayTrcCalculator InitGrayTrc(IccProfile profile, bool toPcs)
+    {
+        IccTagDataEntry entry = GetTag(profile, IccProfileTag.GrayTrc);
+        return new GrayTrcCalculator(entry, toPcs);
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccConverterbase.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+#nullable disable
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal abstract partial class IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccConverterBase"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The ICC profile to use for the conversions</param>
+    /// <param name="toPcs">True if the conversion is to the profile connection space (PCS); False if the conversion is to the data space</param>
+    protected IccConverterBase(IccProfile profile, bool toPcs)
+    {
+        Guard.NotNull(profile, nameof(profile));
+        this.Init(profile, toPcs, profile.Header.RenderingIntent);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts colors with the initially provided ICC profile
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The value to convert</param>
+    /// <returns>The converted value</returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 Calculate(Vector4 value) => this.calculator.Calculate(value);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts colors with the initially provided ICC profile
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">The source colors</param>
+    /// <param name="destination">The destination colors</param>
+    public void Calculate(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = this.Calculate(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccDataToDataConverter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal class IccDataToDataConverter : IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccDataToDataConverter"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The ICC profile to use for the conversions</param>
+    public IccDataToDataConverter(IccProfile profile)
+        : base(profile, true) // toPCS is true because in this case the PCS space is also a data space
+    {
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccDataToPcsConverter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal class IccDataToPcsConverter : IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccDataToPcsConverter"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The ICC profile to use for the conversions</param>
+    public IccDataToPcsConverter(IccProfile profile)
+        : base(profile, true)
+    {
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccPcsToDataConverter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal class IccPcsToDataConverter : IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccPcsToDataConverter"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The ICC profile to use for the conversions</param>
+    public IccPcsToDataConverter(IccProfile profile)
+        : base(profile, false)
+    {
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/IccPcsToPcsConverter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Icc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Color converter for ICC profiles
+/// </summary>
+internal class IccPcsToPcsConverter : IccConverterBase
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IccPcsToPcsConverter"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="profile">The ICC profile to use for the conversions</param>
+    public IccPcsToPcsConverter(IccProfile profile)
+        : base(profile, true)
+    {
+    }
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Icc/SrgbV4Profile.Generated.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+// <auto-generated />
+
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Icc;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.Conversion.Icc;
+
+internal static class SrgbV4Profile
+{
+    // Generated using the sRGB-v4.icc profile found at https://github.com/saucecontrol/Compact-ICC-Profiles
+    private static ReadOnlySpan<byte> Data => new byte[]
+    {
+        0, 0, 1, 224, 108, 99, 109, 115, 4, 32, 0, 0, 109, 110, 116, 114, 82, 71, 66, 32, 88, 89, 90, 32, 7, 226, 0, 3, 0,
+        20, 0, 9, 0, 14, 0, 29, 97, 99, 115, 112, 77, 83, 70, 84, 0, 0, 0, 0, 115, 97, 119, 115, 99, 116, 114, 108, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 246, 214, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 211, 45, 104, 97, 110, 100, 163, 178, 171,
+        223, 92, 167, 3, 18, 168, 85, 164, 236, 53, 122, 209, 243, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 100, 101, 115, 99, 0, 0, 0, 252, 0, 0, 0, 36, 99,
+        112, 114, 116, 0, 0, 1, 32, 0, 0, 0, 34, 119, 116, 112, 116, 0, 0, 1, 68, 0, 0, 0, 20, 99, 104, 97, 100, 0, 0,
+        1, 88, 0, 0, 0, 44, 114, 88, 89, 90, 0, 0, 1, 132, 0, 0, 0, 20, 103, 88, 89, 90, 0, 0, 1, 152, 0, 0, 0,
+        20, 98, 88, 89, 90, 0, 0, 1, 172, 0, 0, 0, 20, 114, 84, 82, 67, 0, 0, 1, 192, 0, 0, 0, 32, 103, 84, 82, 67,
+        0, 0, 1, 192, 0, 0, 0, 32, 98, 84, 82, 67, 0, 0, 1, 192, 0, 0, 0, 32, 109, 108, 117, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 12, 101, 110, 85, 83, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 28, 0, 115, 0, 82, 0, 71, 0, 66, 109, 108,
+        117, 99, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 12, 101, 110, 85, 83, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 28, 0, 67, 0,
+        67, 0, 48, 0, 33, 88, 89, 90, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 246, 214, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 211, 45, 115, 102, 51, 50,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 12, 63, 0, 0, 5, 221, 255, 255, 243, 38, 0, 0, 7, 144, 0, 0, 253, 146, 255, 255, 251, 161, 255,
+        255, 253, 162, 0, 0, 3, 220, 0, 0, 192, 113, 88, 89, 90, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 111, 160, 0, 0, 56, 242, 0, 0,
+        3, 143, 88, 89, 90, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 150, 0, 0, 183, 137, 0, 0, 24, 218, 88, 89, 90, 32, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 36, 160, 0, 0, 15, 133, 0, 0, 182, 196, 112, 97, 114, 97, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 102, 105,
+        0, 0, 242, 167, 0, 0, 13, 89, 0, 0, 19, 208, 0, 0, 10, 91,
+    };
+
+    private static readonly Lazy<IccProfile> LazyIccProfile = new(() => GetIccProfile());
+
+    public static IccProfile GetProfile() => LazyIccProfile.Value;
+
+    private static IccProfile GetIccProfile()
+    {
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[Data.Length];
+        Data.CopyTo(buffer);
+        return new IccProfile(buffer);
+    }
+}
+

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/KnownYCbCrMatrices.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides standard YCbCr matrices for RGB to YCbCr conversion.
+/// </summary>
+public static class KnownYCbCrMatrices
+{
+#pragma warning disable SA1137 // Elements should have the same indentation
+#pragma warning disable SA1117 // Parameters should be on same line or separate lines
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ITU-R BT.601 (SD video standard).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static readonly YCbCrMatrix BT601 = new(
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            0.299000F, 0.587000F, 0.114000F, 0F,
+           -0.168736F, -0.331264F, 0.500000F, 0F,
+            0.500000F, -0.418688F, -0.081312F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            1.000000F, 0.000000F, 1.402000F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, -0.344136F, -0.714136F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, 1.772000F, 0.000000F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Vector3(0F, 0.5F, 0.5F));
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ITU-R BT.709 (HD video, sRGB standard).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static readonly YCbCrMatrix BT709 = new(
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            0.212600F, 0.715200F, 0.072200F, 0F,
+           -0.114572F, -0.385428F, 0.500000F, 0F,
+            0.500000F, -0.454153F, -0.045847F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            1.000000F, 0.000000F, 1.574800F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, -0.187324F, -0.468124F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, 1.855600F, 0.000000F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Vector3(0F, 0.5F, 0.5F));
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// ITU-R BT.2020 (UHD/4K video standard).
+    /// </summary>
+    public static readonly YCbCrMatrix BT2020 = new(
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            0.262700F, 0.678000F, 0.059300F, 0F,
+           -0.139630F, -0.360370F, 0.500000F, 0F,
+            0.500000F, -0.459786F, -0.040214F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Matrix4x4(
+            1.000000F, 0.000000F, 1.474600F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, -0.164553F, -0.571353F, 0F,
+            1.000000F, 1.881400F, 0.000000F, 0F,
+            0F, 0F, 0F, 1F),
+        new Vector3(0F, 0.5F, 0.5F));
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Lms.cs

@@ -82,20 +82,53 @@ public readonly struct Lms : IColorProfile<Lms, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(Lms left, Lms right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns a new <see cref="Vector3"/> representing this instance.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector3"/>.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Vector3 ToVector3() => new(this.L, this.M, this.S);
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        v3 += new Vector3(1F);
+        v3 /= 2F;
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
-    public static Lms FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
+    public static Lms FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = source.AsVector3();
+        v3 *= 2F;
+        v3 -= new Vector3(1F);
+        return new Lms(v3);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Lms> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Lms> destination)
     {
-        Vector3 vector = Vector3.Transform(source.ToVector3(), options.AdaptationMatrix);
-        return new Lms(vector);
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
     }
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Lms FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
+        => new(Vector3.Transform(source.AsVector3Unsafe(), options.AdaptationMatrix));
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static void FromProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<CieXyz> source, Span<Lms> destination)
     {
@@ -110,10 +143,7 @@ public readonly struct Lms : IColorProfile<Lms, CieXyz>
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public CieXyz ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
-    {
-        Vector3 vector = Vector3.Transform(this.ToVector3(), options.InverseAdaptationMatrix);
-        return new CieXyz(vector);
-    }
+        => new(Vector3.Transform(this.AsVector3Unsafe(), options.InverseAdaptationMatrix));
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static void ToProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<Lms> source, Span<CieXyz> destination)

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Rgb.cs

@@ -81,11 +81,54 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static bool operator !=(Rgb left, Rgb right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes the color instance from a generic scaled <see cref="Vector4"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">The vector to load the color from.</param>
+    /// <returns>The <see cref="Rgb"/>.</returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static Rgb FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source.AsVector3());
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Expands the color into a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
+    /// with values scaled and usually clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
+    /// The vector components are typically expanded in least to greatest significance order.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector4"/>.</returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+        => new(this.ToScaledVector3(), 1F);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Rgb> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Rgb> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static Rgb FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in CieXyz source)
     {
         // Convert to linear rgb then compress.
-        Rgb linear = new(Vector3.Transform(source.ToVector3(), GetCieXyzToRgbMatrix(options.TargetRgbWorkingSpace)));
+        Rgb linear = new(Vector3.Transform(source.AsVector3Unsafe(), GetCieXyzToRgbMatrix(options.TargetRgbWorkingSpace)));
         return FromScaledVector4(options.TargetRgbWorkingSpace.Compress(linear.ToScaledVector4()));
     }
 
@@ -98,7 +141,7 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
         for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
         {
             // Convert to linear rgb then compress.
-            Rgb linear = new(Vector3.Transform(source[i].ToVector3(), matrix));
+            Rgb linear = new(Vector3.Transform(source[i].AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix));
             Vector4 nonlinear = options.TargetRgbWorkingSpace.Compress(linear.ToScaledVector4());
             destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(nonlinear);
         }
@@ -108,10 +151,10 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     public CieXyz ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
     {
         // First expand to linear rgb
-        Rgb linear = FromScaledVector4(options.RgbWorkingSpace.Expand(this.ToScaledVector4()));
+        Rgb linear = FromScaledVector4(options.SourceRgbWorkingSpace.Expand(this.ToScaledVector4()));
 
         // Then convert to xyz
-        return new CieXyz(Vector3.Transform(linear.ToScaledVector3(), GetRgbToCieXyzMatrix(options.RgbWorkingSpace)));
+        return new CieXyz(Vector3.Transform(linear.ToScaledVector3(), GetRgbToCieXyzMatrix(options.SourceRgbWorkingSpace)));
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -119,13 +162,13 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     {
         Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
 
-        Matrix4x4 matrix = GetRgbToCieXyzMatrix(options.RgbWorkingSpace);
+        Matrix4x4 matrix = GetRgbToCieXyzMatrix(options.SourceRgbWorkingSpace);
         for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
         {
             Rgb rgb = source[i];
 
             // First expand to linear rgb
-            Rgb linear = FromScaledVector4(options.RgbWorkingSpace.Expand(rgb.ToScaledVector4()));
+            Rgb linear = FromScaledVector4(options.SourceRgbWorkingSpace.Expand(rgb.ToScaledVector4()));
 
             // Then convert to xyz
             destination[i] = new CieXyz(Vector3.Transform(linear.ToScaledVector3(), matrix));
@@ -133,7 +176,8 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
-    public static ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource() => ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.RgbWorkingSpace;
+    public static ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource()
+        => ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.RgbWorkingSpace;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes the color instance from a generic scaled <see cref="Vector3"/>.
@@ -141,19 +185,8 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="source">The vector to load the color from.</param>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="Rgb"/>.</returns>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static Rgb FromScaledVector3(Vector3 source) => new(Vector3.Clamp(source, Vector3.Zero, Vector3.One));
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Initializes the color instance from a generic scaled <see cref="Vector4"/>.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="source">The vector to load the color from.</param>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Rgb"/>.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static Rgb FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
-    {
-        source = Vector4.Clamp(source, Vector4.Zero, Vector4.One);
-        return new(source.X, source.Y, source.Z);
-    }
+    public static Rgb FromScaledVector3(Vector3 source)
+        => new(source);
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes the color instance for a source clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>
@@ -161,7 +194,8 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     /// <param name="source">The source to load the color from.</param>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="Rgb"/>.</returns>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static Rgb Clamp(Rgb source) => new(Vector3.Clamp(new(source.R, source.G, source.B), Vector3.Zero, Vector3.One));
+    public static Rgb Clamp(Rgb source)
+        => new(Vector3.Clamp(source.AsVector3Unsafe(), Vector3.Zero, Vector3.One));
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Expands the color into a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector3"/> representation
@@ -170,24 +204,12 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector3"/>.</returns>
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Vector3 ToScaledVector3() => Clamp(this).ToVector3();
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Expands the color into a generic <see cref="Vector3"/> representation.
-    /// The vector components are typically expanded in least to greatest significance order.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector3"/>.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Vector3 ToVector3() => new(this.R, this.G, this.B);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Expands the color into a generic ("scaled") <see cref="Vector4"/> representation
-    /// with values scaled and usually clamped between <value>0</value> and <value>1</value>.
-    /// The vector components are typically expanded in least to greatest significance order.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Vector4"/>.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4() => new(this.ToScaledVector3(), 1f);
+    public Vector3 ToScaledVector3()
+    {
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        return v3;
+    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(this.R, this.G, this.B);
@@ -203,7 +225,7 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
     public bool Equals(Rgb other)
         => this.AsVector3Unsafe() == other.AsVector3Unsafe();
 
-    private Vector3 AsVector3Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<Rgb, Vector3>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
+    internal Vector3 AsVector3Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<Rgb, Vector3>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
 
     private static Matrix4x4 GetCieXyzToRgbMatrix(RgbWorkingSpace workingSpace)
     {
@@ -249,7 +271,7 @@ public readonly struct Rgb : IProfileConnectingSpace<Rgb, CieXyz>
 
         Matrix4x4.Invert(xyzMatrix, out Matrix4x4 inverseXyzMatrix);
 
-        Vector3 vector = Vector3.Transform(workingSpace.WhitePoint.ToVector3(), inverseXyzMatrix);
+        Vector3 vector = Vector3.Transform(workingSpace.WhitePoint.AsVector3Unsafe(), inverseXyzMatrix);
 
         // Use transposed Rows/Columns
         return new Matrix4x4

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/VonKriesChromaticAdaptation.cs

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ public static class VonKriesChromaticAdaptation
             return new(source.X, source.Y, source.Z);
         }
 
-        Vector3 sourceColorLms = Vector3.Transform(source.ToVector3(), matrix);
-        Vector3 sourceWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(from.ToVector3(), matrix);
-        Vector3 targetWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(to.ToVector3(), matrix);
+        Vector3 sourceColorLms = Vector3.Transform(source.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
+        Vector3 sourceWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(from.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
+        Vector3 targetWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(to.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
 
         Vector3 vector = targetWhitePointLms / sourceWhitePointLms;
         Vector3 targetColorLms = Vector3.Multiply(vector, sourceColorLms);
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ public static class VonKriesChromaticAdaptation
         ref CieXyz sourceBase = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(source);
         ref CieXyz destinationBase = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(destination);
 
-        Vector3 sourceWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(from.ToVector3(), matrix);
-        Vector3 targetWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(to.ToVector3(), matrix);
+        Vector3 sourceWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(from.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
+        Vector3 targetWhitePointLms = Vector3.Transform(to.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
 
         Vector3 vector = targetWhitePointLms / sourceWhitePointLms;
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public static class VonKriesChromaticAdaptation
             ref CieXyz sp = ref Unsafe.Add(ref sourceBase, i);
             ref CieXyz dp = ref Unsafe.Add(ref destinationBase, i);
 
-            Vector3 sourceColorLms = Vector3.Transform(sp.ToVector3(), matrix);
+            Vector3 sourceColorLms = Vector3.Transform(sp.AsVector3Unsafe(), matrix);
 
             Vector3 targetColorLms = Vector3.Multiply(vector, sourceColorLms);
             dp = new CieXyz(Vector3.Transform(targetColorLms, inverseMatrix));

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/Y.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a Y (luminance) color.
+/// </summary>
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public readonly struct Y : IColorProfile<Y, Rgb>
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Y"/> struct.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="l">The luminance component.</param>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public Y(float l) => this.L = Numerics.Clamp(l, 0, 1);
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private Y(float l, bool _) => this.L = l;
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the luminance component.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
+    public float L { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compares two <see cref="Y"/> objects for equality.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="left">The <see cref="Y"/> on the left side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <param name="right">The <see cref="Y"/> on the right side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// True if the current left is equal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
+    /// </returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static bool operator ==(Y left, Y right) => left.Equals(right);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compares two <see cref="Y"/> objects for inequality.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="left">The <see cref="Y"/> on the left side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <param name="right">The <see cref="Y"/> on the right side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// True if the current left is unequal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
+    /// </returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static bool operator !=(Y left, Y right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4() => new(this.L);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Y FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source) => new(source.X, true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Y> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<Y> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Rgb ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
+        => new(this.L, this.L, this.L);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static Y FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
+    {
+        Matrix4x4 m = options.YCbCrMatrix.Forward;
+        float offset = options.YCbCrMatrix.Offset.X;
+        return new(Vector3.Dot(source.AsVector3Unsafe(), new Vector3(m.M11, m.M12, m.M13)) + offset);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<Y> source, Span<Rgb> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: We can optimize this by using SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<Rgb> source, Span<Y> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: We can optimize this by using SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Rgb rgb = source[i];
+            destination[i] = FromProfileConnectingSpace(options, in rgb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource()
+        => ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.RgbWorkingSpace;
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public override int GetHashCode()
+        => this.L.GetHashCode();
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public override string ToString()
+        => FormattableString.Invariant($"Y({this.L:#0.##})");
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+        => obj is Y other && this.Equals(other);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public bool Equals(Y other) => this.L == other.L;
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/YCbCr.cs

@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Represents an YCbCr (luminance, blue chroma, red chroma) color as defined in the ITU-T T.871 specification for the JFIF use with Jpeg.
-/// <see href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr"/>
-/// <see href="http://www.ijg.org/files/T-REC-T.871-201105-I!!PDF-E.pdf"/>
+/// Represents an YCbCr (luminance, blue chroma, red chroma) color.
 /// </summary>
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
 public readonly struct YCbCr : IColorProfile<YCbCr, Rgb>
 {
     private static readonly Vector3 Min = Vector3.Zero;
-    private static readonly Vector3 Max = new(255);
+    private static readonly Vector3 Max = Vector3.One;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="YCbCr"/> struct.
@@ -43,21 +41,31 @@ public readonly struct YCbCr : IColorProfile<YCbCr, Rgb>
         this.Cr = vector.Z;
     }
 
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private YCbCr(Vector3 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        this.Y = vector.X;
+        this.Cb = vector.Y;
+        this.Cr = vector.Z;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the Y luminance component.
-    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 255.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
     /// </summary>
     public float Y { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the Cb chroma component.
-    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 255.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
     /// </summary>
     public float Cb { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the Cr chroma component.
-    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 255.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
     /// </summary>
     public float Cr { get; }
 
@@ -83,18 +91,49 @@ public readonly struct YCbCr : IColorProfile<YCbCr, Rgb>
     public static bool operator !=(YCbCr left, YCbCr right) => !left.Equals(right);
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
-    public static YCbCr FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
     {
-        Vector3 rgb = source.ToScaledVector3() * Max;
-        float r = rgb.X;
-        float g = rgb.Y;
-        float b = rgb.Z;
+        Vector3 v3 = default;
+        v3 += this.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        return new Vector4(v3, 1F);
+    }
 
-        float y = (0.299F * r) + (0.587F * g) + (0.114F * b);
-        float cb = 128F + ((-0.168736F * r) - (0.331264F * g) + (0.5F * b));
-        float cr = 128F + ((0.5F * r) - (0.418688F * g) - (0.081312F * b));
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static YCbCr FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source.AsVector3(), true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<YCbCr> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
 
-        return new YCbCr(y, cb, cr);
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToScaledVector4();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<YCbCr> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: Optimize via SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = FromScaledVector4(source[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static YCbCr FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
+    {
+        Vector3 rgb = source.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        Matrix4x4 m = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Forward;
+        Vector3 offset = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Offset;
+
+        return new YCbCr(Vector3.Transform(rgb, m) + offset, true);
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -113,15 +152,11 @@ public readonly struct YCbCr : IColorProfile<YCbCr, Rgb>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public Rgb ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
     {
-        float y = this.Y;
-        float cb = this.Cb - 128F;
-        float cr = this.Cr - 128F;
-
-        float r = MathF.Round(y + (1.402F * cr), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
-        float g = MathF.Round(y - (0.344136F * cb) - (0.714136F * cr), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
-        float b = MathF.Round(y + (1.772F * cb), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
+        Matrix4x4 m = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Inverse;
+        Vector3 offset = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Offset;
+        Vector3 normalized = this.AsVector3Unsafe() - offset;
 
-        return Rgb.FromScaledVector3(new Vector3(r, g, b) / Max);
+        return Rgb.FromScaledVector3(Vector3.Transform(normalized, m));
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -132,8 +167,7 @@ public readonly struct YCbCr : IColorProfile<YCbCr, Rgb>
         // TODO: We can optimize this by using SIMD
         for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
         {
-            YCbCr ycbcr = source[i];
-            destination[i] = ycbcr.ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
         }
     }
 

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/YcbCrMatrix.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles.WorkingSpaces;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// <para>
+/// Represents a YCbCr color matrix containing forward and inverse transformation matrices,
+/// and the chrominance offsets to apply for full-range encoding
+/// </para>
+/// <para>
+/// These matrices must be selected to match the characteristics of the associated <see cref="RgbWorkingSpace"/>,
+/// including its transfer function (gamma or companding) and chromaticity coordinates. Using mismatched matrices and
+/// working spaces will produce incorrect conversions.
+/// </para>
+/// </summary>
+public readonly struct YCbCrMatrix
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="YCbCrMatrix"/> struct.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="forward">
+    /// The forward transformation matrix from RGB to YCbCr. The matrix must include the
+    /// standard chrominance offsets in the fourth column, such as <c>(0, 0.5, 0.5)</c>.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <param name="inverse">
+    /// The inverse transformation matrix from YCbCr to RGB. This matrix expects that
+    /// chrominance offsets have already been subtracted prior to application.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <param name="offset">
+    /// The chrominance offsets to be added after the forward conversion,
+    /// and subtracted before the inverse conversion. Usually <c>(0, 0.5, 0.5)</c>.
+    /// </param>
+    public YCbCrMatrix(Matrix4x4 forward, Matrix4x4 inverse, Vector3 offset)
+    {
+        this.Forward = forward;
+        this.Inverse = inverse;
+        this.Offset = offset;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the matrix used to convert gamma-encoded RGB to YCbCr.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Matrix4x4 Forward { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the matrix used to convert YCbCr back to gamma-encoded RGB.
+    /// </summary>
+    public Matrix4x4 Inverse { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the chrominance offset vector to apply during encoding (add) or decoding (subtract).
+    /// </summary>
+    public Vector3 Offset { get; }
+
+    internal YCbCrMatrix Transpose()
+        => new(Matrix4x4.Transpose(this.Forward), Matrix4x4.Transpose(this.Inverse), this.Offset);
+}

src/ImageSharp/ColorProfiles/YccK.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.ColorProfiles;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a YCCK (luminance, blue chroma, red chroma, black) color.
+/// YCCK is not a true color space but a reversible transform of CMYK, where the CMY components
+/// are converted to YCbCr using the ITU-R BT.601 standard, and the K (black) component is preserved separately.
+/// </summary>
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public readonly struct YccK : IColorProfile<YccK, Rgb>
+{
+    private static readonly Vector4 Min = Vector4.Zero;
+    private static readonly Vector4 Max = Vector4.One;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="YccK"/> struct.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="y">The y luminance component.</param>
+    /// <param name="cb">The cb chroma component.</param>
+    /// <param name="cr">The cr chroma component.</param>
+    /// <param name="k">The keyline black component.</param>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public YccK(float y, float cb, float cr, float k)
+        : this(new Vector4(y, cb, cr, k))
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="YccK"/> struct.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="vector">The vector representing the c, m, y, k components.</param>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public YccK(Vector4 vector)
+    {
+        vector = Vector4.Clamp(vector, Min, Max);
+        this.Y = vector.X;
+        this.Cb = vector.Y;
+        this.Cr = vector.Z;
+        this.K = vector.W;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+#pragma warning disable SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    private YccK(Vector4 vector, bool _)
+#pragma warning restore SA1313 // Parameter names should begin with lower-case letter
+    {
+        this.Y = vector.X;
+        this.Cb = vector.Y;
+        this.Cr = vector.Z;
+        this.K = vector.W;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the Y luminance component.
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
+    /// </summary>
+    public float Y { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the C (blue) chroma component.
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
+    /// </summary>
+    public float Cb { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the C (red) chroma component.
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
+    /// </summary>
+    public float Cr { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the keyline black color component.
+    /// <remarks>A value ranging between 0 and 1.</remarks>
+    /// </summary>
+    public float K { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compares two <see cref="YccK"/> objects for equality.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="left">The <see cref="YccK"/> on the left side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <param name="right">The <see cref="YccK"/> on the right side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// True if the current left is equal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
+    /// </returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static bool operator ==(YccK left, YccK right) => left.Equals(right);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Compares two <see cref="YccK"/> objects for inequality.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="left">The <see cref="YccK"/> on the left side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <param name="right">The <see cref="YccK"/> on the right side of the operand.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// True if the current left is unequal to the <paramref name="right"/> parameter; otherwise, false.
+    /// </returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static bool operator !=(YccK left, YccK right) => !left.Equals(right);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Vector4 ToScaledVector4()
+    {
+        Vector4 v4 = default;
+        v4 += this.AsVector4Unsafe();
+        return v4;
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static YccK FromScaledVector4(Vector4 source)
+        => new(source, true);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<YccK> source, Span<Vector4> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+        MemoryMarshal.Cast<YccK, Vector4>(source).CopyTo(destination);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromScaledVector4(ReadOnlySpan<Vector4> source, Span<YccK> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+        MemoryMarshal.Cast<Vector4, YccK>(source).CopyTo(destination);
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public Rgb ToProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options)
+    {
+        Matrix4x4 m = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Inverse;
+        Vector3 offset = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Offset;
+        Vector3 normalized = this.AsVector3Unsafe() - offset;
+
+        return Rgb.FromScaledVector3(Vector3.Transform(normalized, m) * (1F - this.K));
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static YccK FromProfileConnectingSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, in Rgb source)
+    {
+        Matrix4x4 m = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Forward;
+        Vector3 offset = options.TransposedYCbCrMatrix.Offset;
+
+        Vector3 rgb = source.AsVector3Unsafe();
+        float k = 1F - MathF.Max(rgb.X, MathF.Max(rgb.Y, rgb.Z));
+
+        if (k >= 1F - Constants.Epsilon)
+        {
+            return new YccK(new Vector4(0F, 0.5F, 0.5F, 1F), true);
+        }
+
+        rgb /= 1F - k;
+        return new YccK(new Vector4(Vector3.Transform(rgb, m), k) + new Vector4(offset, 0F));
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void ToProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<YccK> source, Span<Rgb> destination)
+    {
+        // TODO: We can possibly optimize this by using SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            destination[i] = source[i].ToProfileConnectingSpace(options);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static void FromProfileConnectionSpace(ColorConversionOptions options, ReadOnlySpan<Rgb> source, Span<YccK> destination)
+    {
+        Guard.DestinationShouldNotBeTooShort(source, destination, nameof(destination));
+
+        // TODO: We can optimize this by using SIMD
+        for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
+        {
+            Rgb rgb = source[i];
+            destination[i] = FromProfileConnectingSpace(options, in rgb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public static ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource GetChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource()
+        => ChromaticAdaptionWhitePointSource.RgbWorkingSpace;
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public override int GetHashCode()
+        => HashCode.Combine(this.Y, this.Cb, this.Cr, this.K);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public override string ToString()
+        => FormattableString.Invariant($"YccK({this.Y:#0.##}, {this.Cb:#0.##}, {this.Cr:#0.##}, {this.K:#0.##})");
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+        => obj is YccK other && this.Equals(other);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
+    public bool Equals(YccK other)
+        => this.AsVector4Unsafe() == other.AsVector4Unsafe();
+
+    private Vector3 AsVector3Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<YccK, Vector3>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
+
+    private Vector4 AsVector4Unsafe() => Unsafe.As<YccK, Vector4>(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in this));
+}

src/ImageSharp/Common/Extensions/Vector4Extensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+#if !NET9_0_OR_GREATER
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+
+internal static class Vector4Extensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reinterprets a <see cref="Vector4" /> as a new <see cref="Vector3" />.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The vector to reinterpret.</param>
+    /// <returns><paramref name="value" /> reinterpreted as a new <see cref="Vector3" />.</returns>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static Vector3 AsVector3(this Vector4 value) => value.AsVector128().AsVector3();
+}
+#endif

src/ImageSharp/Common/InlineArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+// <auto-generated />
+
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a safe, fixed sized buffer of 4 elements.
+/// </summary>
+[InlineArray(4)]
+internal struct InlineArray4<T>
+{
+    private T t;
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a safe, fixed sized buffer of 8 elements.
+/// </summary>
+[InlineArray(8)]
+internal struct InlineArray8<T>
+{
+    private T t;
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a safe, fixed sized buffer of 16 elements.
+/// </summary>
+[InlineArray(16)]
+internal struct InlineArray16<T>
+{
+    private T t;
+}
+
+

src/ImageSharp/Common/InlineArray.tt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<#@ template debug="false" hostspecific="false" language="C#" #>
+<#@ assembly name="System.Core" #>
+<#@ import namespace="System.Linq" #>
+<#@ import namespace="System.Text" #>
+<#@ import namespace="System.Collections.Generic" #>
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+// <auto-generated />
+
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp;
+
+<#GenerateInlineArrays();#>
+
+<#+
+private static int[] Lengths = new int[] {4, 8, 16 };
+
+void GenerateInlineArrays()
+{
+    foreach (int length in Lengths)
+    {
+#>
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a safe, fixed sized buffer of <#=length#> elements.
+/// </summary>
+[InlineArray(<#=length#>)]
+internal struct InlineArray<#=length#><T>
+{
+    private T t;
+}
+
+<#+
+    }
+}
+#>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/AlphaAwareImageEncoder.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
+using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization;
+
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ public abstract class AlphaAwareImageEncoder : ImageEncoder
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets or initializes the mode that determines how transparent pixels are handled during encoding.
+    /// This overrides any other settings that may affect the encoding of transparent pixels
+    /// including those passed via <see cref="QuantizerOptions"/>.
     /// </summary>
     public TransparentColorMode TransparentColorMode { get; init; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Bmp/BmpEncoderCore.cs

@@ -362,10 +362,13 @@ internal sealed class BmpEncoderCore
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? clonedFrame = null;
         try
         {
-            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
+            // No need to clone when quantizing. The quantizer will do it for us.
+            // TODO: We should really try to avoid the clone entirely.
+            int bpp = this.bitsPerPixel != null ? (int)this.bitsPerPixel : 32;
+            if (bpp > 8 && EncodingUtilities.ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
             {
                 clonedFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame.Clone();
-                EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(clonedFrame, Color.Transparent);
+                EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(clonedFrame);
             }
 
             ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = clonedFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Bmp/BmpMetadata.cs

@@ -158,6 +158,5 @@ public class BmpMetadata : IFormatMetadata<BmpMetadata>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.ColorTable = null;
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/ColorProfileHandling.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
+
+namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides enumeration of methods that control how ICC profiles are handled during decode.
+/// </summary>
+public enum ColorProfileHandling
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Leaves any embedded ICC color profiles intact.
+    /// </summary>
+    Preserve,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Transforms the pixels of the image based on the conversion of any embedded ICC color profiles to sRGB V4 profile.
+    /// The original profile is then replaced.
+    /// </summary>
+    Convert
+}

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Cur/CurFrameMetadata.cs

@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ public class CurFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<CurFrameMetadata>
             Compression = compression,
             EncodingWidth = ClampEncodingDimension(metadata.EncodingWidth),
             EncodingHeight = ClampEncodingDimension(metadata.EncodingHeight),
-            ColorTable = compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp ? metadata.ColorTable : null
         };
     }
 
@@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ public class CurFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<CurFrameMetadata>
         => new()
         {
             PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
-            ColorTable = this.ColorTable,
             EncodingWidth = this.EncodingWidth,
             EncodingHeight = this.EncodingHeight
         };
@@ -126,6 +124,7 @@ public class CurFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<CurFrameMetadata>
         float ratioY = destination.Height / (float)source.Height;
         this.EncodingWidth = ScaleEncodingDimension(this.EncodingWidth, destination.Width, ratioX);
         this.EncodingHeight = ScaleEncodingDimension(this.EncodingHeight, destination.Height, ratioY);
+        this.ColorTable = null;
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Cur/CurMetadata.cs

@@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ public class CurMetadata : IFormatMetadata<CurMetadata>
         return new CurMetadata
         {
             BmpBitsPerPixel = bbpp,
-            Compression = compression,
-            ColorTable = compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp ? metadata.ColorTable : null
+            Compression = compression
         };
     }
 
@@ -145,15 +144,13 @@ public class CurMetadata : IFormatMetadata<CurMetadata>
             EncodingType = this.Compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp && this.BmpBitsPerPixel <= BmpBitsPerPixel.Bit8
                 ? EncodingType.Lossy
                 : EncodingType.Lossless,
-            PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
-            ColorTable = this.ColorTable
+            PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo()
         };
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.ColorTable = null;
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     IDeepCloneable IDeepCloneable.DeepClone() => this.DeepClone();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/DecoderOptions.cs

@@ -60,5 +60,11 @@ public sealed class DecoderOptions
     /// </summary>
     public SegmentIntegrityHandling SegmentIntegrityHandling { get; init; } = SegmentIntegrityHandling.IgnoreNonCritical;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a value that controls how ICC profiles are handled during decode.
+    /// TODO: Implement this.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal ColorProfileHandling ColorProfileHandling { get; init; }
+
     internal void SetConfiguration(Configuration configuration) => this.configuration = configuration;
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/EncodingUtilities.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
@@ -14,62 +16,132 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 /// </summary>
 internal static class EncodingUtilities
 {
-    public static bool ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(TransparentColorMode mode)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines if transparent pixels can be replaced based on the specified color mode and pixel type.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="mode">Indicates the color mode used to assess the ability to replace transparent pixels.</param>
+    /// <returns>Returns true if transparent pixels can be replaced; otherwise, false.</returns>
+    public static bool ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(TransparentColorMode mode)
+        where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
+        => mode == TransparentColorMode.Clear && TPixel.GetPixelTypeInfo().AlphaRepresentation == PixelAlphaRepresentation.Unassociated;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Replaces pixels with a transparent alpha component with fully transparent pixels.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
+    /// <param name="frame">The <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/> where the transparent pixels will be changed.</param>
+    public static void ReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> frame)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-        => mode == TransparentColorMode.Clear &&
-                   TPixel.GetPixelTypeInfo().AlphaRepresentation == PixelAlphaRepresentation.Unassociated;
+        => ReplaceTransparentPixels(frame.Configuration, frame.PixelBuffer);
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Convert transparent pixels, to pixels represented by <paramref name="color"/>, which can yield
-    /// to better compression in some cases.
+    /// Replaces pixels with a transparent alpha component with fully transparent pixels.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
-    /// <param name="clone">The cloned <see cref="ImageFrame{TPixel}"/> where the transparent pixels will be changed.</param>
-    /// <param name="color">The color to replace transparent pixels with.</param>
-    public static void ClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> clone, Color color)
+    /// <param name="configuration">The configuration.</param>
+    /// <param name="buffer">The  <see cref="Buffer2D{TPixel}"/> where the transparent pixels will be changed.</param>
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static void ReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(Configuration configuration, Buffer2D<TPixel> buffer)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
-        Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> buffer = clone.PixelBuffer.GetRegion();
-        ClearTransparentPixels(clone.Configuration, ref buffer, color);
+        Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> region = buffer.GetRegion();
+        ReplaceTransparentPixels(configuration, in region);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Convert transparent pixels, to pixels represented by <paramref name="color"/>, which can yield
-    /// to better compression in some cases.
+    /// Replaces pixels with a transparent alpha component with fully transparent pixels.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="configuration">The configuration.</param>
-    /// <param name="clone">The cloned <see cref="Buffer2DRegion{T}"/> where the transparent pixels will be changed.</param>
-    /// <param name="color">The color to replace transparent pixels with.</param>
-    public static void ClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(
+    /// <param name="region">The <see cref="Buffer2DRegion{T}"/> where the transparent pixels will be changed.</param>
+    public static void ReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(
         Configuration configuration,
-        ref Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> clone,
-        Color color)
+        in Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> region)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
-        using IMemoryOwner<Vector4> vectors = configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<Vector4>(clone.Width);
+        using IMemoryOwner<Vector4> vectors = configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<Vector4>(region.Width);
         Span<Vector4> vectorsSpan = vectors.GetSpan();
-        Vector4 replacement = color.ToScaledVector4();
-        for (int y = 0; y < clone.Height; y++)
+        for (int y = 0; y < region.Height; y++)
         {
-            Span<TPixel> span = clone.DangerousGetRowSpan(y);
+            Span<TPixel> span = region.DangerousGetRowSpan(y);
             PixelOperations<TPixel>.Instance.ToVector4(configuration, span, vectorsSpan, PixelConversionModifiers.Scale);
-            ClearTransparentPixelRow(vectorsSpan, replacement);
+            ReplaceTransparentPixels(vectorsSpan);
             PixelOperations<TPixel>.Instance.FromVector4Destructive(configuration, vectorsSpan, span, PixelConversionModifiers.Scale);
         }
     }
 
-    private static void ClearTransparentPixelRow(
-        Span<Vector4> vectorsSpan,
-        Vector4 replacement)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Replaces pixels with a transparent alpha component with fully transparent pixels.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="source">A span of color vectors that will be checked for transparency and potentially modified.</param>
+    public static void ReplaceTransparentPixels(Span<Vector4> source)
     {
-        if (Vector128.IsHardwareAccelerated)
+        if (Vector512.IsHardwareAccelerated && source.Length >= 4)
+        {
+            Span<Vector512<float>> source512 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<Vector4, Vector512<float>>(source);
+            for (int i = 0; i < source512.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ref Vector512<float> v = ref source512[i];
+
+                // Do `vector < threshold`
+                Vector512<float> mask = Vector512.Equals(v, Vector512<float>.Zero);
+
+                // Replicate the result for W to all elements (is AllBitsSet if the W was 0 and Zero otherwise)
+                mask = Vector512.Shuffle(mask, Vector512.Create(3, 3, 3, 3, 7, 7, 7, 7, 11, 11, 11, 11, 15, 15, 15, 15));
+
+                // Use the mask to select the replacement vector
+                // (replacement & mask) | (v512 & ~mask)
+                v = Vector512.ConditionalSelect(mask, Vector512<float>.Zero, v);
+            }
+
+            int m = Numerics.Modulo4(source.Length);
+            if (m != 0)
+            {
+                for (int i = source.Length - m; i < source.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    if (source[i].W == 0)
+                    {
+                        source[i] = Vector4.Zero;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (Vector256.IsHardwareAccelerated && source.Length >= 2)
         {
-            Vector128<float> replacement128 = replacement.AsVector128();
+            Span<Vector256<float>> source256 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<Vector4, Vector256<float>>(source);
+            for (int i = 0; i < source256.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ref Vector256<float> v = ref source256[i];
+
+                // Do `vector < threshold`
+                Vector256<float> mask = Vector256.Equals(v, Vector256<float>.Zero);
+
+                // Replicate the result for W to all elements (is AllBitsSet if the W was 0 and Zero otherwise)
+                mask = Vector256.Shuffle(mask, Vector256.Create(3, 3, 3, 3, 7, 7, 7, 7));
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < vectorsSpan.Length; i++)
+                // Use the mask to select the replacement vector
+                // (replacement & mask) | (v256 & ~mask)
+                v = Vector256.ConditionalSelect(mask, Vector256<float>.Zero, v);
+            }
+
+            int m = Numerics.Modulo2(source.Length);
+            if (m != 0)
+            {
+                for (int i = source.Length - m; i < source.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    if (source[i].W == 0)
+                    {
+                        source[i] = Vector4.Zero;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (Vector128.IsHardwareAccelerated)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
             {
-                ref Vector4 v = ref vectorsSpan[i];
+                ref Vector4 v = ref source[i];
                 Vector128<float> v128 = v.AsVector128();
 
                 // Do `vector == 0`
@@ -80,16 +152,16 @@ internal static class EncodingUtilities
 
                 // Use the mask to select the replacement vector
                 // (replacement & mask) | (v128 & ~mask)
-                v = Vector128.ConditionalSelect(mask, replacement128, v128).AsVector4();
+                v = Vector128.ConditionalSelect(mask, Vector128<float>.Zero, v128).AsVector4();
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            for (int i = 0; i < vectorsSpan.Length; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; i++)
             {
-                if (vectorsSpan[i].W == 0F)
+                if (source[i].W == 0F)
                 {
-                    vectorsSpan[i] = replacement;
+                    source[i] = Vector4.Zero;
                 }
             }
         }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/FormatConnectingFrameMetadata.cs

@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@ public class FormatConnectingFrameMetadata
     /// </summary>
     public PixelTypeInfo? PixelTypeInfo { get; init; }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the frame color table if any.
-    /// </summary>
-    public ReadOnlyMemory<Color>? ColorTable { get; init; }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the frame color table mode.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/FormatConnectingMetadata.cs

@@ -28,11 +28,6 @@ public class FormatConnectingMetadata
     /// </summary>
     public PixelTypeInfo PixelTypeInfo { get; init; }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the shared color table if any.
-    /// </summary>
-    public ReadOnlyMemory<Color>? ColorTable { get; init; }
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the shared color table mode.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifDecoderCore.cs

@@ -89,6 +89,11 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     /// </summary>
     private GifMetadata? gifMetadata;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The background color index.
+    /// </summary>
+    private byte backgroundColorIndex;
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GifDecoderCore"/> class.
     /// </summary>
@@ -108,6 +113,10 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         uint frameCount = 0;
         Image<TPixel>? image = null;
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame = null;
+        FrameDisposalMode? previousDisposalMode = null;
+        bool globalColorTableUsed = false;
+        Color backgroundColor = Color.Transparent;
+
         try
         {
             this.ReadLogicalScreenDescriptorAndGlobalColorTable(stream);
@@ -123,7 +132,7 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    this.ReadFrame(stream, ref image, ref previousFrame);
+                    globalColorTableUsed |= this.ReadFrame(stream, ref image, ref previousFrame, ref previousDisposalMode, ref backgroundColor);
 
                     // Reset per-frame state.
                     this.imageDescriptor = default;
@@ -158,6 +167,13 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                     break;
                 }
             }
+
+            // We cannot always trust the global GIF palette has actually been used.
+            // https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/issues/2866
+            if (!globalColorTableUsed)
+            {
+                this.gifMetadata.ColorTableMode = FrameColorTableMode.Local;
+            }
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -179,6 +195,8 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         uint frameCount = 0;
         ImageFrameMetadata? previousFrame = null;
         List<ImageFrameMetadata> framesMetadata = [];
+        bool globalColorTableUsed = false;
+
         try
         {
             this.ReadLogicalScreenDescriptorAndGlobalColorTable(stream);
@@ -194,7 +212,7 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    this.ReadFrameMetadata(stream, framesMetadata, ref previousFrame);
+                    globalColorTableUsed |= this.ReadFrameMetadata(stream, framesMetadata, ref previousFrame);
 
                     // Reset per-frame state.
                     this.imageDescriptor = default;
@@ -229,6 +247,13 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                     break;
                 }
             }
+
+            // We cannot always trust the global GIF palette has actually been used.
+            // https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/issues/2866
+            if (!globalColorTableUsed)
+            {
+                this.gifMetadata.ColorTableMode = FrameColorTableMode.Local;
+            }
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -416,7 +441,15 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
     /// <param name="image">The image to decode the information to.</param>
     /// <param name="previousFrame">The previous frame.</param>
-    private void ReadFrame<TPixel>(BufferedReadStream stream, ref Image<TPixel>? image, ref ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame)
+    /// <param name="previousDisposalMode">The previous frame disposal mode.</param>
+    /// <param name="backgroundColor">The background color.</param>
+    /// <returns>Whether the frame has a global color table.</returns>
+    private bool ReadFrame<TPixel>(
+        BufferedReadStream stream,
+        ref Image<TPixel>? image,
+        ref ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame,
+        ref FrameDisposalMode? previousDisposalMode,
+        ref Color backgroundColor)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         this.ReadImageDescriptor(stream);
@@ -438,10 +471,52 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         }
 
         ReadOnlySpan<Rgb24> colorTable = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Rgb24>(rawColorTable);
-        this.ReadFrameColors(stream, ref image, ref previousFrame, colorTable);
+
+        // First frame
+        if (image is null)
+        {
+            if (this.backgroundColorIndex < colorTable.Length)
+            {
+                backgroundColor = Color.FromPixel(colorTable[this.backgroundColorIndex]);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                backgroundColor = Color.Transparent;
+            }
+
+            if (this.graphicsControlExtension.TransparencyFlag)
+            {
+                backgroundColor = backgroundColor.WithAlpha(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.ReadFrameColors(stream, ref image, ref previousFrame, ref previousDisposalMode, colorTable, backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>());
+
+        // Update from newly decoded frame.
+        if (this.graphicsControlExtension.DisposalMethod != FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToPrevious)
+        {
+            if (this.backgroundColorIndex < colorTable.Length)
+            {
+                backgroundColor = Color.FromPixel(colorTable[this.backgroundColorIndex]);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                backgroundColor = Color.Transparent;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: I don't understand why this is always set to alpha of zero.
+            // This should be dependent on the transparency flag of the graphics
+            // control extension. ImageMagick does the same.
+            // if (this.graphicsControlExtension.TransparencyFlag)
+            {
+                backgroundColor = backgroundColor.WithAlpha(0);
+            }
+        }
 
         // Skip any remaining blocks
         SkipBlock(stream);
+
+        return !hasLocalColorTable;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -451,56 +526,73 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
     /// <param name="image">The image to decode the information to.</param>
     /// <param name="previousFrame">The previous frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="previousDisposalMode">The previous frame disposal mode.</param>
     /// <param name="colorTable">The color table containing the available colors.</param>
+    /// <param name="backgroundPixel">The background color pixel.</param>
     private void ReadFrameColors<TPixel>(
         BufferedReadStream stream,
         ref Image<TPixel>? image,
         ref ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame,
-        ReadOnlySpan<Rgb24> colorTable)
+        ref FrameDisposalMode? previousDisposalMode,
+        ReadOnlySpan<Rgb24> colorTable,
+        TPixel backgroundPixel)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         GifImageDescriptor descriptor = this.imageDescriptor;
         int imageWidth = this.logicalScreenDescriptor.Width;
         int imageHeight = this.logicalScreenDescriptor.Height;
         bool transFlag = this.graphicsControlExtension.TransparencyFlag;
+        FrameDisposalMode disposalMethod = this.graphicsControlExtension.DisposalMethod;
+        ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame;
+        ImageFrame<TPixel>? restoreFrame = null;
 
-        ImageFrame<TPixel>? prevFrame = null;
-        ImageFrame<TPixel>? currentFrame = null;
-        ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame;
+        if (previousFrame is null && previousDisposalMode is null)
+        {
+            image = transFlag
+                ? new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, imageWidth, imageHeight, this.metadata)
+                : new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, imageWidth, imageHeight, backgroundPixel, this.metadata);
 
-        if (previousFrame is null)
+            this.SetFrameMetadata(image.Frames.RootFrame.Metadata);
+            currentFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
+        }
+        else
         {
-            if (!transFlag)
+            if (previousFrame != null)
             {
-                image = new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, imageWidth, imageHeight, Color.Black.ToPixel<TPixel>(), this.metadata);
+                currentFrame = image!.Frames.AddFrame(previousFrame);
             }
             else
             {
-                // This initializes the image to become fully transparent because the alpha channel is zero.
-                image = new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, imageWidth, imageHeight, this.metadata);
+                currentFrame = image!.Frames.CreateFrame(backgroundPixel);
             }
 
-            this.SetFrameMetadata(image.Frames.RootFrame.Metadata);
+            this.SetFrameMetadata(currentFrame.Metadata);
 
-            imageFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
-        }
-        else
-        {
             if (this.graphicsControlExtension.DisposalMethod == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToPrevious)
             {
-                prevFrame = previousFrame;
+                restoreFrame = previousFrame;
             }
 
-            // We create a clone of the frame and add it.
-            // We will overpaint the difference of pixels on the current frame to create a complete image.
-            // This ensures that we have enough pixel data to process without distortion. #2450
-            currentFrame = image!.Frames.AddFrame(previousFrame);
+            if (previousDisposalMode == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground)
+            {
+                this.RestoreToBackground(currentFrame, backgroundPixel, transFlag);
+            }
+        }
 
-            this.SetFrameMetadata(currentFrame.Metadata);
+        if (this.graphicsControlExtension.DisposalMethod == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToPrevious)
+        {
+            previousFrame = restoreFrame;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            previousFrame = currentFrame;
+        }
 
-            imageFrame = currentFrame;
+        previousDisposalMode = disposalMethod;
 
-            this.RestoreToBackground(imageFrame);
+        if (disposalMethod == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground)
+        {
+            this.restoreArea = Rectangle.Intersect(image.Bounds, new(descriptor.Left, descriptor.Top, descriptor.Width, descriptor.Height));
         }
 
         if (colorTable.Length == 0)
@@ -568,7 +660,7 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
 
                 // #403 The left + width value can be larger than the image width
                 int maxX = Math.Min(descriptorRight, imageWidth);
-                Span<TPixel> row = imageFrame.PixelBuffer.DangerousGetRowSpan(writeY);
+                Span<TPixel> row = currentFrame.PixelBuffer.DangerousGetRowSpan(writeY);
 
                 // Take the descriptorLeft..maxX slice of the row, so the loop can be simplified.
                 row = row[descriptorLeft..maxX];
@@ -599,19 +691,6 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        if (prevFrame != null)
-        {
-            previousFrame = prevFrame;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        previousFrame = currentFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;
-
-        if (this.graphicsControlExtension.DisposalMethod == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground)
-        {
-            this.restoreArea = new Rectangle(descriptor.Left, descriptor.Top, descriptor.Width, descriptor.Height);
-        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -620,7 +699,8 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     /// <param name="stream">The <see cref="BufferedReadStream"/> containing image data.</param>
     /// <param name="frameMetadata">The collection of frame metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="previousFrame">The previous frame metadata.</param>
-    private void ReadFrameMetadata(BufferedReadStream stream, List<ImageFrameMetadata> frameMetadata, ref ImageFrameMetadata? previousFrame)
+    /// <returns>Whether the frame has a global color table.</returns>
+    private bool ReadFrameMetadata(BufferedReadStream stream, List<ImageFrameMetadata> frameMetadata, ref ImageFrameMetadata? previousFrame)
     {
         this.ReadImageDescriptor(stream);
 
@@ -632,6 +712,11 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             this.currentLocalColorTable ??= this.configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(768, AllocationOptions.Clean);
             stream.Read(this.currentLocalColorTable.GetSpan()[..length]);
         }
+        else
+        {
+            this.currentLocalColorTable = null;
+            this.currentLocalColorTableSize = 0;
+        }
 
         // Skip the frame indices. Pixels length + mincode size.
         // The gif format does not tell us the length of the compressed data beforehand.
@@ -649,6 +734,8 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
 
         // Skip any remaining blocks
         SkipBlock(stream);
+
+        return !this.imageDescriptor.LocalColorTableFlag;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -656,7 +743,9 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="frame">The frame.</param>
-    private void RestoreToBackground<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> frame)
+    /// <param name="background">The background color.</param>
+    /// <param name="transparent">Whether the background is transparent.</param>
+    private void RestoreToBackground<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> frame, TPixel background, bool transparent)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         if (this.restoreArea is null)
@@ -666,7 +755,14 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
 
         Rectangle interest = Rectangle.Intersect(frame.Bounds, this.restoreArea.Value);
         Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixelRegion = frame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(interest);
-        pixelRegion.Clear();
+        if (transparent)
+        {
+            pixelRegion.Clear();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            pixelRegion.Fill(background);
+        }
 
         this.restoreArea = null;
     }
@@ -775,7 +871,9 @@ internal sealed class GifDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             }
         }
 
-        this.gifMetadata.BackgroundColorIndex = this.logicalScreenDescriptor.BackgroundColorIndex;
+        byte index = this.logicalScreenDescriptor.BackgroundColorIndex;
+        this.backgroundColorIndex = index;
+        this.gifMetadata.BackgroundColorIndex = index;
     }
 
     private unsafe struct ScratchBuffer

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifEncoderCore.cs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Metadata.Profiles.Xmp;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
-using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
@@ -19,6 +18,8 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
 {
+    private readonly GifEncoder encoder;
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Used for allocating memory during processing operations.
     /// </summary>
@@ -34,16 +35,6 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
     /// </summary>
     private readonly bool skipMetadata;
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// The quantizer used to generate the color palette.
-    /// </summary>
-    private IQuantizer? quantizer;
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Whether the quantizer was supplied via options.
-    /// </summary>
-    private readonly bool hasQuantizer;
-
     /// <summary>
     /// The color table mode: Global or local.
     /// </summary>
@@ -67,6 +58,9 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
     /// </summary>
     private readonly ushort? repeatCount;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The transparent color mode.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly TransparentColorMode transparentColorMode;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -78,9 +72,8 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
     {
         this.configuration = configuration;
         this.memoryAllocator = configuration.MemoryAllocator;
+        this.encoder = encoder;
         this.skipMetadata = encoder.SkipMetadata;
-        this.quantizer = encoder.Quantizer;
-        this.hasQuantizer = encoder.Quantizer is not null;
         this.colorTableMode = encoder.ColorTableMode;
         this.pixelSamplingStrategy = encoder.PixelSamplingStrategy;
         this.backgroundColor = encoder.BackgroundColor;
@@ -104,70 +97,76 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
         GifMetadata gifMetadata = image.Metadata.CloneGifMetadata();
         this.colorTableMode ??= gifMetadata.ColorTableMode;
         bool useGlobalTable = this.colorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Global;
-
-        // Quantize the first image frame returning a palette.
-        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = null;
+        bool useGlobalTableForFirstFrame = useGlobalTable;
 
         // Work out if there is an explicit transparent index set for the frame. We use that to ensure the
         // correct value is set for the background index when quantizing.
         GifFrameMetadata frameMetadata = GetGifFrameMetadata(image.Frames.RootFrame, -1);
+        if (frameMetadata.ColorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Local)
+        {
+            useGlobalTableForFirstFrame = false;
+        }
+
+        // Quantize the first image frame returning a palette.
+        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = null;
+        IQuantizer? globalQuantizer = this.encoder.Quantizer;
+        TransparentColorMode mode = this.transparentColorMode;
 
-        if (this.quantizer is null)
+        // Create a new quantizer options instance augmenting the transparent color mode to match the encoder.
+        QuantizerOptions options = (this.encoder.Quantizer?.Options ?? new()).DeepClone(o => o.TransparentColorMode = mode);
+
+        if (globalQuantizer is null)
         {
             // Is this a gif with color information. If so use that, otherwise use octree.
             if (gifMetadata.ColorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Global && gifMetadata.GlobalColorTable?.Length > 0)
             {
-                // We avoid dithering by default to preserve the original colors.
                 int transparencyIndex = GetTransparentIndex(quantized, frameMetadata);
                 if (transparencyIndex >= 0 || gifMetadata.GlobalColorTable.Value.Length < 256)
                 {
-                    this.quantizer = new PaletteQuantizer(gifMetadata.GlobalColorTable.Value, new() { Dither = null }, transparencyIndex);
+                    // We avoid dithering by default to preserve the original colors.
+                    globalQuantizer = new PaletteQuantizer(gifMetadata.GlobalColorTable.Value, options.DeepClone(o => o.Dither = null));
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    this.quantizer = KnownQuantizers.Octree;
+                    globalQuantizer = new OctreeQuantizer(options);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                this.quantizer = KnownQuantizers.Octree;
+                globalQuantizer = new OctreeQuantizer(options);
             }
         }
 
-        // Quantize the first frame. Checking to see whether we can clear the transparent pixels
-        // to allow for a smaller color palette and encoded result.
-        using (IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = this.quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration))
-        {
-            ImageFrame<TPixel>? clonedFrame = null;
-            Configuration configuration = this.configuration;
-            TransparentColorMode mode = this.transparentColorMode;
-            IPixelSamplingStrategy strategy = this.pixelSamplingStrategy;
-            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(mode))
-            {
-                clonedFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame.Clone();
-
-                GifFrameMetadata frameMeta = clonedFrame.Metadata.GetGifMetadata();
-                Color background = frameMeta.DisposalMode == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground
-                    ? this.backgroundColor ?? Color.Transparent
-                    : Color.Transparent;
-
-                EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(clonedFrame, background);
-            }
-
-            ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = clonedFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;
+        // Quantize the first frame.
+        IPixelSamplingStrategy strategy = this.pixelSamplingStrategy;
 
+        ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
+        if (useGlobalTableForFirstFrame)
+        {
+            using IQuantizer<TPixel> firstFrameQuantizer = globalQuantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration, options);
             if (useGlobalTable)
             {
-                frameQuantizer.BuildPalette(configuration, mode, strategy, image);
-                quantized = frameQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, image.Bounds);
+                firstFrameQuantizer.BuildPalette(strategy, image);
             }
             else
             {
-                frameQuantizer.BuildPalette(configuration, mode, strategy, encodingFrame);
-                quantized = frameQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, image.Bounds);
+                firstFrameQuantizer.BuildPalette(strategy, encodingFrame);
             }
 
-            clonedFrame?.Dispose();
+            quantized = firstFrameQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, encodingFrame.Bounds);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            quantized = this.QuantizeFrameAndUpdateMetadata(
+                encodingFrame,
+                globalQuantizer,
+                default,
+                encodingFrame.Bounds,
+                frameMetadata,
+                true,
+                false,
+                frameMetadata.HasTransparency ? frameMetadata.TransparencyIndex : -1,
+                Color.Transparent);
         }
 
         // Write the header.
@@ -181,6 +180,7 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
             frameMetadata.TransparencyIndex = ClampIndex(derivedTransparencyIndex);
         }
 
+        // TODO: We should be checking the metadata here also I think?
         if (!TryGetBackgroundIndex(quantized, this.backgroundColor, out byte backgroundIndex))
         {
             backgroundIndex = derivedTransparencyIndex >= 0
@@ -216,13 +216,18 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
             // Capture the global palette for reuse on subsequent frames and cleanup the quantized frame.
             TPixel[] globalPalette = image.Frames.Count == 1 ? [] : quantized.Palette.ToArray();
 
-            this.EncodeAdditionalFrames(
-                stream,
-                image,
-                globalPalette,
-                derivedTransparencyIndex,
-                frameMetadata.DisposalMode,
-                cancellationToken);
+            if (image.Frames.Count > 1)
+            {
+                using PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalFrameQuantizer = new(this.configuration, globalQuantizer.Options, quantized.Palette.ToArray());
+                this.EncodeAdditionalFrames(
+                    stream,
+                    image,
+                    globalQuantizer,
+                    globalFrameQuantizer,
+                    derivedTransparencyIndex,
+                    frameMetadata.DisposalMode,
+                    cancellationToken);
+            }
         }
         finally
         {
@@ -248,69 +253,43 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
     private void EncodeAdditionalFrames<TPixel>(
         Stream stream,
         Image<TPixel> image,
-        ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel> globalPalette,
+        IQuantizer globalQuantizer,
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalFrameQuantizer,
         int globalTransparencyIndex,
         FrameDisposalMode previousDisposalMode,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
-        if (image.Frames.Count == 1)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> paletteQuantizer = default;
-        bool hasPaletteQuantizer = false;
-
         // Store the first frame as a reference for de-duplication comparison.
         ImageFrame<TPixel> previousFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
 
         // This frame is reused to store de-duplicated pixel buffers.
         using ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = new(previousFrame.Configuration, previousFrame.Size);
 
-        try
+        for (int i = 1; i < image.Frames.Count; i++)
         {
-            for (int i = 1; i < image.Frames.Count; i++)
-            {
-                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
-                // Gather the metadata for this frame.
-                ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame = image.Frames[i];
-                ImageFrame<TPixel>? nextFrame = i < image.Frames.Count - 1 ? image.Frames[i + 1] : null;
-                GifFrameMetadata gifMetadata = GetGifFrameMetadata(currentFrame, globalTransparencyIndex);
-                bool useLocal = this.colorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Local || (gifMetadata.ColorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Local);
+            // Gather the metadata for this frame.
+            ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame = image.Frames[i];
+            ImageFrame<TPixel>? nextFrame = i < image.Frames.Count - 1 ? image.Frames[i + 1] : null;
+            GifFrameMetadata gifMetadata = GetGifFrameMetadata(currentFrame, globalTransparencyIndex);
+            bool useLocal = this.colorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Local || (gifMetadata.ColorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Local);
 
-                if (!useLocal && !hasPaletteQuantizer && i > 0)
-                {
-                    // The palette quantizer can reuse the same global pixel map across multiple frames since the palette is unchanging.
-                    // This allows a reduction of memory usage across multi-frame gifs using a global palette
-                    // and also allows use to reuse the cache from previous runs.
-                    int transparencyIndex = gifMetadata.HasTransparency ? gifMetadata.TransparencyIndex : -1;
-                    paletteQuantizer = new(this.configuration, this.quantizer!.Options, globalPalette, transparencyIndex);
-                    hasPaletteQuantizer = true;
-                }
+            this.EncodeAdditionalFrame(
+                stream,
+                previousFrame,
+                currentFrame,
+                nextFrame,
+                encodingFrame,
+                globalQuantizer,
+                globalFrameQuantizer,
+                useLocal,
+                gifMetadata,
+                previousDisposalMode);
 
-                this.EncodeAdditionalFrame(
-                    stream,
-                    previousFrame,
-                    currentFrame,
-                    nextFrame,
-                    encodingFrame,
-                    useLocal,
-                    gifMetadata,
-                    paletteQuantizer,
-                    previousDisposalMode);
-
-                previousFrame = currentFrame;
-                previousDisposalMode = gifMetadata.DisposalMode;
-            }
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            if (hasPaletteQuantizer)
-            {
-                paletteQuantizer.Dispose();
-            }
+            previousFrame = currentFrame;
+            previousDisposalMode = gifMetadata.DisposalMode;
         }
     }
 
@@ -346,9 +325,10 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
         ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame,
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? nextFrame,
         ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame,
+        IQuantizer globalQuantizer,
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalFrameQuantizer,
         bool useLocal,
         GifFrameMetadata metadata,
-        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalPaletteQuantizer,
         FrameDisposalMode previousDisposalMode)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
@@ -375,19 +355,16 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
                 background,
                 true);
 
-        if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
-        {
-            EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(encodingFrame, background);
-        }
-
-        using IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> quantized = this.QuantizeAdditionalFrameAndUpdateMetadata(
+        using IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> quantized = this.QuantizeFrameAndUpdateMetadata(
                 encodingFrame,
+                globalQuantizer,
+                globalFrameQuantizer,
                 bounds,
                 metadata,
                 useLocal,
-                globalPaletteQuantizer,
                 difference,
-                transparencyIndex);
+                transparencyIndex,
+                background);
 
         this.WriteGraphicalControlExtension(metadata, stream);
 
@@ -403,14 +380,16 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
         this.WriteImageData(indices, stream, quantized.Palette.Length, metadata.TransparencyIndex);
     }
 
-    private IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> QuantizeAdditionalFrameAndUpdateMetadata<TPixel>(
+    private IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> QuantizeFrameAndUpdateMetadata<TPixel>(
         ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame,
+        IQuantizer globalQuantizer,
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalFrameQuantizer,
         Rectangle bounds,
         GifFrameMetadata metadata,
         bool useLocal,
-        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> globalPaletteQuantizer,
         bool hasDuplicates,
-        int transparencyIndex)
+        int transparencyIndex,
+        Color transparentColor)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> quantized;
@@ -434,15 +413,19 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
                         transparencyIndex = palette.Length;
                         metadata.TransparencyIndex = ClampIndex(transparencyIndex);
 
-                        PaletteQuantizer quantizer = new(palette, new() { Dither = null }, transparencyIndex);
-                        using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration, quantizer.Options);
+                        QuantizerOptions options = globalQuantizer.Options.DeepClone(o =>
+                        {
+                            o.MaxColors = palette.Length;
+                            o.Dither = null;
+                        });
+                        PaletteQuantizer quantizer = new(palette, options, transparencyIndex, transparentColor);
+                        using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration);
                         quantized = frameQuantizer.BuildPaletteAndQuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
                     }
                     else
                     {
                         // We must quantize the frame to generate a local color table.
-                        IQuantizer quantizer = this.hasQuantizer ? this.quantizer! : KnownQuantizers.Octree;
-                        using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration, quantizer.Options);
+                        using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = globalQuantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration);
                         quantized = frameQuantizer.BuildPaletteAndQuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
 
                         // The transparency index derived by the quantizer will differ from the index
@@ -454,7 +437,12 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
                 else
                 {
                     // Just use the local palette.
-                    PaletteQuantizer quantizer = new(palette, new() { Dither = null }, transparencyIndex);
+                    QuantizerOptions paletteOptions = globalQuantizer.Options.DeepClone(o =>
+                    {
+                        o.MaxColors = palette.Length;
+                        o.Dither = null;
+                    });
+                    PaletteQuantizer quantizer = new(palette, paletteOptions, transparencyIndex, transparentColor);
                     using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration, quantizer.Options);
                     quantized = frameQuantizer.BuildPaletteAndQuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
                 }
@@ -462,8 +450,7 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
             else
             {
                 // We must quantize the frame to generate a local color table.
-                IQuantizer quantizer = this.hasQuantizer ? this.quantizer! : KnownQuantizers.Octree;
-                using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration, quantizer.Options);
+                using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = globalQuantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(this.configuration);
                 quantized = frameQuantizer.BuildPaletteAndQuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
 
                 // The transparency index derived by the quantizer might differ from the index
@@ -486,18 +473,19 @@ internal sealed class GifEncoderCore
         else
         {
             // Quantize the image using the global palette.
-            // Individual frames, though using the shared palette, can use a different transparent index to represent transparency.
+            // Individual frames, though using the shared palette, can use a different transparent index
+            // to represent transparency.
 
             // A difference was captured but the metadata does not have transparency.
             if (hasDuplicates && !metadata.HasTransparency)
             {
                 metadata.HasTransparency = true;
-                transparencyIndex = globalPaletteQuantizer.Palette.Length;
+                transparencyIndex = globalFrameQuantizer.Palette.Length;
                 metadata.TransparencyIndex = ClampIndex(transparencyIndex);
             }
 
-            globalPaletteQuantizer.SetTransparentIndex(transparencyIndex);
-            quantized = globalPaletteQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
+            globalFrameQuantizer.SetTransparencyIndex(transparencyIndex, transparentColor.ToPixel<TPixel>());
+            quantized = globalFrameQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(encodingFrame, bounds);
         }
 
         return quantized;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifFrameMetadata.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
-using System.Numerics;
 using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
@@ -77,34 +76,12 @@ public class GifFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<GifFrameMetadata>
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public static GifFrameMetadata FromFormatConnectingFrameMetadata(FormatConnectingFrameMetadata metadata)
-    {
-        int index = -1;
-        const float background = 1f;
-        if (metadata.ColorTable.HasValue)
+        => new()
         {
-            ReadOnlySpan<Color> colorTable = metadata.ColorTable.Value.Span;
-            for (int i = 0; i < colorTable.Length; i++)
-            {
-                Vector4 vector = colorTable[i].ToScaledVector4();
-                if (vector.W < background)
-                {
-                    index = i;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        bool hasTransparency = index >= 0;
-
-        return new()
-        {
-            LocalColorTable = metadata.ColorTable,
             ColorTableMode = metadata.ColorTableMode,
             FrameDelay = (int)Math.Round(metadata.Duration.TotalMilliseconds / 10),
             DisposalMode = metadata.DisposalMode,
-            HasTransparency = hasTransparency,
-            TransparencyIndex = hasTransparency ? unchecked((byte)index) : byte.MinValue,
         };
-    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public FormatConnectingFrameMetadata ToFormatConnectingFrameMetadata()
@@ -118,7 +95,6 @@ public class GifFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<GifFrameMetadata>
 
         return new()
         {
-            ColorTable = this.LocalColorTable,
             ColorTableMode = this.ColorTableMode,
             Duration = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(this.FrameDelay * 10),
             DisposalMode = this.DisposalMode,
@@ -129,8 +105,7 @@ public class GifFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<GifFrameMetadata>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterFrameApply<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> source, ImageFrame<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.LocalColorTable = null;
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     IDeepCloneable IDeepCloneable.DeepClone() => this.DeepClone();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Gif/GifMetadata.cs

@@ -71,37 +71,19 @@ public class GifMetadata : IFormatMetadata<GifMetadata>
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static GifMetadata FromFormatConnectingMetadata(FormatConnectingMetadata metadata)
-    {
-        int index = 0;
-        Color background = metadata.BackgroundColor;
-        if (metadata.ColorTable.HasValue)
+        => new()
         {
-            ReadOnlySpan<Color> colorTable = metadata.ColorTable.Value.Span;
-            for (int i = 0; i < colorTable.Length; i++)
-            {
-                if (background != colorTable[i])
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                index = i;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return new()
-        {
-            GlobalColorTable = metadata.ColorTable,
+            // Do not copy the color table or bit depth.
+            // This will lead to a mismatch when the image is comprised of frames
+            // extracted individually from a multi-frame image.
             ColorTableMode = metadata.ColorTableMode,
             RepeatCount = metadata.RepeatCount,
-            BackgroundColorIndex = (byte)Numerics.Clamp(index, 0, 255),
         };
-    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public PixelTypeInfo GetPixelTypeInfo()
     {
-        int bpp = this.GlobalColorTable.HasValue
+        int bpp = this.ColorTableMode == FrameColorTableMode.Global && this.GlobalColorTable.HasValue
             ? Numerics.Clamp(ColorNumerics.GetBitsNeededForColorDepth(this.GlobalColorTable.Value.Length), 1, 8)
             : 8;
 
@@ -114,27 +96,18 @@ public class GifMetadata : IFormatMetadata<GifMetadata>
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public FormatConnectingMetadata ToFormatConnectingMetadata()
-    {
-        Color color = this.GlobalColorTable.HasValue && this.GlobalColorTable.Value.Span.Length > this.BackgroundColorIndex
-            ? this.GlobalColorTable.Value.Span[this.BackgroundColorIndex]
-            : Color.Transparent;
-
-        return new()
+        => new()
         {
             AnimateRootFrame = true,
-            BackgroundColor = color,
-            ColorTable = this.GlobalColorTable,
             ColorTableMode = this.ColorTableMode,
             PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
             RepeatCount = this.RepeatCount,
         };
-    }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.GlobalColorTable = null;
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     IDeepCloneable IDeepCloneable.DeepClone() => this.DeepClone();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/IAnimatedImageEncoder.cs

@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ public interface IAnimatedImageEncoder
     /// as well as the transparent pixels of the first frame.
     /// The background color is also used when a frame disposal mode is <see cref="FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground"/>.
     /// </summary>
-    Color? BackgroundColor { get; }
+    public Color? BackgroundColor { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the number of times any animation is repeated in supported encoders.
     /// </summary>
-    ushort? RepeatCount { get; }
+    public ushort? RepeatCount { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets a value indicating whether the root frame is shown as part of the animated sequence in supported encoders.
     /// </summary>
-    bool? AnimateRootFrame { get; }
+    public bool? AnimateRootFrame { get; }
 }
 
 /// <summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/IFormatFrameMetadata.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public interface IFormatFrameMetadata : IDeepCloneable
     /// Converts the metadata to a <see cref="FormatConnectingFrameMetadata"/> instance.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="FormatConnectingFrameMetadata"/>.</returns>
-    FormatConnectingFrameMetadata ToFormatConnectingFrameMetadata();
+    public FormatConnectingFrameMetadata ToFormatConnectingFrameMetadata();
 
     /// <summary>
     /// This method is called after a process has been applied to the image frame.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public interface IFormatFrameMetadata : IDeepCloneable
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of pixel format.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="source">The source image frame.</param>
     /// <param name="destination">The destination image frame.</param>
-    void AfterFrameApply<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> source, ImageFrame<TPixel> destination)
+    public void AfterFrameApply<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> source, ImageFrame<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>;
 }
 
@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ public interface IFormatFrameMetadata<TSelf> : IFormatFrameMetadata, IDeepClonea
     /// <param name="metadata">The <see cref="FormatConnectingFrameMetadata"/>.</param>
     /// <returns>The <typeparamref name="TSelf"/>.</returns>
 #pragma warning disable CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
-    static abstract TSelf FromFormatConnectingFrameMetadata(FormatConnectingFrameMetadata metadata);
+    public static abstract TSelf FromFormatConnectingFrameMetadata(FormatConnectingFrameMetadata metadata);
 #pragma warning restore CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/IFormatMetadata.cs

@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ public interface IFormatMetadata : IDeepCloneable
     /// Converts the metadata to a <see cref="PixelTypeInfo"/> instance.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The pixel type info.</returns>
-    PixelTypeInfo GetPixelTypeInfo();
+    public PixelTypeInfo GetPixelTypeInfo();
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Converts the metadata to a <see cref="FormatConnectingMetadata"/> instance.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="FormatConnectingMetadata"/>.</returns>
-    FormatConnectingMetadata ToFormatConnectingMetadata();
+    public FormatConnectingMetadata ToFormatConnectingMetadata();
 
     /// <summary>
     /// This method is called after a process has been applied to the image.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of pixel format.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="destination">The destination image .</param>
-    void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
+    public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>;
 }
 
@@ -44,6 +44,6 @@ public interface IFormatMetadata<TSelf> : IFormatMetadata, IDeepCloneable<TSelf>
     /// <param name="metadata">The <see cref="FormatConnectingMetadata"/>.</param>
     /// <returns>The <typeparamref name="TSelf"/>.</returns>
 #pragma warning disable CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
-    static abstract TSelf FromFormatConnectingMetadata(FormatConnectingMetadata metadata);
+    public static abstract TSelf FromFormatConnectingMetadata(FormatConnectingMetadata metadata);
 #pragma warning restore CA1000 // Do not declare static members on generic types
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/IQuantizingImageEncoder.cs

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ public interface IQuantizingImageEncoder
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the quantizer used to generate the color palette.
     /// </summary>
-    IQuantizer? Quantizer { get; }
+    public IQuantizer? Quantizer { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the <see cref="IPixelSamplingStrategy"/> used for quantization when building color palettes.
     /// </summary>
-    IPixelSamplingStrategy PixelSamplingStrategy { get; }
+    public IPixelSamplingStrategy PixelSamplingStrategy { get; }
 }
 
 /// <summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/ISpecializedDecoderOptions.cs

@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ public interface ISpecializedDecoderOptions
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the general decoder options.
     /// </summary>
-    DecoderOptions GeneralOptions { get; init; }
+    public DecoderOptions GeneralOptions { get; init; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Ico/IcoFrameMetadata.cs

@@ -96,8 +96,7 @@ public class IcoFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<IcoFrameMetadata>
             BmpBitsPerPixel = bbpp,
             Compression = compression,
             EncodingWidth = ClampEncodingDimension(metadata.EncodingWidth),
-            EncodingHeight = ClampEncodingDimension(metadata.EncodingHeight),
-            ColorTable = compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp ? metadata.ColorTable : null
+            EncodingHeight = ClampEncodingDimension(metadata.EncodingHeight)
         };
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +105,6 @@ public class IcoFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<IcoFrameMetadata>
         => new()
         {
             PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
-            ColorTable = this.ColorTable,
             EncodingWidth = this.EncodingWidth,
             EncodingHeight = this.EncodingHeight
         };
@@ -119,6 +117,7 @@ public class IcoFrameMetadata : IFormatFrameMetadata<IcoFrameMetadata>
         float ratioY = destination.Height / (float)source.Height;
         this.EncodingWidth = ScaleEncodingDimension(this.EncodingWidth, destination.Width, ratioX);
         this.EncodingHeight = ScaleEncodingDimension(this.EncodingHeight, destination.Height, ratioY);
+        this.ColorTable = null;
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Ico/IcoMetadata.cs

@@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ public class IcoMetadata : IFormatMetadata<IcoMetadata>
         return new IcoMetadata
         {
             BmpBitsPerPixel = bbpp,
-            Compression = compression,
-            ColorTable = compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp ? metadata.ColorTable : null
+            Compression = compression
         };
     }
 
@@ -145,15 +144,13 @@ public class IcoMetadata : IFormatMetadata<IcoMetadata>
             EncodingType = this.Compression == IconFrameCompression.Bmp && this.BmpBitsPerPixel <= BmpBitsPerPixel.Bit8
                 ? EncodingType.Lossy
                 : EncodingType.Lossless,
-            PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
-            ColorTable = this.ColorTable
+            PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo()
         };
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.ColorTable = null;
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     IDeepCloneable IDeepCloneable.DeepClone() => this.DeepClone();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Icon/IconEncoderCore.cs

@@ -120,17 +120,17 @@ internal abstract class IconEncoderCore
         this.entries = this.iconFileType switch
         {
             IconFileType.ICO =>
-            image.Frames.Select(i =>
+            [.. image.Frames.Select(i =>
             {
                 IcoFrameMetadata metadata = i.Metadata.GetIcoMetadata();
                 return new EncodingFrameMetadata(metadata.Compression, metadata.BmpBitsPerPixel, metadata.ColorTable, metadata.ToIconDirEntry(i.Size));
-            }).ToArray(),
+            })],
             IconFileType.CUR =>
-            image.Frames.Select(i =>
+            [.. image.Frames.Select(i =>
             {
                 CurFrameMetadata metadata = i.Metadata.GetCurMetadata();
                 return new EncodingFrameMetadata(metadata.Compression, metadata.BmpBitsPerPixel, metadata.ColorTable, metadata.ToIconDirEntry(i.Size));
-            }).ToArray(),
+            })],
             _ => throw new NotSupportedException(),
         };
     }
@@ -149,9 +149,15 @@ internal abstract class IconEncoderCore
 
         if (metadata.ColorTable is null)
         {
+            int count = metadata.Entry.ColorCount;
+            if (count == 0)
+            {
+                count = 256;
+            }
+
             return new WuQuantizer(new()
             {
-                MaxColors = metadata.Entry.ColorCount
+                MaxColors = count
             });
         }
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/ImageDecoder.cs

@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ public abstract class ImageDecoder : IImageDecoder
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         Image<TPixel> image = await WithSeekableMemoryStreamAsync(
-                options,
-                stream,
-                (s, ct) => this.Decode<TPixel>(options, s, ct),
-                cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            options,
+            stream,
+            (s, ct) => this.Decode<TPixel>(options, s, ct),
+            cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         this.SetDecoderFormat(options.Configuration, image);
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngDecoderCore.cs

@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             {
                 PixelBlender<TPixel> blender =
                     PixelOperations<TPixel>.Instance.GetPixelBlender(PixelColorBlendingMode.Normal, PixelAlphaCompositionMode.SrcOver);
-                blender.Blend<TPixel>(this.configuration, destination, destination, rowSpan, 1f);
+                blender.Blend<TPixel>(this.configuration, destination, destination, rowSpan, 1F);
             }
         }
         finally
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             {
                 PixelBlender<TPixel> blender =
                     PixelOperations<TPixel>.Instance.GetPixelBlender(PixelColorBlendingMode.Normal, PixelAlphaCompositionMode.SrcOver);
-                blender.Blend<TPixel>(this.configuration, destination, destination, rowSpan, 1f);
+                blender.Blend<TPixel>(this.configuration, destination, destination, rowSpan, 1F);
             }
         }
         finally
@@ -1866,6 +1866,9 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             return false;
         }
 
+        // Capture the current position so we can revert back to it if we fail to read a valid chunk.
+        long position = this.currentStream.Position;
+
         if (!this.TryReadChunkLength(buffer, out int length))
         {
             // IEND
@@ -1884,7 +1887,48 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
             }
         }
 
-        PngChunkType type = this.ReadChunkType(buffer);
+        PngChunkType type;
+
+        // Loop until we get a chunk type that is valid.
+        while (true)
+        {
+            type = this.ReadChunkType(buffer);
+            if (!IsValidChunkType(type))
+            {
+                // The chunk type is invalid.
+                // Revert back to the next byte past the previous position and try again.
+                this.currentStream.Position = ++position;
+
+                // If we are now at the end of the stream, we're done.
+                if (this.currentStream.Position >= this.currentStream.Length)
+                {
+                    chunk = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Read the next chunk’s length.
+                if (!this.TryReadChunkLength(buffer, out length))
+                {
+                    chunk = default;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                while (length < 0)
+                {
+                    if (!this.TryReadChunkLength(buffer, out length))
+                    {
+                        chunk = default;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Continue to try reading the next chunk.
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // We have a valid chunk type.
+            break;
+        }
 
         // If we're reading color metadata only we're only interested in the IHDR and tRNS chunks.
         // We can skip most other chunk data in the stream for better performance.
@@ -1901,7 +1945,7 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
 
         // A chunk might report a length that exceeds the length of the stream.
         // Take the minimum of the two values to ensure we don't read past the end of the stream.
-        long position = this.currentStream.Position;
+        position = this.currentStream.Position;
         chunk = new PngChunk(
             length: (int)Math.Min(length, this.currentStream.Length - position),
             type: type,
@@ -1919,6 +1963,32 @@ internal sealed class PngDecoderCore : ImageDecoderCore
         return true;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether the 4-byte chunk type is valid (all ASCII letters).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="type">The chunk type.</param>
+    [MethodImpl(InliningOptions.ShortMethod)]
+    private static bool IsValidChunkType(PngChunkType type)
+    {
+        uint value = (uint)type;
+        byte b0 = (byte)(value >> 24);
+        byte b1 = (byte)(value >> 16);
+        byte b2 = (byte)(value >> 8);
+        byte b3 = (byte)value;
+        return IsAsciiLetter(b0) && IsAsciiLetter(b1) && IsAsciiLetter(b2) && IsAsciiLetter(b3);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a value indicating whether the given byte is an ASCII letter.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="b">The byte to check.</param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// <see langword="true"/> if the byte is an ASCII letter; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.
+    /// </returns>
+    [MethodImpl(InliningOptions.ShortMethod)]
+    private static bool IsAsciiLetter(byte b)
+        => (b >= (byte)'A' && b <= (byte)'Z') || (b >= (byte)'a' && b <= (byte)'z');
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Validates the png chunk.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngEncoder.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
-using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Quantization;
-
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png;
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -10,16 +8,6 @@ namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Png;
 /// </summary>
 public class PngEncoder : QuantizingAnimatedImageEncoder
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PngEncoder"/> class.
-    /// </summary>
-    public PngEncoder()
-
-        // Hack. TODO: Investigate means to fix/optimize the Wu quantizer.
-        // The Wu quantizer does not handle the default sampling strategy well for some larger images.
-        // It's expensive and the results are not better than the extensive strategy.
-        => this.PixelSamplingStrategy = new ExtensivePixelSamplingStrategy();
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel).
     /// Not all values are allowed for all <see cref="ColorType" /> values.
@@ -53,11 +41,6 @@ public class PngEncoder : QuantizingAnimatedImageEncoder
     /// <value>The gamma value of the image.</value>
     public float? Gamma { get; init; }
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the transparency threshold.
-    /// </summary>
-    public byte Threshold { get; init; } = byte.MaxValue;
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets a value indicating whether this instance should write an Adam7 interlaced image.
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngEncoderCore.cs

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 using System.IO.Hashing;
-using System.Numerics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -119,18 +119,13 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// </summary>
     private IQuantizer? quantizer;
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Any explicit quantized transparent index provided by the background color.
-    /// </summary>
-    private int derivedTransparencyIndex = -1;
-
     /// <summary>
     /// The default background color of the canvas when animating.
     /// This color may be used to fill the unused space on the canvas around the frames,
     /// as well as the transparent pixels of the first frame.
     /// The background color is also used when a frame disposal mode is <see cref="FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground"/>.
     /// </summary>
-    private readonly Color? backgroundColor;
+    private Color? backgroundColor;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The number of times any animation is repeated.
@@ -158,7 +153,6 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
         this.memoryAllocator = configuration.MemoryAllocator;
         this.encoder = encoder;
         this.quantizer = encoder.Quantizer;
-        this.backgroundColor = encoder.BackgroundColor;
         this.repeatCount = encoder.RepeatCount;
         this.animateRootFrame = encoder.AnimateRootFrame;
     }
@@ -187,74 +181,95 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
 
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? clonedFrame = null;
         ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
-        int currentFrameIndex = 0;
+        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = null;
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel>? paletteQuantizer = null;
+        Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> currentFrameRegion = currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion();
 
-        bool clearTransparency = EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.encoder.TransparentColorMode);
-        if (clearTransparency)
+        try
         {
-            currentFrame = clonedFrame = currentFrame.Clone();
-            EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(currentFrame, Color.Transparent);
-        }
+            int currentFrameIndex = 0;
 
-        // Do not move this. We require an accurate bit depth for the header chunk.
-        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = this.CreateQuantizedImageAndUpdateBitDepth(
-            pngMetadata,
-            currentFrame,
-            currentFrame.Bounds,
-            null);
-
-        this.WriteHeaderChunk(stream);
-        this.WriteGammaChunk(stream);
-        this.WriteCicpChunk(stream, metadata);
-        this.WriteColorProfileChunk(stream, metadata);
-        this.WritePaletteChunk(stream, quantized);
-        this.WriteTransparencyChunk(stream, pngMetadata);
-        this.WritePhysicalChunk(stream, metadata);
-        this.WriteExifChunk(stream, metadata);
-        this.WriteXmpChunk(stream, metadata);
-        this.WriteTextChunks(stream, pngMetadata);
+            bool clearTransparency = EncodingUtilities.ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.encoder.TransparentColorMode);
 
-        if (image.Frames.Count > 1)
-        {
-            this.WriteAnimationControlChunk(
-                stream,
-                (uint)(image.Frames.Count - (pngMetadata.AnimateRootFrame ? 0 : 1)),
-                this.repeatCount ?? pngMetadata.RepeatCount);
-        }
+            // No need to clone when quantizing. The quantizer will do it for us.
+            // TODO: We should really try to avoid the clone entirely.
+            if (clearTransparency && this.colorType is not PngColorType.Palette)
+            {
+                currentFrame = clonedFrame = currentFrame.Clone();
+                currentFrameRegion = currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion();
+                EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(this.configuration, in currentFrameRegion);
+            }
 
-        // If the first frame isn't animated, write it as usual and skip it when writing animated frames
-        bool userAnimateRootFrame = this.animateRootFrame == true;
-        if ((!userAnimateRootFrame && !pngMetadata.AnimateRootFrame) || image.Frames.Count == 1)
-        {
-            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
-            FrameControl frameControl = new((uint)this.width, (uint)this.height);
-            this.WriteDataChunks(frameControl, currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(), quantized, stream, false);
-            currentFrameIndex++;
-        }
+            // Do not move this. We require an accurate bit depth for the header chunk.
+            quantized = this.CreateQuantizedImageAndUpdateBitDepth(
+                pngMetadata,
+                image,
+                currentFrame,
+                currentFrame.Bounds,
+                null);
+
+            this.WriteHeaderChunk(stream);
+            this.WriteGammaChunk(stream);
+            this.WriteCicpChunk(stream, metadata);
+            this.WriteColorProfileChunk(stream, metadata);
+            this.WritePaletteChunk(stream, quantized);
+            this.WriteTransparencyChunk(stream, pngMetadata);
+            this.WritePhysicalChunk(stream, metadata);
+            this.WriteExifChunk(stream, metadata);
+            this.WriteXmpChunk(stream, metadata);
+            this.WriteTextChunks(stream, pngMetadata);
+
+            if (image.Frames.Count > 1)
+            {
+                this.WriteAnimationControlChunk(
+                    stream,
+                    (uint)(image.Frames.Count - (pngMetadata.AnimateRootFrame ? 0 : 1)),
+                    this.repeatCount ?? pngMetadata.RepeatCount);
+            }
+
+            // If the first frame isn't animated, write it as usual and skip it when writing animated frames
+            bool userAnimateRootFrame = this.animateRootFrame == true;
+            if ((!userAnimateRootFrame && !pngMetadata.AnimateRootFrame) || image.Frames.Count == 1)
+            {
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                FrameControl frameControl = new((uint)this.width, (uint)this.height);
+                this.WriteDataChunks(in frameControl, in currentFrameRegion, quantized, stream, false);
+                currentFrameIndex++;
+            }
 
-        try
-        {
             if (image.Frames.Count > 1)
             {
                 // Write the first animated frame.
                 currentFrame = image.Frames[currentFrameIndex];
+                currentFrameRegion = currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion();
+
                 PngFrameMetadata frameMetadata = currentFrame.Metadata.GetPngMetadata();
                 FrameDisposalMode previousDisposal = frameMetadata.DisposalMode;
                 FrameControl frameControl = this.WriteFrameControlChunk(stream, frameMetadata, currentFrame.Bounds, 0);
                 uint sequenceNumber = 1;
                 if (pngMetadata.AnimateRootFrame)
                 {
-                    this.WriteDataChunks(frameControl, currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(), quantized, stream, false);
+                    this.WriteDataChunks(in frameControl, in currentFrameRegion, quantized, stream, false);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    sequenceNumber += this.WriteDataChunks(frameControl, currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(), quantized, stream, true);
+                    sequenceNumber += this.WriteDataChunks(in frameControl, in currentFrameRegion, quantized, stream, true);
                 }
 
                 currentFrameIndex++;
 
                 // Capture the global palette for reuse on subsequent frames.
-                ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel>? previousPalette = quantized?.Palette.ToArray();
+                ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel> previousPalette = quantized?.Palette.ToArray();
+
+                if (!previousPalette.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    // Use the previously derived global palette and a shared quantizer to
+                    // quantize the subsequent frames. This allows us to cache the color matching resolution.
+                    paletteQuantizer ??= new(
+                        this.configuration,
+                        this.quantizer!.Options,
+                        previousPalette);
+                }
 
                 // Write following frames.
                 ImageFrame<TPixel> previousFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
@@ -267,13 +282,26 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
                     cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
                     ImageFrame<TPixel>? prev = previousDisposal == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground ? null : previousFrame;
+
                     currentFrame = image.Frames[currentFrameIndex];
+                    currentFrameRegion = currentFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion();
+
                     ImageFrame<TPixel>? nextFrame = currentFrameIndex < image.Frames.Count - 1 ? image.Frames[currentFrameIndex + 1] : null;
 
                     frameMetadata = currentFrame.Metadata.GetPngMetadata();
-                    bool blend = frameMetadata.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over;
+
+                    // Determine whether to blend the current frame over the existing canvas.
+                    // Blending is applied only when the blend method is 'Over' (source-over blending)
+                    // and when the frame's disposal method is not 'RestoreToPrevious', which indicates that
+                    // the frame should not permanently alter the canvas.
+                    bool blend = frameMetadata.BlendMode == FrameBlendMode.Over
+                                 && frameMetadata.DisposalMode != FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToPrevious;
+
+                    // Establish the background color for the current frame.
+                    // If the disposal method is 'RestoreToBackground', use the predefined background color;
+                    // otherwise, use transparent, as no explicit background restoration is needed.
                     Color background = frameMetadata.DisposalMode == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground
-                        ? this.backgroundColor ?? Color.Transparent
+                        ? this.backgroundColor.Value
                         : Color.Transparent;
 
                     (bool difference, Rectangle bounds) =
@@ -286,9 +314,9 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
                             background,
                             blend);
 
-                    if (clearTransparency)
+                    if (clearTransparency && this.colorType is not PngColorType.Palette)
                     {
-                        EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(encodingFrame, background);
+                        EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(encodingFrame);
                     }
 
                     // Each frame control sequence number must be incremented by the number of frame data chunks that follow.
@@ -296,8 +324,20 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
 
                     // Dispose of previous quantized frame and reassign.
                     quantized?.Dispose();
-                    quantized = this.CreateQuantizedImageAndUpdateBitDepth(pngMetadata, encodingFrame, bounds, previousPalette);
-                    sequenceNumber += this.WriteDataChunks(frameControl, encodingFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(bounds), quantized, stream, true) + 1;
+
+                    quantized = this.CreateQuantizedFrame(
+                        this.encoder,
+                        this.colorType,
+                        this.bitDepth,
+                        pngMetadata,
+                        image,
+                        encodingFrame,
+                        bounds,
+                        paletteQuantizer,
+                        default);
+
+                    Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> encodingFrameRegion = encodingFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(bounds);
+                    sequenceNumber += this.WriteDataChunks(in frameControl, in encodingFrameRegion, quantized, stream, true) + 1;
 
                     previousFrame = currentFrame;
                     previousDisposal = frameMetadata.DisposalMode;
@@ -313,6 +353,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
             // Dispose of allocations from final frame.
             clonedFrame?.Dispose();
             quantized?.Dispose();
+            paletteQuantizer?.Dispose();
         }
     }
 
@@ -328,18 +369,35 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata.</param>
-    /// <param name="frame">The frame to quantize.</param>
+    /// <param name="image">The image.</param>
+    /// <param name="frame">The current image frame.</param>
     /// <param name="bounds">The area of interest within the frame.</param>
-    /// <param name="previousPalette">Any previously derived palette.</param>
+    /// <param name="paletteQuantizer">The quantizer containing any previously derived palette.</param>
     /// <returns>The quantized image.</returns>
     private IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? CreateQuantizedImageAndUpdateBitDepth<TPixel>(
         PngMetadata metadata,
+        Image<TPixel> image,
         ImageFrame<TPixel> frame,
         Rectangle bounds,
-        ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel>? previousPalette)
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel>? paletteQuantizer)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
-        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = this.CreateQuantizedFrame(this.encoder, this.colorType, this.bitDepth, metadata, frame, bounds, previousPalette);
+        PngFrameMetadata frameMetadata = frame.Metadata.GetPngMetadata();
+        Color background = frameMetadata.DisposalMode == FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground
+            ? this.backgroundColor ?? Color.Transparent
+            : Color.Transparent;
+
+        IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized = this.CreateQuantizedFrame(
+            this.encoder,
+            this.colorType,
+            this.bitDepth,
+            metadata,
+            image,
+            frame,
+            bounds,
+            paletteQuantizer,
+            background);
+
         this.bitDepth = CalculateBitDepth(this.colorType, this.bitDepth, quantized);
         return quantized;
     }
@@ -734,11 +792,6 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
             byte alpha = rgba.A;
 
             Unsafe.Add(ref colorTableRef, (uint)i) = rgba.Rgb;
-            if (alpha > this.encoder.Threshold)
-            {
-                alpha = byte.MaxValue;
-            }
-
             hasAlpha = hasAlpha || alpha < byte.MaxValue;
             Unsafe.Add(ref alphaTableRef, (uint)i) = alpha;
         }
@@ -1105,7 +1158,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// <param name="quantized">The quantized pixel data. Can be null.</param>
     /// <param name="stream">The stream.</param>
     /// <param name="isFrame">Is writing fdAT or IDAT.</param>
-    private uint WriteDataChunks<TPixel>(FrameControl frameControl, Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> frame, IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized, Stream stream, bool isFrame)
+    private uint WriteDataChunks<TPixel>(in FrameControl frameControl, in Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> frame, IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized, Stream stream, bool isFrame)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         byte[] buffer;
@@ -1123,12 +1176,12 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        this.EncodeAdam7Pixels(frame, deflateStream);
+                        this.EncodeAdam7Pixels(in frame, deflateStream);
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    this.EncodePixels(frame, quantized, deflateStream);
+                    this.EncodePixels(in frame, quantized, deflateStream);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1196,7 +1249,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// <param name="pixels">The image frame pixel buffer.</param>
     /// <param name="quantized">The quantized pixels.</param>
     /// <param name="deflateStream">The deflate stream.</param>
-    private void EncodePixels<TPixel>(Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixels, IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized, ZlibDeflateStream deflateStream)
+    private void EncodePixels<TPixel>(in Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixels, IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? quantized, ZlibDeflateStream deflateStream)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         int bytesPerScanline = this.CalculateScanlineLength(pixels.Width);
@@ -1210,7 +1263,8 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
         Span<byte> attempt = attemptBuffer.GetSpan();
         for (int y = 0; y < pixels.Height; y++)
         {
-            this.CollectAndFilterPixelRow(pixels.DangerousGetRowSpan(y), ref filter, ref attempt, quantized, y);
+            ReadOnlySpan<TPixel> rowSpan = pixels.DangerousGetRowSpan(y);
+            this.CollectAndFilterPixelRow(rowSpan, ref filter, ref attempt, quantized, y);
             deflateStream.Write(filter);
             this.SwapScanlineBuffers();
         }
@@ -1222,7 +1276,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of the pixel.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="pixels">The image frame pixel buffer.</param>
     /// <param name="deflateStream">The deflate stream.</param>
-    private void EncodeAdam7Pixels<TPixel>(Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixels, ZlibDeflateStream deflateStream)
+    private void EncodeAdam7Pixels<TPixel>(in Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixels, ZlibDeflateStream deflateStream)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         for (int pass = 0; pass < 7; pass++)
@@ -1258,7 +1312,8 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
                 // Encode data
                 // Note: quantized parameter not used
                 // Note: row parameter not used
-                this.CollectAndFilterPixelRow<TPixel>(block, ref filter, ref attempt, null, -1);
+                ReadOnlySpan<TPixel> blockSpan = block;
+                this.CollectAndFilterPixelRow(blockSpan, ref filter, ref attempt, null, -1);
                 deflateStream.Write(filter);
 
                 this.SwapScanlineBuffers();
@@ -1432,6 +1487,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// <param name="pngMetadata">The PNG metadata.</param>
     /// <param name="use16Bit">if set to <c>true</c> [use16 bit].</param>
     /// <param name="bytesPerPixel">The bytes per pixel.</param>
+    [MemberNotNull(nameof(backgroundColor))]
     private void SanitizeAndSetEncoderOptions<TPixel>(
         PngEncoder encoder,
         PngMetadata pngMetadata,
@@ -1473,6 +1529,7 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
 
         this.interlaceMode = encoder.InterlaceMethod ?? pngMetadata.InterlaceMethod;
         this.chunkFilter = encoder.SkipMetadata ? PngChunkFilter.ExcludeAll : encoder.ChunkFilter ?? PngChunkFilter.None;
+        this.backgroundColor = encoder.BackgroundColor ?? pngMetadata.TransparentColor ?? Color.Transparent;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -1483,17 +1540,21 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
     /// <param name="colorType">The color type.</param>
     /// <param name="bitDepth">The bits per component.</param>
     /// <param name="metadata">The image metadata.</param>
-    /// <param name="frame">The frame to quantize.</param>
+    /// <param name="image">The image.</param>
+    /// <param name="frame">The current image frame.</param>
     /// <param name="bounds">The frame area of interest.</param>
-    /// <param name="previousPalette">Any previously derived palette.</param>
+    /// <param name="paletteQuantizer">The quantizer containing any previously derived palette.</param>
+    /// <param name="backgroundColor">The background color.</param>
     private IndexedImageFrame<TPixel>? CreateQuantizedFrame<TPixel>(
         QuantizingImageEncoder encoder,
         PngColorType colorType,
         byte bitDepth,
         PngMetadata metadata,
+        Image<TPixel> image,
         ImageFrame<TPixel> frame,
         Rectangle bounds,
-        ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel>? previousPalette)
+        PaletteQuantizer<TPixel>? paletteQuantizer,
+        Color backgroundColor)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         if (colorType is not PngColorType.Palette)
@@ -1501,55 +1562,59 @@ internal sealed class PngEncoderCore : IDisposable
             return null;
         }
 
-        if (previousPalette is not null)
+        if (paletteQuantizer.HasValue)
         {
-            // Use the previously derived palette created by quantizing the root frame to quantize the current frame.
-            using PaletteQuantizer<TPixel> paletteQuantizer = new(
-                this.configuration,
-                this.quantizer!.Options,
-                previousPalette.Value,
-                this.derivedTransparencyIndex);
-            paletteQuantizer.BuildPalette(encoder.PixelSamplingStrategy, frame);
-            return paletteQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(frame, bounds);
+            return paletteQuantizer.Value.QuantizeFrame(frame, bounds);
         }
 
         // Use the metadata to determine what quantization depth to use if no quantizer has been set.
         if (this.quantizer is null)
         {
-            if (metadata.ColorTable is not null)
+            if (metadata.ColorTable?.Length > 0)
             {
                 // We can use the color data from the decoded metadata here.
                 // We avoid dithering by default to preserve the original colors.
-                ReadOnlySpan<Color> palette = metadata.ColorTable.Value.Span;
-
-                // Certain operations perform alpha premultiplication, which can cause the color to change so we
-                // must search for the transparency index in the palette.
-                // Transparent pixels are much more likely to be found at the end of a palette.
-                int index = -1;
-                for (int i = palette.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-                {
-                    Vector4 instance = palette[i].ToScaledVector4();
-                    if (instance.W == 0f)
-                    {
-                        index = i;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                this.derivedTransparencyIndex = index;
-
-                this.quantizer = new PaletteQuantizer(metadata.ColorTable.Value, new() { Dither = null }, this.derivedTransparencyIndex);
+                QuantizerOptions options = new() { Dither = null, TransparentColorMode = encoder.TransparentColorMode };
+                this.quantizer = new PaletteQuantizer(metadata.ColorTable.Value, options);
             }
             else
             {
-                this.quantizer = new WuQuantizer(new QuantizerOptions { MaxColors = ColorNumerics.GetColorCountForBitDepth(bitDepth) });
+                // Don't use the default transparency threshold for quantization as PNG can handle multiple transparent colors.
+                // We choose a value that is close to zero so that edge cases causes by lower bit depths for the alpha channel are handled correctly.
+                QuantizerOptions options = new()
+                {
+                    TransparencyThreshold = 0,
+                    MaxColors = ColorNumerics.GetColorCountForBitDepth(bitDepth),
+                    TransparentColorMode = encoder.TransparentColorMode
+                };
+
+                this.quantizer = new WuQuantizer(options);
             }
         }
 
         // Create quantized frame returning the palette and set the bit depth.
         using IQuantizer<TPixel> frameQuantizer = this.quantizer.CreatePixelSpecificQuantizer<TPixel>(frame.Configuration);
 
-        frameQuantizer.BuildPalette(encoder.PixelSamplingStrategy, frame);
+        if (image.Frames.Count > 1)
+        {
+            // Encoding animated frames with a global palette requires a transparent pixel in the palette
+            // since we only encode the delta between frames. To ensure that we have a transparent pixel
+            // we create a fake frame with a containing only transparent pixels and add it to the palette.
+            using Buffer2D<TPixel> fake = image.Configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate2D<TPixel>(Math.Min(256, image.Width), Math.Min(256, image.Height));
+            TPixel backGroundPixel = backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < fake.Height; i++)
+            {
+                fake.DangerousGetRowSpan(i).Fill(backGroundPixel);
+            }
+
+            Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> fakeRegion = fake.GetRegion();
+            frameQuantizer.AddPaletteColors(in fakeRegion);
+        }
+
+        frameQuantizer.BuildPalette(
+            encoder.PixelSamplingStrategy,
+            image);
+
         return frameQuantizer.QuantizeFrame(frame, bounds);
     }
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Png/PngMetadata.cs

@@ -93,25 +93,6 @@ public class PngMetadata : IFormatMetadata<PngMetadata>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public static PngMetadata FromFormatConnectingMetadata(FormatConnectingMetadata metadata)
     {
-        // Should the conversion be from a format that uses a 24bit palette entries (gif)
-        // we need to clone and adjust the color table to allow for transparency.
-        Color[]? colorTable = metadata.ColorTable?.ToArray();
-        if (colorTable != null)
-        {
-            for (int i = 0; i < colorTable.Length; i++)
-            {
-                ref Color c = ref colorTable[i];
-                if (c != metadata.BackgroundColor)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // Png treats background as fully empty
-                c = Color.Transparent;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
         PngColorType color;
         PixelColorType colorType = metadata.PixelTypeInfo.ColorType;
 
@@ -152,7 +133,6 @@ public class PngMetadata : IFormatMetadata<PngMetadata>
         {
             ColorType = color,
             BitDepth = bitDepth,
-            ColorTable = colorTable,
             RepeatCount = metadata.RepeatCount,
         };
     }
@@ -241,7 +221,6 @@ public class PngMetadata : IFormatMetadata<PngMetadata>
     public FormatConnectingMetadata ToFormatConnectingMetadata()
         => new()
         {
-            ColorTable = this.ColorTable,
             ColorTableMode = FrameColorTableMode.Global,
             PixelTypeInfo = this.GetPixelTypeInfo(),
             RepeatCount = (ushort)Numerics.Clamp(this.RepeatCount, 0, ushort.MaxValue),
@@ -250,8 +229,7 @@ public class PngMetadata : IFormatMetadata<PngMetadata>
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void AfterImageApply<TPixel>(Image<TPixel> destination)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
-    {
-    }
+        => this.ColorTable = null;
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     IDeepCloneable IDeepCloneable.DeepClone() => this.DeepClone();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Qoi/QoiEncoderCore.cs

@@ -90,10 +90,12 @@ internal class QoiEncoderCore
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? clonedFrame = null;
         try
         {
-            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.encoder.TransparentColorMode))
+            // TODO: Try to avoid cloning the frame if possible.
+            // We should be cloning individual scanlines instead.
+            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.encoder.TransparentColorMode))
             {
                 clonedFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame.Clone();
-                EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(clonedFrame, Color.Transparent);
+                EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(clonedFrame);
             }
 
             ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = clonedFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/SpecializedImageDecoder{T}.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ public abstract class SpecializedImageDecoder<T> : ImageDecoder, ISpecializedIma
             s => this.Decode<TPixel>(options, s, default));
 
         this.SetDecoderFormat(options.GeneralOptions.Configuration, image);
+
         return image;
     }
 
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ public abstract class SpecializedImageDecoder<T> : ImageDecoder, ISpecializedIma
             s => this.Decode(options, s, default));
 
         this.SetDecoderFormat(options.GeneralOptions.Configuration, image);
+
         return image;
     }
 
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ public abstract class SpecializedImageDecoder<T> : ImageDecoder, ISpecializedIma
             cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         this.SetDecoderFormat(options.GeneralOptions.Configuration, image);
+
         return image;
     }
 
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ public abstract class SpecializedImageDecoder<T> : ImageDecoder, ISpecializedIma
             cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         this.SetDecoderFormat(options.GeneralOptions.Configuration, image);
+
         return image;
     }
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tga/TgaEncoderCore.cs

@@ -110,10 +110,12 @@ internal sealed class TgaEncoderCore
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? clonedFrame = null;
         try
         {
-            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
+            // TODO: Try to avoid cloning the frame if possible.
+            // We should be cloning individual scanlines instead.
+            if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
             {
                 clonedFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame.Clone();
-                EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(clonedFrame, Color.Transparent);
+                EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(clonedFrame);
             }
 
             ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = clonedFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tiff/TiffEncoderCore.cs

@@ -146,10 +146,12 @@ internal sealed class TiffEncoderCore
             {
                 cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
-                if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldClearTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
+                // TODO: Try to avoid cloning the frame if possible.
+                // We should be cloning individual scanlines instead.
+                if (EncodingUtilities.ShouldReplaceTransparentPixels<TPixel>(this.transparentColorMode))
                 {
                     clonedFrame = frame.Clone();
-                    EncodingUtilities.ClearTransparentPixels(clonedFrame, Color.Transparent);
+                    EncodingUtilities.ReplaceTransparentPixels(clonedFrame);
                 }
 
                 ImageFrame<TPixel> encodingFrame = clonedFrame ?? frame;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/TransparentColorMode.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Specifies how transparent pixels should be handled during encoding.
+/// Specifies how pixels with transparent alpha components should be handled during encoding and quantization.
 /// </summary>
 public enum TransparentColorMode
 {
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ public enum TransparentColorMode
     /// to fully transparent pixels (all components set to zero),
     /// which may improve compression.
     /// </summary>
-    Clear = 1,
+    Clear = 1
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/BitReader/BitReaderBase.cs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ internal abstract class BitReaderBase : IDisposable
     /// <param name="memoryAllocator">Used for allocating memory during reading data from the stream.</param>
     protected static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadImageDataFromStream(Stream input, int bytesToRead, MemoryAllocator memoryAllocator)
     {
-        IMemoryOwner<byte> data = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(bytesToRead);
+        IMemoryOwner<byte> data = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(bytesToRead, AllocationOptions.Clean);
         Span<byte> dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
         input.Read(dataSpan[..bytesToRead], 0, bytesToRead);
 

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/Lossy/Vp8Decoder.cs

@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ internal class Vp8Decoder : IDisposable
         int extraY = extraRows * this.CacheYStride;
         int extraUv = extraRows / 2 * this.CacheUvStride;
         this.YuvBuffer = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((WebpConstants.Bps * 17) + (WebpConstants.Bps * 9) + extraY);
-        this.CacheY = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((16 * this.CacheYStride) + extraY);
+        this.CacheY = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((16 * this.CacheYStride) + extraY, AllocationOptions.Clean);
         int cacheUvSize = (16 * this.CacheUvStride) + extraUv;
         this.CacheU = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(cacheUvSize);
         this.CacheV = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(cacheUvSize);
         this.TmpYBuffer = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((int)width);
         this.TmpUBuffer = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((int)width);
         this.TmpVBuffer = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((int)width);
-        this.Pixels = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((int)(width * height * 4));
+        this.Pixels = memoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>((int)(width * height * 4), AllocationOptions.Clean);
 
 #if DEBUG
         // Filling those buffers with 205, is only useful for debugging,

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/WebpAnimationDecoder.cs

@@ -81,16 +81,29 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
     /// <param name="width">The width of the image.</param>
     /// <param name="height">The height of the image.</param>
     /// <param name="completeDataSize">The size of the image data in bytes.</param>
-    public Image<TPixel> Decode<TPixel>(BufferedReadStream stream, WebpFeatures features, uint width, uint height, uint completeDataSize)
+    public Image<TPixel> Decode<TPixel>(
+        BufferedReadStream stream,
+        WebpFeatures features,
+        uint width,
+        uint height,
+        uint completeDataSize)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         Image<TPixel>? image = null;
         ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame = null;
+        WebpFrameData? prevFrameData = null;
 
         this.metadata = new ImageMetadata();
         this.webpMetadata = this.metadata.GetWebpMetadata();
         this.webpMetadata.RepeatCount = features.AnimationLoopCount;
 
+        Color backgroundColor = this.backgroundColorHandling == BackgroundColorHandling.Ignore
+            ? Color.Transparent
+            : features.AnimationBackgroundColor!.Value;
+
+        this.webpMetadata.BackgroundColor = backgroundColor;
+        TPixel backgroundPixel = backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>();
+
         Span<byte> buffer = stackalloc byte[4];
         uint frameCount = 0;
         int remainingBytes = (int)completeDataSize;
@@ -101,10 +114,16 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
             switch (chunkType)
             {
                 case WebpChunkType.FrameData:
-                    Color backgroundColor = this.backgroundColorHandling == BackgroundColorHandling.Ignore
-                        ? Color.FromPixel(new Bgra32(0, 0, 0, 0))
-                        : features.AnimationBackgroundColor!.Value;
-                    uint dataSize = this.ReadFrame(stream, ref image, ref previousFrame, width, height, backgroundColor);
+
+                    uint dataSize = this.ReadFrame(
+                        stream,
+                        ref image,
+                        ref previousFrame,
+                        ref prevFrameData,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        backgroundPixel);
+
                     remainingBytes -= (int)dataSize;
                     break;
                 case WebpChunkType.Xmp:
@@ -132,10 +151,18 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
     /// <param name="stream">The stream, where the image should be decoded from. Cannot be null.</param>
     /// <param name="image">The image to decode the information to.</param>
     /// <param name="previousFrame">The previous frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="prevFrameData">The previous frame data.</param>
     /// <param name="width">The width of the image.</param>
     /// <param name="height">The height of the image.</param>
     /// <param name="backgroundColor">The default background color of the canvas in.</param>
-    private uint ReadFrame<TPixel>(BufferedReadStream stream, ref Image<TPixel>? image, ref ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame, uint width, uint height, Color backgroundColor)
+    private uint ReadFrame<TPixel>(
+        BufferedReadStream stream,
+        ref Image<TPixel>? image,
+        ref ImageFrame<TPixel>? previousFrame,
+        ref WebpFrameData? prevFrameData,
+        uint width,
+        uint height,
+        TPixel backgroundColor)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         WebpFrameData frameData = WebpFrameData.Parse(stream);
@@ -174,40 +201,51 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
                 break;
         }
 
-        ImageFrame<TPixel>? currentFrame = null;
-        ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame;
+        ImageFrame<TPixel> currentFrame;
         if (previousFrame is null)
         {
-            image = new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, (int)width, (int)height, backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>(), this.metadata);
-
-            SetFrameMetadata(image.Frames.RootFrame.Metadata, frameData);
+            image = new Image<TPixel>(this.configuration, (int)width, (int)height, backgroundColor, this.metadata);
 
-            imageFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
+            currentFrame = image.Frames.RootFrame;
+            SetFrameMetadata(currentFrame.Metadata, frameData);
         }
         else
         {
-            currentFrame = image!.Frames.AddFrame(previousFrame); // This clones the frame and adds it the collection.
+            // If the frame is a key frame we do not need to clone the frame or clear it.
+            bool isKeyFrame = prevFrameData?.DisposalMethod is FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground
+                 && this.restoreArea == image!.Bounds;
 
-            SetFrameMetadata(currentFrame.Metadata, frameData);
+            if (isKeyFrame)
+            {
+                currentFrame = image!.Frames.CreateFrame(backgroundColor);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // This clones the frame and adds it the collection.
+                currentFrame = image!.Frames.AddFrame(previousFrame);
+                if (prevFrameData?.DisposalMethod is FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground)
+                {
+                    this.RestoreToBackground(currentFrame, backgroundColor);
+                }
+            }
 
-            imageFrame = currentFrame;
+            SetFrameMetadata(currentFrame.Metadata, frameData);
         }
 
-        Rectangle regionRectangle = frameData.Bounds;
+        Rectangle interest = frameData.Bounds;
+        bool blend = previousFrame != null && frameData.BlendingMethod == FrameBlendMode.Over;
+        using Buffer2D<TPixel> pixelData = this.DecodeImageFrameData<TPixel>(frameData, webpInfo);
+        DrawDecodedImageFrameOnCanvas(pixelData, currentFrame, interest, blend);
+
+        webpInfo?.Dispose();
+        previousFrame = currentFrame;
+        prevFrameData = frameData;
 
         if (frameData.DisposalMethod is FrameDisposalMode.RestoreToBackground)
         {
-            this.RestoreToBackground(imageFrame, backgroundColor);
+            this.restoreArea = interest;
         }
 
-        using Buffer2D<TPixel> decodedImageFrame = this.DecodeImageFrameData<TPixel>(frameData, webpInfo);
-
-        bool blend = previousFrame != null && frameData.BlendingMethod == FrameBlendMode.Over;
-        DrawDecodedImageFrameOnCanvas(decodedImageFrame, imageFrame, regionRectangle, blend);
-
-        previousFrame = currentFrame ?? image.Frames.RootFrame;
-        this.restoreArea = regionRectangle;
-
         return (uint)(stream.Position - streamStartPosition);
     }
 
@@ -257,31 +295,26 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
 
         try
         {
-            Buffer2D<TPixel> pixelBufferDecoded = decodedFrame.PixelBuffer;
+            Buffer2D<TPixel> decodeBuffer = decodedFrame.PixelBuffer;
             if (webpInfo.IsLossless)
             {
-                WebpLosslessDecoder losslessDecoder =
-                    new(webpInfo.Vp8LBitReader, this.memoryAllocator, this.configuration);
-                losslessDecoder.Decode(pixelBufferDecoded, (int)webpInfo.Width, (int)webpInfo.Height);
+                WebpLosslessDecoder losslessDecoder = new(webpInfo.Vp8LBitReader, this.memoryAllocator, this.configuration);
+                losslessDecoder.Decode(decodeBuffer, (int)webpInfo.Width, (int)webpInfo.Height);
             }
             else
             {
                 WebpLossyDecoder lossyDecoder =
                     new(webpInfo.Vp8BitReader, this.memoryAllocator, this.configuration);
-                lossyDecoder.Decode(pixelBufferDecoded, (int)webpInfo.Width, (int)webpInfo.Height, webpInfo, this.alphaData);
+                lossyDecoder.Decode(decodeBuffer, (int)webpInfo.Width, (int)webpInfo.Height, webpInfo, this.alphaData);
             }
 
-            return pixelBufferDecoded;
+            return decodeBuffer;
         }
         catch
         {
             decodedFrame?.Dispose();
             throw;
         }
-        finally
-        {
-            webpInfo.Dispose();
-        }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -335,7 +368,7 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
     /// <typeparam name="TPixel">The pixel format.</typeparam>
     /// <param name="imageFrame">The image frame.</param>
     /// <param name="backgroundColor">Color of the background.</param>
-    private void RestoreToBackground<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame, Color backgroundColor)
+    private void RestoreToBackground<TPixel>(ImageFrame<TPixel> imageFrame, TPixel backgroundColor)
         where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
     {
         if (!this.restoreArea.HasValue)
@@ -345,8 +378,9 @@ internal class WebpAnimationDecoder : IDisposable
 
         Rectangle interest = Rectangle.Intersect(imageFrame.Bounds, this.restoreArea.Value);
         Buffer2DRegion<TPixel> pixelRegion = imageFrame.PixelBuffer.GetRegion(interest);
-        TPixel backgroundPixel = backgroundColor.ToPixel<TPixel>();
-        pixelRegion.Fill(backgroundPixel);
+        pixelRegion.Fill(backgroundColor);
+
+        this.restoreArea = null;
     }
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Webp/WebpCommonUtils.cs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ internal static class WebpCommonUtils
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="row">The row to check.</param>
     /// <returns>Returns true if alpha has non-0xff values.</returns>
-    public static unsafe bool CheckNonOpaque(Span<Bgra32> row)
+    public static unsafe bool CheckNonOpaque(ReadOnlySpan<Bgra32> row)
     {
         if (Avx2.IsSupported)
         {

src/ImageSharp/IDeepCloneable.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
+// Copyright (c) Six Labors.
 // Licensed under the Six Labors Split License.
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp;
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public interface IDeepCloneable<out T>
     /// Creates a new <typeparamref name="T"/> that is a deep copy of the current instance.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The <typeparamref name="T"/>.</returns>
-    T DeepClone();
+    public T DeepClone();
 }
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ public interface IDeepCloneable
     /// Creates a new object that is a deep copy of the current instance.
     /// </summary>
     /// <returns>The <see cref="IDeepCloneable"/>.</returns>
-    IDeepCloneable DeepClone();
+    public IDeepCloneable DeepClone();
 }

src/ImageSharp/ImageSharp.csproj

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Update="Common\InlineArray.cs">
+      <DesignTime>True</DesignTime>
+      <AutoGen>True</AutoGen>
+      <DependentUpon>InlineArray.tt</DependentUpon>
+    </Compile>
     <Compile Update="Formats\_Generated\ImageMetadataExtensions.cs">
       <DesignTime>True</DesignTime>
       <AutoGen>True</AutoGen>
@@ -144,6 +149,10 @@
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
+    <None Update="Common\InlineArray.tt">
+      <Generator>TextTemplatingFileGenerator</Generator>
+      <LastGenOutput>InlineArray.cs</LastGenOutput>
+    </None>
     <None Update="Formats\_Generated\ImageMetadataExtensions.tt">
       <LastGenOutput>ImageMetadataExtensions.cs</LastGenOutput>
       <Generator>TextTemplatingFileGenerator</Generator>

src/ImageSharp/IndexedImageFrame{TPixel}.cs

@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ public sealed class IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> : IPixelSource, IDisposable
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IndexedImageFrame{TPixel}"/> class.
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="configuration">
-    /// The configuration which allows altering default behaviour or extending the library.
+    /// The configuration which allows altering default behavior or extending the library.
     /// </param>
     /// <param name="width">The frame width.</param>
     /// <param name="height">The frame height.</param>
     /// <param name="palette">The color palette.</param>
-    internal IndexedImageFrame(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel> palette)
+    public IndexedImageFrame(Configuration configuration, int width, int height, ReadOnlyMemory<TPixel> palette)
     {
         Guard.NotNull(configuration, nameof(configuration));
         Guard.MustBeLessThanOrEqualTo(palette.Length, QuantizerConstants.MaxColors, nameof(palette));
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ public sealed class IndexedImageFrame<TPixel> : IPixelSource, IDisposable
         this.Height = height;
         this.pixelBuffer = configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate2D<byte>(width, height);
 
-        // Copy the palette over. We want the lifetime of this frame to be independant of any palette source.
+        // Copy the palette over. We want the lifetime of this frame to be independent of any palette source.
         this.paletteOwner = configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<TPixel>(palette.Length);
         palette.Span.CopyTo(this.paletteOwner.GetSpan());
         this.Palette = this.paletteOwner.Memory[..palette.Length];
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the configuration which allows altering default behaviour or extending the library.
+    /// Gets the configuration which allows altering default behavior or extending the library.
     /// </summary>
     public Configuration Configuration { get; }