Add initial transforms.

Hardlight is broken.

src/ImageSharp/Colors/Color.cs

@@ -107,6 +107,17 @@ namespace ImageSharp
             this.packedValue = Pack(ref vector);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Color"/> struct.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="packed">
+        /// The packed value.
+        /// </param>
+        public Color(uint packed)
+        {
+            this.packedValue = packed;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets or sets the red component.
         /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Colors/ColorDefinitions.cs

@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ namespace ImageSharp
         public static readonly Color Purple = new Color(128, 0, 128, 255);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Represents a <see cref="Color"/> matching the W3C definition that has an hex value of #0.
+        /// Represents a <see cref="Color"/> matching the W3C definition that has an hex value of #663399.
         /// </summary>
         public static readonly Color RebeccaPurple = new Color(102, 51, 153, 255);
 

src/ImageSharp/Colors/ColorTransforms.cs

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 // Copyright (c) James Jackson-South and contributors.
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
 // </copyright>
-
 namespace ImageSharp
 {
-    using System;
     using System.Numerics;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -18,6 +16,34 @@ namespace ImageSharp
     /// </remarks>
     public partial struct Color
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the second color to the first.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first source color.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second source color.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Color operator +(Color left, Color right)
+        {
+            Vector4 add = left.ToVector4() + right.ToVector4();
+            return new Color(Pack(ref add));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Subtracts the second color from the first.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">The first source color.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The second source color.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Color operator -(Color left, Color right)
+        {
+            Vector4 sub = left.ToVector4() - right.ToVector4();
+            return new Color(Pack(ref sub));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Blends two colors by multiplication.
         /// <remarks>
@@ -27,31 +53,108 @@ namespace ImageSharp
         /// original color.
         /// </remarks>
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backdrop">The backdrop color.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">The source color.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Color Multiply(Color backdrop, Color source)
+        {
+            if (source == Black)
+            {
+                return Black;
+            }
+
+            if (source == White)
+            {
+                return backdrop;
+            }
+
+            Vector4 vb = backdrop.ToVector4();
+            Vector4 vs = source.ToVector4();
+
+            Vector4 multiply = vb * vs;
+            multiply.W = vb.W;
+            return new Color(Pack(ref multiply));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Multiplies the complements of the backdrop and source color values, then complements the result.
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The result color is always at least as light as either of the two constituent colors. Screening any 
+        /// color with white produces white; screening with black leaves the original color unchanged. 
+        /// The effect is similar to projecting multiple photographic slides simultaneously onto a single screen.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backdrop">The backdrop color.</param>
         /// <param name="source">The source color.</param>
-        /// <param name="destination">The destination color.</param>
         /// <returns>
         /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
         /// </returns>
-        public static Color Multiply(Color source, Color destination)
+        public static Color Screen(Color backdrop, Color source)
         {
-            if (destination == Color.Black)
+            if (source == Black)
             {
-                return Color.Black;
+                return backdrop;
             }
 
-            if (destination == Color.White)
+            if (source == White)
             {
-                return source;
+                return White;
             }
 
-            // TODO: This will use less memory than using Vector4
-            // but we should test speed vs memory to see which is best balance.
-            byte r = (byte)(source.R * destination.R).Clamp(0, 255);
-            byte g = (byte)(source.G * destination.G).Clamp(0, 255);
-            byte b = (byte)(source.B * destination.B).Clamp(0, 255);
-            byte a = (byte)(source.A * destination.A).Clamp(0, 255);
+            Vector4 vb = backdrop.ToVector4();
+            Vector4 vs = source.ToVector4();
+
+            Vector4 subtract = Vector4.Clamp(vb + vs - (vb * vs), Vector4.Zero, Vector4.One);
+            subtract.W = vb.W;
+            return new Color(Pack(ref subtract));
+        }
 
-            return new Color(r, g, b, a);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Multiplies or screens the colors, depending on the source color value. The effect is similar to 
+        /// shining a harsh spotlight on the backdrop.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backdrop">The backdrop color.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">The source color.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Color HardLight(Color backdrop, Color source)
+        {
+            // TODO: Why is this giving me nonsense?
+            // https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendinghardlight
+            // if(Cs <= 0.5)
+            //    B(Cb, Cs) = Multiply(Cb, 2 x Cs)
+            // else
+            //    B(Cb, Cs) = Screen(Cb, 2 x Cs -1)  
+            Vector4 vs = source.ToVector4();
+            Vector4 blend = 2F * vs;
+            if (vs.X <= 0.5F && vs.Y <= 0.5F && vs.Z <= 0.5F)
+            {
+                return Multiply(backdrop, new Color(Pack(ref blend)));
+            }
+
+            blend = (2F * vs) - Vector4.One;
+            return Screen(backdrop, new Color(Pack(ref blend)));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Multiplies or screens the colors, depending on the backdrop color value.
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Source colors overlay the backdrop while preserving its highlights and shadows. 
+        /// The backdrop color is not replaced but is mixed with the source color to reflect the lightness or darkness
+        /// of the backdrop.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="backdrop">The backdrop color.</param>
+        /// <param name="source">The source color.</param>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The <see cref="Color"/>.
+        /// </returns>
+        public static Color Overlay(Color backdrop, Color source)
+        {
+            return HardLight(source, backdrop);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Colors/ColorTests.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
 // </copyright>
 
-using System.Numerics;
-
 namespace ImageSharp.Tests
 {
     using System;
+    using System.Numerics;
+
     using Xunit;
 
     /// <summary>

tests/ImageSharp.Tests/Colors/ColorTransformTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// <copyright file="ColorTransformTests.cs" company="James Jackson-South">
+// Copyright (c) James Jackson-South and contributors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+// </copyright>
+
+namespace ImageSharp.Tests.Colors
+{
+    using Xunit;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests the color transform algorithms.
+    /// <see href="https://jsfiddle.net/jamessouth/L1v8r6kh/"/>
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ColorTransformTests
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Orange backdrop
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly Color Backdrop = new Color(204, 102, 0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Blue source
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly Color Source = new Color(0, 102, 153);
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Multiply()
+        {
+            Assert.True(Color.Multiply(Backdrop, Color.Black) == Color.Black);
+            Assert.True(Color.Multiply(Backdrop, Color.White) == Backdrop);
+
+            Color multiply = Color.Multiply(Backdrop, Source);
+            Assert.True(multiply == new Color(0, 41, 0));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Screen()
+        {
+            Assert.True(Color.Screen(Backdrop, Color.Black) == Backdrop);
+            Assert.True(Color.Screen(Backdrop, Color.White) == Color.White);
+
+            Color screen = Color.Screen(Backdrop, Source);
+            Assert.True(screen == new Color(204, 163, 153));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void HardLight()
+        {
+            Color hardLight = Color.HardLight(Backdrop, Source);
+            Assert.True(hardLight == new Color(0, 82, 51));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Overlay()
+        {
+            Color overlay = Color.Overlay(Backdrop, Source);
+            Assert.True(overlay == new Color(153, 82, 0));
+        }
+    }
+}