Document HEIF AV1 tiling pipeline

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1BlockModeInfo.cs

@@ -5,10 +5,22 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Prediction;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores block-size, prediction-mode, transform, and palette decisions shared by AV1 block processing.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1BlockModeInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the palette size for luma and for the shared chroma mode.
+    /// </summary>
     private int[] paletteSize;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1BlockModeInfo"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="numPlanes">The number of color planes in the decoded frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The decoded block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="positionInSuperblock">The block origin relative to its superblock in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo(int numPlanes, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Point positionInSuperblock)
     {
         this.BlockSize = blockSize;
@@ -20,6 +32,9 @@ internal class Av1BlockModeInfo
         this.TransformUnitsCount = new int[numPlanes - 1];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the decoded block size.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockSize BlockSize { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -27,12 +42,24 @@ internal class Av1BlockModeInfo
     /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode YMode { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether residual coefficients are omitted for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool Skip { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the partition type that produced the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PartitionType PartitionType { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether compound skip mode is selected.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool SkipMode { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the segmentation identifier assigned to the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int SegmentId { get; set; }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -40,31 +67,64 @@ internal class Av1BlockModeInfo
     /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode UvMode { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether intra block copy is selected.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool UseUltraBlockCopy { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the packed chroma-from-luma alpha magnitude indices.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ChromaFromLumaAlphaIndex { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the joint chroma-from-luma alpha sign value.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ChromaFromLumaAlphaSign { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the directional prediction angle adjustments for the chroma planes.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] AngleDelta { get; set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the position relative to the Superblock, counted in mode info (4x4 pixels).
+    /// Gets the position relative to the superblock in 4x4 mode-information units.
     /// </summary>
     public Point PositionInSuperblock { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the filter-intra syntax for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1IntraFilterModeInfo FilterIntraModeInfo { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the index of the first <see cref="Av1TransformInfo"/> of this Mode Info in the <see cref="Av1FrameInfo"/>.
+    /// Gets the plane-relative index of the first <see cref="Av1TransformInfo"/> for this block.
     /// </summary>
     public int[] FirstTransformLocation { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the number of transform units for luma and for each chroma plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] TransformUnitsCount { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the palette size for the specified color plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The color plane.</param>
+    /// <returns>The palette size for the plane.</returns>
     public int GetPaletteSize(Av1Plane plane) => this.paletteSize[Math.Min(1, (int)plane)];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the palette size for the specified plane class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="planeType">The luma or chroma plane class.</param>
+    /// <returns>The palette size for the plane class.</returns>
     public int GetPaletteSize(Av1PlaneType planeType) => this.paletteSize[(int)planeType];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Sets the luma and shared chroma palette sizes.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="ySize">The luma palette size.</param>
+    /// <param name="uvSize">The palette size shared by the chroma planes.</param>
     public void SetPaletteSizes(int ySize, int uvSize) => this.paletteSize = [ySize, uvSize];
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1ComponentType.cs

@@ -3,12 +3,38 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Identifies the luma or chroma component class used by AV1 entropy contexts.
+/// </summary>
 internal enum Av1ComponentType
 {
-    Luminance = 0, // luma
+    /// <summary>
-    Chroma = 1, // chroma (Cb+Cr)
+    /// The luma component.
-    ChromaCb = 2, // chroma Cb
+    /// </summary>
-    ChromaCr = 3, // chroma Cr
+    Luminance = 0,
-    All = 4, // Y+Cb+Cr
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Both chroma components.
+    /// </summary>
+    Chroma = 1,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The blue-difference chroma component.
+    /// </summary>
+    ChromaCb = 2,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The red-difference chroma component.
+    /// </summary>
+    ChromaCr = 3,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The luma and both chroma components.
+    /// </summary>
+    All = 4,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// No component.
+    /// </summary>
     None = 15
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1EncoderBlockModeInfo.cs

@@ -5,27 +5,63 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Prediction;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores encoder-selected prediction, transform, skip, and palette state for one block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1EncoderBlockModeInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the encoded block size.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockSize BlockSize { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the selected luma prediction mode.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode PredictionMode { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the partition type that produced the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PartitionType PartitionType { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the selected chroma prediction mode.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode UvPredictionMode { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a value indicating whether residual coefficients are omitted for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool Skip { get; } = true;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a value indicating whether compound skip mode is selected.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool SkipMode { get; } = true;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a value indicating whether intra block copy is selected.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool UseIntraBlockCopy { get; } = true;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the segmentation identifier assigned to the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int SegmentId { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the transform-tree depth selected for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int TransformDepth { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the luma prediction mode written for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode Mode { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the chroma prediction mode written for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PredictionMode UvMode { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1EncoderBlockStruct.cs

@@ -3,21 +3,48 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores encoder block geometry and its selected coding-mode information.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1EncoderBlockStruct
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the transform-unit state in transform traversal order.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1TransformUnit[] TransformBlocks { get; } = new Av1TransformUnit[Av1Constants.MaxTransformUnitCount];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the macroblock edge and neighbor state used while writing the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1MacroBlockD MacroBlock { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the index used to resolve the block geometry from mode-decision scan order.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeDecisionScanIndex { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the quantizer index used for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int QuantizationIndex { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the segmentation identifier assigned to the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int SegmentId { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the filter-intra mode selected for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1FilterIntraMode FilterIntraMode { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the palette size for luma and for the shared chroma mode.
+    /// </summary>
     public required int[] PaletteSize { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the encoder prediction-unit state for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1EncoderPredictionUnit[] PredictionUnits { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1EncoderCommon.cs

@@ -5,15 +5,33 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.OpenBitstreamUnit;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds sequence, frame, and macroblock state shared across AV1 encoder stages.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1EncoderCommon
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame height in 4x4 mode-information units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoRowCount { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame width in 4x4 mode-information units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoColumnCount { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the row stride of frame mode information in 4x4 units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoStride { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the coded frame dimensions.
+    /// </summary>
     public required ObuFrameSize FrameSize { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the tile layout for the current frame.
+    /// </summary>
     public required ObuTileGroupHeader TilesInfo { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1EncoderPredictionUnit.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,23 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores encoder-selected intra prediction modes and directional-angle adjustments for one block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1EncoderPredictionUnit
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the directional angle adjustment for each prediction plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public required byte[] AngleDelta { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the chroma-from-luma alpha magnitude index.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ChromaFromLumaIndex { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the packed chroma-from-luma alpha signs for the U and V planes.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ChromaFromLumaSigns { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1EntropyCodingContext.cs

@@ -3,16 +3,34 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides tile-writer operations that maintain encoder entropy-neighbor state.
+/// </summary>
 internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tracks the mode and coefficient positions while entropy-coding one AV1 superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     internal class Av1EntropyCodingContext
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the macroblock mode information currently being encoded.
+        /// </summary>
         public required Av1MacroBlockModeInfo MacroBlockModeInfo { get; internal set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the pixel origin of the current superblock.
+        /// </summary>
         public Point SuperblockOrigin { get; internal set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the number of luma coefficient positions consumed in the current superblock.
+        /// </summary>
         public int CodedAreaSuperblock { get; internal set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the number of chroma coefficient positions consumed in the current superblock.
+        /// </summary>
         public int CodedAreaSuperblockUv { get; internal set; }
     }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1FilterIntraMode.cs

@@ -3,12 +3,38 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Identifies the filter-intra predictor kernel selected for an AV1 block.
+/// </summary>
 internal enum Av1FilterIntraMode
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The filter-intra DC predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     DC,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The filter-intra vertical predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     Vertical,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The filter-intra horizontal predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     Horizontal,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The filter-intra 157-degree directional predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     Directional157,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The filter-intra Paeth predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     Paeth,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of filter-intra modes.
+    /// </summary>
     AllFilterIntraModes,
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1FilterIntraModeExtensions.cs

@@ -5,11 +5,22 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Prediction;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides validity checks for AV1 filter-intra modes.
+/// </summary>
 internal static class Av1FilterIntraModeExtensions
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps filter-intra syntax values to the directional mode used by the predictor.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly Av1PredictionMode[] IntraDirection =
         [Av1PredictionMode.DC, Av1PredictionMode.Vertical, Av1PredictionMode.Horizontal, Av1PredictionMode.Directional157Degrees, Av1PredictionMode.DC];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the intra-prediction direction associated with the specified filter-intra mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="mode">The filter-intra mode.</param>
+    /// <returns>The corresponding intra-prediction direction.</returns>
     public static Av1PredictionMode ToIntraDirection(this Av1FilterIntraMode mode)
         => IntraDirection[(int)mode];
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1FrameInfo.cs

@@ -6,35 +6,113 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.OpenBitstreamUnit;
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Collection of all information for a single frame.
+/// Owns the mode, transform, coefficient, quantizer, and filter state decoded for one AV1 frame.
 /// </summary>
 internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
 {
-    // Number of Coefficients in a single ModeInfo 4x4 block of pixels (1 length + 4 x 4).
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The coefficient slots reserved for one 4x4 mode-information unit: one end index followed by 16 coefficients.
+    /// </summary>
     public const int CoefficientCountPerModeInfo = 1 + 16;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores raster-ordered luma coefficients for every frame superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] coefficientsY = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores raster-ordered blue-difference chroma coefficients for every frame superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] coefficientsU = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores raster-ordered red-difference chroma coefficients for every frame superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] coefficientsV = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The width and height of a superblock in 4x4 mode-information units.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int modeInfoSizePerSuperblock;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of 4x4 mode-information positions in one square superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int modeInfoCountPerSuperblock;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of columns in the frame superblock grid.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int superblockColumnCount;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The number of rows in the frame superblock grid.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int superblockRowCount;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The base-2 reduction from luma coefficient capacity to per-chroma-plane capacity.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int subsamplingFactor;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores one addressing view for each frame superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1SuperblockInfo[] superblockInfos;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores decoded block mode information in bitstream traversal order.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1BlockModeInfo[] modeInfos;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps every frame-relative 4x4 position to its covering entry in <see cref="modeInfos"/>.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1FrameModeInfoMap modeInfoMap;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores luma transform information grouped by superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1TransformInfo[] transformInfosY;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores both chroma planes' transform information grouped by superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1TransformInfo[] transformInfosUv;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the quantizer-index delta for each frame superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] deltaQ;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The base-2 number of constrained directional enhancement filter entries allocated per superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int cdefStrengthFactorLog2;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores constrained directional enhancement filter strengths grouped by superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] cdefStrength;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The base-2 number of loop-filter delta values stored per superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int deltaLoopFactorLog2 = 2;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the four loop-filter delta values for each superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] deltaLoopFilter;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1FrameInfo"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The sequence header defining maximum dimensions, superblock size, and color sampling.</param>
     public Av1FrameInfo(ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader)
     {
-        // init_main_frame_ctxt
+        // Size frame-owned storage from the sequence maximums because later frame headers may select
+        // any coded dimensions up to these bounds without rebuilding the decoder's indexing model.
         int superblockSizeLog2 = sequenceHeader.SuperblockSizeLog2;
         int superblockAlignedWidth = Av1Math.AlignPowerOf2(sequenceHeader.MaxFrameWidth, superblockSizeLog2);
         int superblockAlignedHeight = Av1Math.AlignPowerOf2(sequenceHeader.MaxFrameHeight, superblockSizeLog2);
@@ -45,14 +123,15 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock = this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock * this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock;
         int numPlanes = sequenceHeader.ColorConfig.IsMonochrome ? 1 : Av1Constants.MaxPlanes;
 
-        // Allocate the arrays.
+        // A decoded block can cover multiple 4x4 positions, so modeInfos stores each block once while
+        // modeInfoMap makes every covered position resolve to that single traversal-order entry.
         this.superblockInfos = new Av1SuperblockInfo[superblockCount];
         this.modeInfos = new Av1BlockModeInfo[superblockCount * this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock];
         this.modeInfoMap = new Av1FrameModeInfoMap(new Size(this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock * this.superblockColumnCount, this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock * this.superblockRowCount));
         this.transformInfosY = new Av1TransformInfo[superblockCount * this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock];
         this.transformInfosUv = new Av1TransformInfo[2 * superblockCount * this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock];
 
-        // Initialize the arrays.
+        // Superblock views retain only their grid position and address all storage through this owner.
         int i = 0;
         for (int y = 0; y < this.superblockRowCount; y++)
         {
@@ -67,7 +146,7 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         bool subX = sequenceHeader.ColorConfig.SubSamplingX;
         bool subY = sequenceHeader.ColorConfig.SubSamplingY;
 
-        // Factor: 444 => 0, 422 => 1, 420 => 2.
+        // Chroma capacity scales by two for each sampled axis: 4:4:4 => 0, 4:2:2 => 1, 4:2:0 => 2.
         this.subsamplingFactor = (subX && subY) ? 2 : (subX && !subY) ? 1 : (!subX && !subY) ? 0 : -1;
         Guard.IsFalse(this.subsamplingFactor == -1, nameof(this.subsamplingFactor), "Invalid combination of subsampling.");
         int lumaCoefficientCountPerSuperblock = this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock * CoefficientCountPerModeInfo;
@@ -77,7 +156,7 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         this.coefficientsV = new int[superblockCount * chromaCoefficientCountPerSuperblock];
         this.deltaQ = new int[superblockCount];
 
-        // Superblock size: 128x128 has sizelog2 = 7, 64x64 = 6. Factor should be 128x128 => 4 and 64x64 => 1.
+        // A 128x128 superblock contains four 64x64 CDEF filter blocks; a 64x64 superblock contains one.
         this.cdefStrengthFactorLog2 = (superblockSizeLog2 - 6) << 2;
         this.cdefStrength = new int[superblockCount << this.cdefStrengthFactorLog2];
         Array.Fill(this.cdefStrength, -1);
@@ -85,15 +164,20 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the number of mode info blocks in a single superblock.
+    /// Gets the total mode-information capacity allocated for the frame.
     /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoCount => this.modeInfos.Length;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the Width or height of a single superblock, counted in mode info blocks.
+    /// Gets the width or height of one square superblock in 4x4 mode-information units.
     /// </summary>
     public int SuperblockModeInfoSize => this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the superblock view at the specified frame-grid position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock view.</returns>
     public Av1SuperblockInfo GetSuperblock(Point index)
     {
         Span<Av1SuperblockInfo> span = this.superblockInfos;
@@ -101,8 +185,19 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span[i];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode information covering the origin of a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="superblockIndex">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode information covering the superblock origin.</returns>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo GetModeInfo(Point superblockIndex) => this.GetModeInfo(superblockIndex, Point.Empty);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode information covering a position relative to a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="superblockIndex">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoIndex">The position within the superblock in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode information covering the position.</returns>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo GetModeInfo(Point superblockIndex, Point modeInfoIndex)
     {
         Point location = this.GetModeInfoPosition(superblockIndex, modeInfoIndex);
@@ -113,11 +208,16 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the mode information record covering the specified frame-relative mode information position.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoPosition">The frame-relative position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode information covering the position.</returns>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo GetModeInfoAt(Point modeInfoPosition) => this.modeInfos[this.modeInfoMap[modeInfoPosition]];
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets the mode information records parsed for the specified superblock in bitstream order.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="superblockIndex">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <param name="count">The number of parsed records to return.</param>
+    /// <returns>The parsed mode-information records.</returns>
     public Span<Av1BlockModeInfo> GetModeInfos(Point superblockIndex, int count)
     {
         Point location = this.GetModeInfoPosition(superblockIndex, Point.Empty);
@@ -125,6 +225,12 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return this.modeInfos.AsSpan(index, count);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the transform-information storage for one plane of a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The luma storage for plane zero; otherwise, the shared chroma storage.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetSuperblockTransform(int plane, Point index)
     {
         if (plane == 0)
@@ -135,6 +241,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return this.GetSuperblockTransformUv(index);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the luma transform-information storage for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock luma transform-information span.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetSuperblockTransformY(Point index)
     {
         Span<Av1TransformInfo> span = this.transformInfosY;
@@ -142,6 +253,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(offset, this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the shared chroma transform-information storage for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock chroma transform-information span.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetSuperblockTransformUv(Point index)
     {
         Span<Av1TransformInfo> span = this.transformInfosUv;
@@ -149,6 +265,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(offset, this.modeInfoCountPerSuperblock << 1);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the luma coefficient storage for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock luma coefficient span.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetCoefficientsY(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.coefficientsY;
@@ -157,6 +278,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(superblock * count, count);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the blue-difference chroma coefficient storage for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock blue-difference chroma coefficient span.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetCoefficientsU(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.coefficientsU;
@@ -165,6 +291,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(superblock * count, count);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the red-difference chroma coefficient storage for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock red-difference chroma coefficient span.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetCoefficientsV(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.coefficientsV;
@@ -173,6 +304,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(superblock * count, count);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a reference to the quantizer-index delta for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>A reference to the superblock quantizer-index delta.</returns>
     public ref int GetDeltaQuantizationIndex(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.deltaQ;
@@ -180,6 +316,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return ref span[i];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the constrained directional enhancement filter strengths for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock filter-strength span.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetCdefStrength(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.cdefStrength;
@@ -187,6 +328,10 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(i, 1 << this.cdefStrengthFactorLog2);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resets every constrained directional enhancement filter strength for a superblock to its unassigned value.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
     internal void ClearCdef(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> cdefs = this.GetCdefStrength(index);
@@ -196,6 +341,11 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the four loop-filter delta values for a specified superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <returns>The superblock loop-filter delta span.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetDeltaLoopFilter(Point index)
     {
         Span<int> span = this.deltaLoopFilter;
@@ -203,14 +353,28 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         return span.Slice(i, 1 << this.deltaLoopFactorLog2);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resets all frame loop-filter delta values to zero.
+    /// </summary>
     public void ClearDeltaLoopFilter() => Array.Fill(this.deltaLoopFilter, 0);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores decoded mode information and maps every 4x4 position covered by its block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfo">The decoded block mode information.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
     public void UpdateModeInfo(Av1BlockModeInfo modeInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo)
     {
         this.modeInfos[this.modeInfoMap.NextIndex] = modeInfo;
         this.modeInfoMap.Update(this.GetModeInfoPosition(superblockInfo.Position, modeInfo.PositionInSuperblock), modeInfo.BlockSize);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts a superblock-relative mode-information position to frame-relative coordinates.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="superblockPosition">The position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
+    /// <param name="positionInSuperblock">The position within the superblock in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The frame-relative position in 4x4 mode-information units.</returns>
     private Point GetModeInfoPosition(Point superblockPosition, Point positionInSuperblock)
     {
         int x = (superblockPosition.X * this.modeInfoSizePerSuperblock) + positionInSuperblock.X;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1FrameModeInfoMap.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides frame-wide lookup and storage for decoded AV1 mode-information blocks.
+/// </summary>
 internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
 {
     /// <summary>
@@ -13,9 +16,20 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
     /// </remarks>
     public class Av1FrameModeInfoMap
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Stores the mode-information index assigned to each aligned 4x4 frame location.
+        /// </summary>
         private readonly ushort[] offsets;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The dimensions of <see cref="offsets"/> in 4x4 mode-information units.
+        /// </summary>
         private readonly Size alignedModeInfoCount;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1FrameModeInfoMap"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="modeInfoCount">The aligned frame dimensions in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
         public Av1FrameModeInfoMap(Size modeInfoCount)
         {
             this.alignedModeInfoCount = modeInfoCount;
@@ -29,8 +43,9 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
         public int NextIndex { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets the mapped index for the given location.
+        /// Gets the mode-information index mapped to the specified 4x4 location.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="location">The location in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
         public int this[Point location]
         {
             get
@@ -40,16 +55,22 @@ internal partial class Av1FrameInfo
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maps every 4x4 location covered by a decoded block to the next mode-information index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+        /// <param name="blockSize">The decoded block size.</param>
         public void Update(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
         {
-            // Equivalent in SVT-Av1: EbDecNbr.c svt_aom_update_block_nbrs
             int bw4 = blockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
             int bh4 = blockSize.Get4x4HighCount();
             DebugGuard.MustBeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(modeInfoLocation.Y, 0, nameof(modeInfoLocation));
             DebugGuard.MustBeLessThanOrEqualTo(modeInfoLocation.Y + bh4, this.alignedModeInfoCount.Height, nameof(modeInfoLocation));
             DebugGuard.MustBeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(modeInfoLocation.X, 0, nameof(modeInfoLocation));
             DebugGuard.MustBeLessThanOrEqualTo(modeInfoLocation.X + bw4, this.alignedModeInfoCount.Width, nameof(modeInfoLocation));
-            /* Update 4x4 nbr offset map */
+
+            // Every 4x4 cell covered by the block must resolve to the same mode information,
+            // because later blocks query their above and left neighbors at cell granularity.
             for (int i = modeInfoLocation.Y; i < modeInfoLocation.Y + bh4; i++)
             {
                 Array.Fill(this.offsets, (ushort)this.NextIndex, (i * this.alignedModeInfoCount.Width) + modeInfoLocation.X, bw4);

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1IntraFilterModeInfo.cs

@@ -3,9 +3,18 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores whether filter-intra prediction is active and which filter-intra mode is selected.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1IntraFilterModeInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether filter-intra prediction is enabled for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool UseFilterIntra { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the filter-intra mode selected for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1FilterIntraMode Mode { get; set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1LevelBuffer.cs

@@ -8,29 +8,61 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Owns the padded absolute-coefficient level plane used to derive AV1 coefficient entropy contexts.
+/// </summary>
 internal sealed class Av1LevelBuffer : IDisposable
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Owns the padded level storage until the buffer is disposed.
+    /// </summary>
     private IMemoryOwner<byte>? memory;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1LevelBuffer"/> class for the maximum AV1 transform size.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing the memory allocator.</param>
     public Av1LevelBuffer(Configuration configuration)
         : this(configuration, new Size(Av1Constants.MaxTransformSize, Av1Constants.MaxTransformSize))
     {
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1LevelBuffer"/> class for the specified coefficient dimensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="configuration">The configuration providing the memory allocator.</param>
+    /// <param name="size">The unpadded coefficient dimensions.</param>
     public Av1LevelBuffer(Configuration configuration, Size size)
     {
         this.Size = size;
+
+        // Coefficient-context derivation reads fixed neighboring offsets around the coded transform.
+        // Keeping those offsets inside one clean allocation avoids branches at transform boundaries.
         int totalHeight = Av1Constants.TransformPadTop + size.Height + Av1Constants.TransformPadBottom;
         this.Stride = Av1Constants.TransformPadHorizontal + size.Width;
         this.memory = configuration.MemoryAllocator.Allocate<byte>(this.Stride * totalHeight, AllocationOptions.Clean);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the unpadded coefficient dimensions.
+    /// </summary>
     public Size Size { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the padded row stride in bytes.
+    /// </summary>
     public int Stride { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the coefficient level at the specified unpadded position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="position">The coefficient position.</param>
     public int this[Point position] => this.GetRow(position.Y)[position.X];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes the unpadded level plane from raster-ordered coefficient magnitudes.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="coefficientBuffer">The coefficient levels to copy.</param>
     public void Initialize(Span<int> coefficientBuffer)
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(this.memory == null, this);
@@ -41,6 +73,7 @@ internal sealed class Av1LevelBuffer : IDisposable
             ref int sourceRef = ref coefficientBuffer[y * this.Size.Width];
             for (int x = 0; x < this.Size.Width; x++)
             {
+                // Entropy contexts use a saturated byte-level summary rather than the full coefficient magnitude.
                 destRef = (byte)Av1Math.Clamp(sourceRef, 0, byte.MaxValue);
                 destRef = ref Unsafe.Add(ref destRef, 1);
                 sourceRef = ref Unsafe.Add(ref sourceRef, 1);
@@ -48,6 +81,11 @@ internal sealed class Av1LevelBuffer : IDisposable
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts a raster-order coefficient index to its two-dimensional position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The raster-order coefficient index.</param>
+    /// <returns>The corresponding coefficient position.</returns>
     public Point GetPosition(int index)
     {
         int x = index % this.Size.Width;
@@ -55,9 +93,19 @@ internal sealed class Av1LevelBuffer : IDisposable
         return new Point(x, y);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a padded coefficient row for the specified position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pos">A position whose vertical coordinate selects the row.</param>
+    /// <returns>The selected row, including its horizontal context padding.</returns>
     public Span<byte> GetRow(Point pos)
         => this.GetRow(pos.Y);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a padded coefficient row by its unpadded vertical coordinate.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="y">The row coordinate, which may address the top context padding.</param>
+    /// <returns>The selected row, including its horizontal context padding.</returns>
     public Span<byte> GetRow(int y)
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(this.memory == null, this);
@@ -66,12 +114,16 @@ internal sealed class Av1LevelBuffer : IDisposable
         return this.memory.Memory.Span.Slice(row * this.Stride, this.Size.Width + Av1Constants.TransformPadHorizontal);
     }
 
+    /// <inheritdoc/>
     public void Dispose()
     {
         this.memory?.Dispose();
         this.memory = null;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears all coefficient levels and context padding.
+    /// </summary>
     internal void Clear()
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(this.memory == null, this);

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1MacroBlockD.cs

@@ -3,53 +3,87 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds decoder-side macroblock edges, plane state, and neighboring mode information.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1MacroBlockD
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the mode-information entries exposed through <see cref="ModeInfo"/>.
+    /// </summary>
     private Av1ModeInfo[] modeInfo = [];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the mode-information entries for the current block and its mapped neighbors.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Span<Av1ModeInfo> ModeInfo
     {
         get => this.modeInfo;
         internal set
         {
+            // A span cannot be retained by the class, so preserve the selected map entries in owned storage.
             this.modeInfo = new Av1ModeInfo[value.Length];
             value.CopyTo(this.modeInfo);
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the tile containing the current block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1TileInfo Tile { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether an above block is available within the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool IsUpAvailable { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether a left block is available within the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool IsLeftAvailable { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the above macroblock mode information, when available.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1MacroBlockModeInfo? AboveMacroBlock { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the left macroblock mode information, when available.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1MacroBlockModeInfo? LeftMacroBlock { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the row stride of the frame mode-information map.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoStride { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the number of macro blocks until the top edge.
+    /// Gets or sets the signed distance from the block to the top frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
     /// </summary>
     public int ToTopEdge { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the number of macro blocks until the bottom edge.
+    /// Gets or sets the signed distance from the block to the bottom frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
     /// </summary>
     public int ToBottomEdge { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the number of macro blocks until the left edge.
+    /// Gets or sets the signed distance from the block to the left frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
     /// </summary>
     public int ToLeftEdge { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the number of macro blocks until the right edge.
+    /// Gets or sets the signed distance from the block to the right frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
     /// </summary>
     public int ToRightEdge { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the block dimensions in samples for rectangular-partition context selection.
+    /// </summary>
     public Size N8Size { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether this block is the second half of a rectangular partition.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool IsSecondRectangle { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1MacroBlockModeInfo.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,23 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores the encoder's selected modes and references for an AV1 macroblock.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1MacroBlockModeInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the prediction, transform, and segmentation decisions for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1EncoderBlockModeInfo Block { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the luma palette decisions for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1PaletteLumaModeInfo Palette { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the constrained directional enhancement filter strength for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int CdefStrength { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1ModeInfo.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,13 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores the decoded prediction, segmentation, skip, and transform state for an AV1 mode-information block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1ModeInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the macroblock mode information associated with this map entry.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1MacroBlockModeInfo MacroBlockModeInfo { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1NeighborArrayUnit.cs

@@ -6,15 +6,39 @@ using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores left, top, and top-left neighbor values at the granularity required by AV1 encoder contexts.
+/// </summary>
+/// <typeparam name="T">The context value type, including its invalid sentinel value.</typeparam>
 internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
     where T : struct, IMinMaxValue<T>
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The sentinel used for neighbor positions that have not been populated.
+    /// </summary>
     public static readonly T InvalidNeighborData = T.MaxValue;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores context units exposed to blocks on the right.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly T[] left;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores context units exposed to blocks below.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly T[] top;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores context units indexed by the diagonal difference between horizontal and vertical positions.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly T[] topLeft;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1NeighborArrayUnit{T}"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="leftSize">The number of values in the left-neighbor storage.</param>
+    /// <param name="topSize">The number of values in the top-neighbor storage.</param>
+    /// <param name="topLeftSize">The number of values in the diagonal-neighbor storage.</param>
     public Av1NeighborArrayUnit(int leftSize, int topSize, int topLeftSize)
     {
         this.left = new T[leftSize];
@@ -22,33 +46,87 @@ internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
         this.topLeft = new T[topLeftSize];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Selects which neighbor arrays receive an update.
+    /// </summary>
     [Flags]
     public enum UnitMask
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the left-neighbor storage.
+        /// </summary>
         Left = 1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the top-neighbor storage.
+        /// </summary>
         Top = 2,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the top-left diagonal storage.
+        /// </summary>
         TopLeft = 4,
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the left-neighbor storage.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<T> Left => this.left;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the top-neighbor storage.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<T> Top => this.top;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the top-left diagonal storage.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<T> TopLeft => this.topLeft;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the base-2 logarithm of the top and left context granularity in samples.
+    /// </summary>
     public required int GranularityNormalLog2 { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the base-2 logarithm of the diagonal context granularity in samples.
+    /// </summary>
     public required int GranularityTopLeftLog2 { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the number of consecutive values stored for each neighbor-array unit.
+    /// </summary>
     public int UnitSize { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the left-neighbor unit index for a sample position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="loc">The sample position.</param>
+    /// <returns>The left-neighbor unit index.</returns>
     public int GetLeftIndex(Point loc) => loc.Y >> this.GranularityNormalLog2;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the top-neighbor unit index for a sample position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="loc">The sample position.</param>
+    /// <returns>The top-neighbor unit index.</returns>
     public int GetTopIndex(Point loc) => loc.X >> this.GranularityNormalLog2;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the diagonal-neighbor unit index for a sample position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="loc">The sample position.</param>
+    /// <returns>The top-left neighbor index derived from the position's diagonal.</returns>
     public int GetTopLeftIndex(Point loc)
         => this.left.Length + (loc.X >> this.GranularityTopLeftLog2) - (loc.Y >> this.GranularityTopLeftLog2);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes one context unit across the selected block edges.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="value">The values that make up one context unit.</param>
+    /// <param name="origin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block dimensions in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="mask">The neighbor arrays to update.</param>
     public void UnitModeWrite(ReadOnlySpan<T> value, Point origin, Size blockSize, UnitMask mask)
     {
         int idx, j;
@@ -83,7 +161,7 @@ internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
 
             for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx)
             {
-                /* svt_memcpy less that 10 bytes*/
+                // Unit sizes are deliberately tiny, so direct ref copies avoid slicing for every neighbor position.
                 for (j = 0; j < na_unit_size; ++j)
                 {
                     dst_ptr = value[j];
@@ -117,7 +195,7 @@ internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
 
             for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx)
             {
-                /* svt_memcpy less that 10 bytes*/
+                // Unit sizes are deliberately tiny, so direct ref copies avoid slicing for every neighbor position.
                 for (j = 0; j < na_unit_size; ++j)
                 {
                     dst_ptr = value[j];
@@ -156,7 +234,7 @@ internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
 
             for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx)
             {
-                /* svt_memcpy less that 10 bytes*/
+                // Unit sizes are deliberately tiny, so direct ref copies avoid slicing for every neighbor position.
                 for (j = 0; j < na_unit_size; ++j)
                 {
                     dst_ptr = value[j];
@@ -166,5 +244,13 @@ internal class Av1NeighborArrayUnit<T>
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes a DC-sign context across selected block edges.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="dcSignSpan">The encoded DC-sign context.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block dimensions in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="unitMask">The neighbor arrays to update.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">The byte-specific write path is not implemented.</exception>
     internal void UnitModeWrite(Span<byte> dcSignSpan, Point blockOrigin, Size blockSize, Av1NeighborArrayUnit<Av1PartitionContext>.UnitMask unitMask) => throw new NotImplementedException();
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PaletteLumaModeInfo.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Reserves encoder-side state for AV1 luma palette mode decisions.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1PaletteLumaModeInfo
 {
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context.cs

@@ -6,21 +6,36 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores entropy, palette, partition, and transform contexts for 4-by-4 blocks above the current block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
 {
-    /* Buffer holding the sign of the DC coefficients and the
+    /// <summary>
-       cumulative sum of the coefficient levels of the above 4x4
+    /// Stores DC-sign and cumulative coefficient-level contexts for each plane above the current block.
-       blocks corresponding to the current super block row. */
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] aboveContext = new int[Av1Constants.MaxPlanes][];
 
-    /* Buffer holding the seg_id_predicted of the previous 4x4 block row. */
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores segmentation-prediction contexts from the preceding 4x4 row.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] aboveSegmentIdPredictionContext;
 
-    /* Value of base colors for Y, U, and V */
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores palette base colors for each plane above the current block.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] abovePaletteColors = new int[Av1Constants.MaxPlanes][];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores compound-reference group contexts from the preceding 4x4 row.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] aboveCompGroupIndex;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="planesCount">The number of color planes.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoColumnCount">The frame width in 4x4 mode-information columns.</param>
     public Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context(int planesCount, int modeInfoColumnCount)
     {
         int wide64x64Count = Av1BlockSize.Block64x64.Get4x4WideCount();
@@ -46,8 +61,19 @@ internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
     /// </summary>
     public int[] AboveTransformWidth { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the coefficient context row for the specified plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based plane index.</param>
+    /// <returns>The coefficient contexts for the plane.</returns>
     public int[] GetContext(int plane) => this.aboveContext[plane];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resets above-neighbor state for the active tile-column range.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The sequence header describing the color planes.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoColumnStart">The first mode-information column in the tile.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoColumnEnd">The exclusive end mode-information column in the tile.</param>
     public void Clear(ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader, int modeInfoColumnStart, int modeInfoColumnEnd)
     {
         int planeCount = sequenceHeader.ColorConfig.PlaneCount;
@@ -64,8 +90,16 @@ internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.aboveCompGroupIndex, 0, 0, width);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Updates the above partition context for every 4x4 column covered by a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in frame mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="subSize">The size produced by the decoded partition.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The parent block size.</param>
     public void UpdatePartition(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, Av1BlockSize subSize, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
+        // Above contexts are tile-local even though block positions are frame-relative.
         int startIndex = modeInfoLocation.X - tileInfo.ModeInfoColumnStart;
         int bw = blockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
         int value = Av1PartitionContext.GetAboveContext(subSize);
@@ -74,6 +108,14 @@ internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.AbovePartitionWidth, value, startIndex, bw);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Updates the above transform-size context for every 4x4 column covered by a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in frame mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The selected transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The decoded block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="skip">A value indicating whether the block omits residual coefficients.</param>
     public void UpdateTransformation(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, Av1TransformSize transformSize, Av1BlockSize blockSize, bool skip)
     {
         int startIndex = modeInfoLocation.X - tileInfo.ModeInfoColumnStart;
@@ -81,6 +123,7 @@ internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
         int n4w = blockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
         if (skip)
         {
+            // Skipped blocks expose the full block width as their effective transform extent.
             transformWidth = n4w << Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2;
         }
 
@@ -88,6 +131,12 @@ internal class Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.AboveTransformWidth, transformWidth, startIndex, n4w);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears a range of above coefficient contexts for one plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="offset">The first context index to clear.</param>
+    /// <param name="length">The number of context entries to clear.</param>
     internal void ClearContext(int plane, int offset, int length)
         => Array.Fill(this.aboveContext[plane], 0, offset, length);
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context.cs

@@ -6,21 +6,36 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores entropy, palette, partition, and transform contexts for 4-by-4 blocks left of the current block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
 {
-    /* Buffer holding the sign of the DC coefficients and the
+    /// <summary>
-       cumulative sum of the coefficient levels of the left 4x4
+    /// Stores DC-sign and cumulative coefficient-level contexts for each plane left of the current block.
-       blocks corresponding to the current super block row. */
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] leftContext = new int[Av1Constants.MaxPlanes][];
 
-    /* Buffer holding the seg_id_predicted of the previous 4x4 block row. */
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores segmentation-prediction contexts for the current superblock row.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] leftSegmentIdPredictionContext;
 
-    /* Value of base colors for Y, U, and V */
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores palette base colors for each plane left of the current block.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] leftPaletteColors = new int[Av1Constants.MaxPlanes][];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores compound-reference group contexts for the current superblock row.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] leftCompGroupIndex;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="planesCount">The number of color planes.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockModeInfoSize">The superblock height in 4x4 mode-information rows.</param>
     public Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context(int planesCount, int superblockModeInfoSize)
     {
         this.LeftTransformHeight = new int[superblockModeInfoSize];
@@ -47,6 +62,10 @@ internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
     /// </summary>
     public int[] LeftTransformHeight { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resets all left-neighbor state for a new superblock row.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The sequence header describing the superblock size and color planes.</param>
     public void Clear(ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader)
     {
         int blockCount = sequenceHeader.SuperblockModeInfoSize;
@@ -64,8 +83,16 @@ internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.leftCompGroupIndex, 0, 0, blockCount);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Updates the left partition context for every 4x4 row covered by a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in frame mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The active superblock location.</param>
+    /// <param name="subSize">The size produced by the decoded partition.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The parent block size.</param>
     public void UpdatePartition(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1BlockSize subSize, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
+        // The left context is reused for each superblock row, so address it relative to the superblock origin.
         int startIndex = (modeInfoLocation.Y - superblockInfo.ModeInfoPosition.Y) & Av1PartitionContext.Mask;
         int bh = blockSize.Get4x4HighCount();
         int value = Av1PartitionContext.GetLeftContext(subSize);
@@ -73,6 +100,14 @@ internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.LeftPartitionHeight, value, startIndex, bh);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Updates the left transform-size context for every 4x4 row covered by a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in frame mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The active superblock location.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The selected transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The decoded block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="skip">A value indicating whether the block omits residual coefficients.</param>
     public void UpdateTransformation(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TransformSize transformSize, Av1BlockSize blockSize, bool skip)
     {
         int startIndex = modeInfoLocation.Y - superblockInfo.ModeInfoPosition.Y;
@@ -80,6 +115,7 @@ internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
         int n4h = blockSize.Get4x4HighCount();
         if (skip)
         {
+            // Skipped blocks expose the full block height as their effective transform extent.
             transformHeight = n4h << Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2;
         }
 
@@ -87,8 +123,19 @@ internal class Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context
         Array.Fill(this.LeftTransformHeight, transformHeight, startIndex, n4h);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Clears a range of left coefficient contexts for one plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="offset">The first context index to clear.</param>
+    /// <param name="length">The number of context entries to clear.</param>
     internal void ClearContext(int plane, int offset, int length)
         => Array.Fill(this.leftContext[plane], 0, offset, length);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the coefficient context column for the specified plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based plane index.</param>
+    /// <returns>The coefficient contexts for the plane.</returns>
     internal int[] GetContext(int plane) => this.leftContext[plane];
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PartitionContext.cs

@@ -5,35 +5,74 @@ using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
-// Generates 5 bit field in which each bit set to 1 represents
+/// <summary>
-// a BlockSize partition  11111 means we split 128x128, 64x64, 32x32, 16x16
+/// Stores the above and left five-bit AV1 partition contexts for a mode-information position.
-// and 8x8.  10000 means we just split the 128x128 to 64x64
+/// </summary>
+/// <remarks>
+/// Each set bit records a split at one block-size level. For example, <c>11111</c> records splits from
+/// 128 by 128 through 8 by 8, while <c>10000</c> records only the 128 by 128 split.
+/// </remarks>
 internal struct Av1PartitionContext : IMinMaxValue<Av1PartitionContext>
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps each block size to the five-bit context stored for an above neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] AboveLookup =
         [31, 31, 30, 30, 30, 28, 28, 28, 24, 24, 24, 16, 16, 16, 0, 0, 31, 28, 30, 24, 28, 16];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps each block size to the five-bit context stored for a left neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] LeftLookup =
         [31, 30, 31, 30, 28, 30, 28, 24, 28, 24, 16, 24, 16, 0, 16, 0, 28, 31, 24, 30, 16, 28];
 
-    // Mask to extract ModeInfo offset within max ModeInfoBlock
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The mask used to convert a frame mode-information row to its position within a 128-sample superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public const int Mask = (1 << (7 - 2)) - 1;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1PartitionContext"/> struct.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="above">The context stored for blocks below this block.</param>
+    /// <param name="left">The context stored for blocks to the right of this block.</param>
     public Av1PartitionContext(byte above, byte left)
     {
         this.Above = above;
         this.Left = left;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the maximum representable partition context.
+    /// </summary>
     public static Av1PartitionContext MaxValue => throw new NotImplementedException();
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the minimum representable partition context.
+    /// </summary>
     public static Av1PartitionContext MinValue => throw new NotImplementedException();
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the five-bit context derived from the left neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public byte Left { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the five-bit context derived from the above neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public byte Above { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the above-neighbor partition context for the specified block size.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns>The five-bit above-neighbor context.</returns>
     public static int GetAboveContext(Av1BlockSize blockSize) => AboveLookup[(int)blockSize];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the left-neighbor partition context for the specified block size.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns>The five-bit left-neighbor context.</returns>
     public static int GetLeftContext(Av1BlockSize blockSize) => LeftLookup[(int)blockSize];
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PartitionInfo.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,18 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Prediction.ChromaFromLuma;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a decoded AV1 partition's block geometry, neighbors, and frame-boundary availability.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1PartitionInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1PartitionInfo"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfo">The decoded mode information for the partition block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="isChroma">A value indicating whether the partition has chroma samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionType">The partition type that produced the block.</param>
     public Av1PartitionInfo(Av1BlockModeInfo modeInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, bool isChroma, Av1PartitionType partitionType)
     {
         this.ModeInfo = modeInfo;
@@ -20,6 +30,9 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
         this.HeightInPixels = new int[3];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the decoded block mode information.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo ModeInfo { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -27,8 +40,14 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
     /// </summary>
     public Av1SuperblockInfo SuperblockInfo { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a value indicating whether the partition has chroma samples at its current luma position.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool IsChroma { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the partition type that produced the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1PartitionType Type { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -61,32 +80,77 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
     /// </summary>
     public int RowIndex { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the mode information covering the immediately above luma neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo? AboveModeInfo { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the mode information covering the immediately left luma neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo? LeftModeInfo { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the mode information covering the above chroma neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo? AboveModeInfoForChroma { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the mode information covering the left chroma neighbor.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo? LeftModeInfoForChroma { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the constrained directional enhancement filter strengths associated with the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] CdefStrength { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the reference-frame identifiers selected for the block.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] ReferenceFrame { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the signed distance from the block to the left frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeBlockToLeftEdge { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the signed distance from the block to the right frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeBlockToRightEdge { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the signed distance from the block to the top frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeBlockToTopEdge { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the signed distance from the block to the bottom frame edge in one-eighth-sample units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeBlockToBottomEdge { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the block width in samples for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] WidthInPixels { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the block height in samples for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public int[] HeightInPixels { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the neighboring luma samples used by chroma-from-luma prediction.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1ChromaFromLumaContext? ChromaFromLumaContext { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Computes tile-neighbor availability, frame-edge distances, and per-plane block dimensions.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The sequence header describing color subsampling.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameHeader">The frame header describing coded dimensions.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
     public void ComputeBoundaryOffsets(ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader, ObuFrameHeader frameHeader, Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         Av1BlockSize blockSize = this.ModeInfo.BlockSize;
@@ -105,21 +169,23 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
         this.ModeBlockToTopEdge = -this.RowIndex << shift;
         this.ModeBlockToBottomEdge = (frameHeader.ModeInfoRowCount - bh4 - this.RowIndex) << shift;
 
-        // Block Size width & height in pixels.
+        // The bitstream expresses block size on the luma grid. Chroma dimensions are derived by
-        // For Luma bock
+        // subsampling that grid while retaining at least one 4x4 chroma unit for narrow blocks.
         const int modeInfoSize = 1 << Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2;
         this.WidthInPixels[0] = bw4 * modeInfoSize;
         this.HeightInPixels[0] = bh4 * modeInfoSize;
 
-        // For U plane chroma bock
         this.WidthInPixels[1] = Math.Max(1, bw4 >> subX) * modeInfoSize;
         this.HeightInPixels[1] = Math.Max(1, bh4 >> subY) * modeInfoSize;
 
-        // For V plane chroma bock
         this.WidthInPixels[2] = Math.Max(1, bw4 >> subX) * modeInfoSize;
         this.HeightInPixels[2] = Math.Max(1, bh4 >> subY) * modeInfoSize;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolves the decoded luma and chroma mode information for available above and left neighbors.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="colorConfig">The color-plane subsampling configuration.</param>
     public void PopulateModeInfoNeighbors(ObuColorConfig colorConfig)
     {
         if (this.AvailableAbove)
@@ -154,6 +220,12 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the block width clipped to the right frame edge.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="subX">A value indicating whether the target plane is horizontally subsampled.</param>
+    /// <returns>The clipped width in 4x4 units of the target plane.</returns>
     public int GetMaxBlockWide(Av1BlockSize blockSize, bool subX)
     {
         int maxBlockWide = blockSize.GetWidth();
@@ -166,6 +238,12 @@ internal class Av1PartitionInfo
         return maxBlockWide >> 2;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the block height clipped to the bottom frame edge.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="subY">A value indicating whether the target plane is vertically subsampled.</param>
+    /// <returns>The clipped height in 4x4 units of the target plane.</returns>
     public int GetMaxBlockHigh(Av1BlockSize blockSize, bool subY)
     {
         int maxBlockHigh = blockSize.GetHeight();

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PictureControlSet.cs

@@ -5,70 +5,131 @@ using System;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds the coding decisions, buffers, and sequence context for one AV1 picture pass.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1PictureControlSet
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the partition neighbor contexts for each tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1NeighborArrayUnit<Av1PartitionContext>[] PartitionContexts { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the luma DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts for each tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>[] LuminanceDcSignLevelCoefficientNeighbors { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the red-difference chroma DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts for each tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>[] CrDcSignLevelCoefficientNeighbors { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the blue-difference chroma DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts for each tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>[] CbDcSignLevelCoefficientNeighbors { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the transform-function neighbor contexts for each tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>[] TransformFunctionContexts { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the sequence-wide encoder state.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1SequenceControlSet Sequence { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the parent picture state shared across coding passes.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1PictureParentControlSet Parent { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame segmentation identifiers used for spatial prediction.
+    /// </summary>
     public required byte[] SegmentationNeighborMap { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the frame grid that maps each 4x4 position to its mode-information span.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1ModeInfo[][] ModeInfoGrid { get; } = [];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the contiguous mode-information storage addressed by <see cref="ModeInfoGrid"/>.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1ModeInfo[] Mip { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the row stride of <see cref="ModeInfoGrid"/> in 4x4 mode-information units.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoStride { get; internal set; }
 
-    // true if 4x4 blocks are disallowed for all frames, and NSQ is disabled (since granularity is
+    /// <summary>
-    // needed for 8x8 NSQ blocks).  Used to compute the offset for mip.
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the mode-information backing store uses 8x8 rather than 4x4 granularity.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool Disallow4x4AllFrames { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the constrained directional enhancement filter presets for each filter block.
+    /// </summary>
     public required int[][] CdefPreset { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode-information span mapped to a frame position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="position">The frame position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode-information span beginning at the position.</returns>
     public Span<Av1ModeInfo> GetFromModeInfoGrid(Point position)
         => this.ModeInfoGrid[(position.Y * this.ModeInfoStride) + position.X];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps a frame position to the supplied mode-information span.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="position">The frame position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="span">The mode-information entries to map.</param>
     public void SetModeInfoGridRow(Point position, Span<Av1ModeInfo> span)
         => this.SetModeInfoGridRow((position.Y * this.ModeInfoStride) + position.X, span);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps a linear grid offset to the supplied mode-information span.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="offset">The linear grid offset.</param>
+    /// <param name="span">The mode-information entries to map.</param>
     public void SetModeInfoGridRow(int offset, Span<Av1ModeInfo> span)
     {
+        // Grid entries own their arrays because the source span can refer to temporary traversal state.
         this.ModeInfoGrid[offset] = new Av1ModeInfo[span.Length];
         span.CopyTo(this.ModeInfoGrid[offset]);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: get_mbmi
+    /// Gets the macroblock mode information at a block origin and refreshes its grid mapping.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The macroblock mode information at the origin.</returns>
     internal Av1MacroBlockModeInfo GetMacroBlockModeInfo(Point blockOrigin)
     {
         int modeInfoStride = this.ModeInfoStride;
         int offset = (blockOrigin.Y * modeInfoStride) + blockOrigin.X;
 
-        // Reset the mi_grid (needs to be done here in case it was changed for NSQ blocks during MD - svt_aom_init_xd())
+        // Rectangular mode-decision blocks can replace grid entries. Restore the entry from the
-        // mip offset may be different from grid offset when 4x4 blocks are disallowed
+        // contiguous backing store, whose index is halved when 4x4 blocks are globally disabled.
         int disallow4x4 = this.Disallow4x4AllFrames ? 1 : 0;
         int mipOffset = ((blockOrigin.Y >> disallow4x4) * (modeInfoStride >> disallow4x4)) + (blockOrigin.X >> disallow4x4);
         this.SetModeInfoGridRow(offset, ((Span<Av1ModeInfo>)this.Mip)[mipOffset..]);
 
-        // use idx 0 as that's the first MacroBlockModeInfo in the block.
+        // The first mapped entry owns the macroblock state for the entire block.
         Av1ModeInfo modeInfo = this.ModeInfoGrid[offset][0];
         return modeInfo.MacroBlockModeInfo;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_av1_update_segmentation_map
+    /// Writes a segment identifier to every segmentation-map entry covered by a block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="origin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="segmentId">The segment identifier.</param>
     internal void UpdateSegmentation(Av1BlockSize blockSize, Point origin, int segmentId)
     {
         Av1EncoderCommon cm = this.Parent.Common;
@@ -80,6 +141,8 @@ internal class Av1PictureControlSet
         int bh = blockSize.GetHeight();
         int xmis = Math.Min(cm.ModeInfoColumnCount - mi_col, bw);
         int ymis = Math.Min(cm.ModeInfoRowCount - mi_row, bh);
+
+        // Clip edge blocks to the coded mode-information grid before filling complete rows.
         for (int y = 0; y < ymis; ++y)
         {
             int offset = mi_offset + (y * cm.ModeInfoColumnCount);

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PictureParentControlSet.cs

@@ -5,19 +5,43 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.OpenBitstreamUnit;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds encoder state that is shared by all coding passes for one AV1 picture.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1PictureParentControlSet
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets frame dimensions and tile state shared by encoder stages.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1EncoderCommon Common { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame header being encoded.
+    /// </summary>
     public required ObuFrameHeader FrameHeader { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the preceding quantizer index for each tile context.
+    /// </summary>
     public required int[] PreviousQIndex { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the encoder palette-search level.
+    /// </summary>
     public int PaletteLevel { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame width aligned for superblock traversal.
+    /// </summary>
     public int AlignedWidth { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the frame height aligned for superblock traversal.
+    /// </summary>
     public int AlignedHeight { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the geometry state for each superblock in the picture.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1SuperblockGeometry[] SuperblockGeometry { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1PlaneType.cs

@@ -3,8 +3,18 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Identifies whether AV1 block processing targets the luma plane or either chroma plane.
+/// </summary>
 internal enum Av1PlaneType : int
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The luma plane.
+    /// </summary>
     Y,
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Either chroma plane.
+    /// </summary>
     Uv
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1SequenceControlSet.cs

@@ -5,9 +5,18 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.OpenBitstreamUnit;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds encoder configuration and sequence-wide state shared by AV1 pictures.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1SequenceControlSet
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the sequence header that governs encoded pictures.
+    /// </summary>
     public required ObuSequenceHeader SequenceHeader { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the maximum number of encoded blocks allocated for a picture.
+    /// </summary>
     public int MaxBlockCount { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1Superblock.cs

@@ -5,13 +5,28 @@ using static SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling.Av1TileWriter;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Holds encoder-side block decisions and transform data for one AV1 superblock.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1Superblock
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the final encoder decisions in partition traversal order.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1EncoderBlockStruct[] FinalBlocks { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the tile containing the superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1TileInfo TileInfo { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the selected partition type for each partition-tree node.
+    /// </summary>
     public required Av1PartitionType[] CodingUnitPartitionTypes { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the superblock index within the picture.
+    /// </summary>
     public int Index { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1SuperblockGeometry.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,13 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes a superblock node's location, dimensions, and children in the encoder partition tree.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1SuperblockGeometry
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the superblock lies completely within the coded frame.
+    /// </summary>
     public bool IsComplete { get; internal set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1SuperblockInfo.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,21 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores the partition tree and decoded mode information for one AV1 superblock.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1SuperblockInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides the frame-owned arrays addressed by this superblock view.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1FrameInfo frameInfo;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1SuperblockInfo"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="frameInfo">The owning frame information.</param>
+    /// <param name="position">The superblock position in the frame superblock grid.</param>
     public Av1SuperblockInfo(Av1FrameInfo frameInfo, Point position)
     {
         this.Position = position;
@@ -14,39 +25,82 @@ internal class Av1SuperblockInfo
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the position of this superblock inside the tile, counted in superblocks.
+    /// Gets the position of this superblock in the frame superblock grid.
     /// </summary>
     public Point Position { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the position of this superblock inside the tile, counted in mode info blocks (of 4x4 pixels).
+    /// Gets the frame-relative superblock origin in 4x4 mode-information units.
     /// </summary>
     public Point ModeInfoPosition => this.Position * this.frameInfo.SuperblockModeInfoSize;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a reference to the superblock quantizer-index delta.
+    /// </summary>
     public ref int SuperblockDeltaQ => ref this.frameInfo.GetDeltaQuantizationIndex(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode information that covers the superblock origin.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo SuperblockModeInfo => this.GetModeInfo(new Point(0, 0));
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the luma coefficient storage reserved for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<int> CoefficientsY => this.frameInfo.GetCoefficientsY(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the blue-difference chroma coefficient storage reserved for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<int> CoefficientsU => this.frameInfo.GetCoefficientsU(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the red-difference chroma coefficient storage reserved for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<int> CoefficientsV => this.frameInfo.GetCoefficientsV(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the constrained directional enhancement filter strengths for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<int> CdefStrength => this.frameInfo.GetCdefStrength(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the loop-filter deltas for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public Span<int> SuperblockDeltaLoopFilter => this.frameInfo.GetDeltaLoopFilter(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the next luma transform-information index while parsing this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public int TransformInfoIndexY { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the next shared chroma transform-information index while parsing this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public int TransformInfoIndexUv { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the number of mode-information records parsed for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     public int BlockCount { get; internal set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the luma transform-information storage reserved for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>The superblock luma transform-information span.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetTransformInfoY() => this.frameInfo.GetSuperblockTransformY(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the shared chroma transform-information storage reserved for this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>The superblock chroma transform-information span.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetTransformInfoUv() => this.frameInfo.GetSuperblockTransformUv(this.Position);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the transform-information storage for the specified color plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based color-plane index.</param>
+    /// <returns>The transform-information span for the plane.</returns>
     public Span<Av1TransformInfo> GetTransformInfo(int plane) => this.frameInfo.GetSuperblockTransform(plane, this.Position);
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -54,10 +108,25 @@ internal class Av1SuperblockInfo
     /// </summary>
     public Span<Av1BlockModeInfo> GetModeInfos() => this.frameInfo.GetModeInfos(this.Position, this.BlockCount);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode information covering a position relative to this superblock.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The position in 4x4 mode-information units relative to the superblock.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode information covering the position.</returns>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo GetModeInfo(Point index) => this.frameInfo.GetModeInfo(this.Position, index);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the mode information covering a frame-relative position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="index">The frame-relative position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <returns>The mode information covering the position.</returns>
     public Av1BlockModeInfo GetModeInfoAt(Point index) => this.frameInfo.GetModeInfoAt(index);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the coefficient storage for the specified color plane.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="plane">The color plane.</param>
+    /// <returns>The coefficient span for the plane, or an empty span for an unsupported value.</returns>
     public Span<int> GetCoefficients(Av1Plane plane) => plane switch
     {
         Av1Plane.Y => this.CoefficientsY,

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TileInfo.cs

@@ -5,14 +5,27 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.OpenBitstreamUnit;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Describes one AV1 tile's superblock and mode-information boundaries.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1TileInfo
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TileInfo"/> class for the specified tile coordinates.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="row">The tile row index.</param>
+    /// <param name="column">The tile column index.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameHeader">The frame header that defines the tile layout.</param>
     public Av1TileInfo(int row, int column, ObuFrameHeader frameHeader)
     {
         this.SetTileRow(frameHeader.TilesInfo, frameHeader.ModeInfoRowCount, row);
         this.SetTileColumn(frameHeader.TilesInfo, frameHeader.ModeInfoColumnCount, column);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TileInfo"/> class by copying another tile description.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The tile description to copy.</param>
     public Av1TileInfo(Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         this.ModeInfoColumnStart = tileInfo.ModeInfoColumnStart;
@@ -22,16 +35,37 @@ internal class Av1TileInfo
         this.TileIndex = tileInfo.TileIndex;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the first mode-information row in the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoRowStart { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the exclusive end mode-information row in the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoRowEnd { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the first mode-information column in the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoColumnStart { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the exclusive end mode-information column in the tile.
+    /// </summary>
     public int ModeInfoColumnEnd { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the tile column and row indices.
+    /// </summary>
     public Point TileIndex { get; private set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Selects the tile row and updates its mode-information boundaries.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="tileGroupHeader">The tile layout.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoRowCount">The coded frame height in mode-information rows.</param>
+    /// <param name="row">The tile row index.</param>
     public void SetTileRow(ObuTileGroupHeader tileGroupHeader, int modeInfoRowCount, int row)
     {
         this.ModeInfoRowStart = tileGroupHeader.TileRowStartModeInfo[row];
@@ -41,6 +75,12 @@ internal class Av1TileInfo
         this.TileIndex = loc;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Selects the tile column and updates its mode-information boundaries.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="tileGroupHeader">The tile layout.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoColumnCount">The coded frame width in mode-information columns.</param>
+    /// <param name="column">The tile column index.</param>
     public void SetTileColumn(ObuTileGroupHeader tileGroupHeader, int modeInfoColumnCount, int column)
     {
         this.ModeInfoColumnStart = tileGroupHeader.TileColumnStartModeInfo[column];

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TileReader.cs

@@ -11,37 +11,107 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Parses partition, mode, transform, and coefficient syntax for one AV1 tile.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The default self-guided restoration projection coefficients for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] SgrprojXqdMid = [-32, 31];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The default Wiener restoration taps retained between restoration units.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] WienerTapsMid = [3, -7, 15];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps packed coefficient sign classes to their signed contribution to the DC context.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] Signs = [0, -1, 1];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps the summed neighboring DC signs to the AV1 DC-sign entropy context.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[] DcSignContexts = [
         1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps the minimum and union of luma neighbor levels to a transform-block skip context.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly int[][] SkipContexts = [
         [1, 2, 2, 2, 3], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 6]];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the preceding self-guided restoration coefficients for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     private int[][] referenceSgrXqd = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the preceding horizontal and vertical Wiener taps for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     private int[][][] referenceLrWiener = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tracks entropy, partition, transform, and palette state above the current block.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1ParseAboveNeighbor4x4Context aboveNeighborContext;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tracks entropy, partition, transform, and palette state left of the current block.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Av1ParseLeftNeighbor4x4Context leftNeighborContext;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The quantizer index carried between delta-quantized blocks in the current tile.
+    /// </summary>
     private int currentQuantizerIndex;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores the segment identifier covering each 4x4 frame position.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] segmentIds = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stores per-plane transform counts for each forced 64x64 residual region.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[][] transformUnitCount;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tracks the first unassigned transform-information index for luma and shared chroma storage.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] firstTransformOffset = new int[2];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tracks the next coefficient slot for each color plane within the current superblock.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly int[] coefficientIndex = [];
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Provides allocator and decoder configuration to tile entropy decoding.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly Configuration configuration;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reconstructs each parsed superblock when pixel decoding is requested; otherwise, tile parsing is metadata-only.
+    /// </summary>
     private readonly IAv1FrameDecoder? frameDecoder;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TileReader"/> class for syntax parsing without reconstruction.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="configuration">The decoder configuration.</param>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The active AV1 sequence header.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameHeader">The frame header whose tiles will be parsed.</param>
     public Av1TileReader(Configuration configuration, ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader, ObuFrameHeader frameHeader)
     {
         this.FrameHeader = frameHeader;
         this.configuration = configuration;
         this.SequenceHeader = sequenceHeader;
 
-        // init_main_frame_ctxt
+        // FrameInfo owns all traversal-order records and coefficient storage produced by the tile readers.
         this.FrameInfo = new(this.SequenceHeader);
         this.segmentIds = new int[this.FrameHeader.ModeInfoRowCount][];
         for (int y = 0; y < this.FrameHeader.ModeInfoRowCount; y++)
@@ -49,8 +119,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             this.segmentIds[y] = new int[this.FrameHeader.ModeInfoColumnCount];
         }
 
-        // reallocate_parse_context_memory
+        // Above contexts span the aligned frame width, while left contexts are reused for each superblock row.
-        // Hard code number of threads to 1 for now.
         int planesCount = sequenceHeader.ColorConfig.PlaneCount;
         int superblockColumnCount =
             Av1Math.AlignPowerOf2(sequenceHeader.MaxFrameWidth, sequenceHeader.SuperblockSizeLog2) >> sequenceHeader.SuperblockSizeLog2;
@@ -65,19 +134,38 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         this.coefficientIndex = new int[Av1Constants.MaxPlanes];
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TileReader"/> class that reconstructs parsed superblocks.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="configuration">The decoder configuration.</param>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The active AV1 sequence header.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameHeader">The frame header whose tiles will be parsed.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameDecoder">The frame decoder that reconstructs each parsed superblock.</param>
     public Av1TileReader(Configuration configuration, ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader, ObuFrameHeader frameHeader, IAv1FrameDecoder frameDecoder)
         : this(configuration, sequenceHeader, frameHeader)
         => this.frameDecoder = frameDecoder;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the frame header whose tile syntax is being parsed.
+    /// </summary>
     public ObuFrameHeader FrameHeader { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the sequence header governing the frame.
+    /// </summary>
     public ObuSequenceHeader SequenceHeader { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the frame-owned mode, transform, coefficient, quantizer, and filter state populated by tile parsing.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1FrameInfo FrameInfo { get; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: parse_tile
+    /// Parses one tile's partition, mode, transform, coefficient, and filter syntax in superblock order.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="tileData">The entropy-coded tile payload.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileNum">The zero-based tile index in row-major order.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>parse_tile</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     public void ReadTile(Span<byte> tileData, int tileNum)
     {
         Av1SymbolDecoder reader = new(this.configuration, tileData, this.FrameHeader.QuantizationParameters.BaseQIndex);
@@ -92,7 +180,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         this.ClearLoopFilterDelta();
         int planesCount = this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.PlaneCount;
 
-        // Default initialization of Wiener and SGR Filter.
+        // Restoration coefficients are differentially coded, so each tile begins from the AV1 defaults.
         this.referenceSgrXqd = new int[planesCount][];
         this.referenceLrWiener = new int[planesCount][][];
         for (int plane = 0; plane < planesCount; plane++)
@@ -129,15 +217,24 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
                 this.ReadLoopRestoration(modeInfoPosition, superBlockSize);
                 this.ParsePartition(ref reader, modeInfoPosition, superBlockSize, superblockInfo, tileInfo);
 
-                // decoding of the superblock
+                // Identify-only parsing omits a frame decoder but still populates the complete syntax model.
                 this.frameDecoder?.DecodeSuperblock(modeInfoPosition, superblockInfo, tileInfo);
             }
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resets all frame loop-filter delta state before parsing a tile.
+    /// </summary>
     private void ClearLoopFilterDelta()
         => this.FrameInfo.ClearDeltaLoopFilter();
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads loop-restoration unit syntax that begins at a superblock location.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The superblock origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="superBlockSize">The superblock size.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">A color plane signals a loop-restoration filter.</exception>
     private void ReadLoopRestoration(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1BlockSize superBlockSize)
     {
         int planesCount = this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.PlaneCount;
@@ -145,15 +242,20 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         {
             if (this.FrameHeader.LoopRestorationParameters.Items[plane].Type != ObuRestorationType.None)
             {
-                // TODO: Implement.
                 throw new NotImplementedException("No loop restoration filter support.");
             }
         }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.4. Decode partition syntax.
+    /// Decodes AV1 partition syntax and recursively visits each resulting coding block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The parent block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The parent block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.4.</remarks>
     private void ParsePartition(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Point modeInfoLocation, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         int columnIndex = modeInfoLocation.X;
@@ -189,6 +291,9 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
 
         Av1BlockSize subSize = partitionType.GetBlockSubSize(blockSize);
         Av1BlockSize splitSize = Av1PartitionType.Split.GetBlockSubSize(blockSize);
+
+        // Partition syntax is depth-first. The visit order here is also the order in which mode,
+        // transform, and coefficient records are appended to their frame-owned arrays.
         switch (partitionType)
         {
             case Av1PartitionType.Split:
@@ -284,6 +389,15 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         this.UpdatePartitionContext(new Point(columnIndex, rowIndex), tileInfo, superblockInfo, subSize, blockSize, partitionType);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Parses all syntax associated with one final coding block and stores its frame mode information.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The final block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionType">The partition type that produced the block.</param>
     private void ParseBlock(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Point modeInfoLocation, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, Av1PartitionType partitionType)
     {
         int rowIndex = modeInfoLocation.Y;
@@ -328,13 +442,16 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
 
         this.Residual(ref reader, partitionInfo, superblockInfo, tileInfo, blockSize);
 
-        // Update the Frame buffer for this ModeInfo.
+        // Store the record only after all syntax has populated it, then map every covered 4x4 position.
         this.FrameInfo.UpdateModeInfo(blockModeInfo, superblockInfo);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: reset_skip_context
+    /// Clears coefficient neighbor contexts across every plane of a skipped block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The skipped block and its frame position.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>reset_skip_context</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private void ResetSkipContext(Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         int planesCount = this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.PlaneCount;
@@ -354,9 +471,14 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.34. Residual syntax.
+    /// Parses every luma and chroma transform block and its coefficients for a coding block.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>SVT: parse_residual</remarks>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock and coefficient storage.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The coding block size.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.34 and corresponds to <c>parse_residual</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private void Residual(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
         int maxBlocksWide = partitionInfo.GetMaxBlockWide(blockSize, false);
@@ -378,6 +500,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         transformInfoIndices[2] = transformInfoIndices[1] + chromaTransformUnitCount;
         int forceSplitCount = 0;
 
+        // AV1 forces residual traversal into at most 64x64 regions even when the coding block is larger.
+        // transformUnitCount preserves the transform geometry generated for each such region and plane.
         for (int row = 0; row < maxBlocksHigh; row += modeUnitBlocksHigh)
         {
             for (int column = 0; column < maxBlocksWide; column += modeUnitBlocksWide)
@@ -397,7 +521,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
                     Span<Av1TransformInfo> transformInfoSpan = (plane == 0) ? superblockInfo.GetTransformInfoY() : superblockInfo.GetTransformInfoUv();
                     if (isLosslessBlock)
                     {
-                        // TODO: Implement.
+                        // Lossless coding fixes transforms at 4x4, so count each clipped 4x4 unit
+                        // directly after applying the plane's chroma subsampling.
                         int unitHeight = Av1Math.RoundPowerOf2(Math.Min(modeUnitBlocksHigh + row, maxBlocksHigh), 0);
                         int unitWidth = Av1Math.RoundPowerOf2(Math.Min(modeUnitBlocksWide + column, maxBlocksWide), 0);
                         DebugGuard.IsTrue(transformInfoSpan[transformInfoIndices[plane]].Size == Av1TransformSize.Size4x4, "Lossless frame shall have transform units of size 4x4.");
@@ -445,6 +570,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
 
                         if (endOfBlock != 0)
                         {
+                            // Coefficients are stored as an end index followed by scan-order values, so the
+                            // next transform begins after both the prefix and its decoded coefficient range.
                             this.coefficientIndex[plane] += endOfBlock + 1;
                             transformInfo.CodeBlockFlag = true;
                         }
@@ -462,6 +589,13 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a luma coding block owns chroma mode and residual syntax at its frame position.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sequenceHeader">The sequence header describing chroma subsampling.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in 4x4 luma mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the block is a chroma reference position; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     public static bool HasChroma(ObuSequenceHeader sequenceHeader, Point modeInfoLocation, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
         int blockWide = blockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
@@ -474,10 +608,23 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.35. Transform block syntax.
+    /// Derives a transform block's entropy context and decodes its coefficient syntax.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The containing coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="coefficientBuffer">The destination beginning at this transform's coefficient slot.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformInfo">The transform geometry and syntax state to populate.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based color-plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockColumn">The transform's horizontal offset within the coding block in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockRow">The transform's vertical offset within the coding block in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="startX">The frame-relative transform column in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="startY">The frame-relative transform row in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="subX">A value indicating whether the target plane is horizontally subsampled.</param>
+    /// <param name="subY">A value indicating whether the target plane is vertically subsampled.</param>
+    /// <returns>The decoded end-of-block coefficient position, or zero for an all-zero transform.</returns>
     /// <remarks>
-    /// The implementation is taken from SVT-AV1 library, which deviates from the code flow in the specification.
+    /// Implements AV1 section 5.11.35 using the traversal shape of the corresponding SVT-AV1 implementation.
     /// </remarks>
     private int ParseTransformBlock(
         ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader,
@@ -517,10 +664,22 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.39. Coefficients syntax.
+    /// Decodes transform coefficients and updates the coefficient neighbor contexts for one color plane.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The containing coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockRow">The frame-relative transform row in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockColumn">The frame-relative transform column in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="aboveOffset">The horizontal transform offset within the coding block in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="leftOffset">The vertical transform offset within the coding block in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based color-plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformBlockContext">The coefficient skip and DC-sign entropy contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformInfo">The transform syntax state to populate.</param>
+    /// <param name="coefficientBuffer">The destination beginning at this transform's coefficient slot.</param>
+    /// <returns>The decoded end-of-block coefficient position, or zero for an all-zero transform.</returns>
     /// <remarks>
-    /// The implementation is taken from SVT-AV1 library, which deviates from the code flow in the specification.
+    /// Implements AV1 section 5.11.39 using the traversal shape of the corresponding SVT-AV1 implementation.
     /// </remarks>
     private int ParseCoefficients(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, int blockRow, int blockColumn, int aboveOffset, int leftOffset, int plane, Av1TransformBlockContext transformBlockContext, Av1TransformSize transformSize, Av1TransformInfo transformInfo, Span<int> coefficientBuffer)
     {
@@ -539,6 +698,17 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         return reader.ReadCoefficients(partitionInfo.ModeInfo, blockPosition, this.aboveNeighborContext.GetContext(plane), this.leftNeighborContext.GetContext(plane), aboveOffset, leftOffset, plane, blocksWide, blocksHigh, transformBlockContext, transformSize, isLossless, this.FrameHeader.UseReducedTransformSet, transformInfo, partitionInfo.ModeBlockToRightEdge, partitionInfo.ModeBlockToBottomEdge, coefficientBuffer);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Derives coefficient skip and DC-sign contexts from the transform block's above and left neighbors.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane">The zero-based color-plane index.</param>
+    /// <param name="planeBlockSize">The containing block size on the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformBlockUnitHighCount">The transform height clipped to the frame in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformBlockUnitWideCount">The transform width clipped to the frame in 4x4 units.</param>
+    /// <param name="startY">The frame-relative transform row in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="startX">The frame-relative transform column in 4x4 units of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <returns>The derived transform-block entropy contexts.</returns>
     private Av1TransformBlockContext GetTransformBlockContext(Av1TransformSize transformSize, int plane, Av1BlockSize planeBlockSize, int transformBlockUnitHighCount, int transformBlockUnitWideCount, int startY, int startX)
     {
         Av1TransformBlockContext transformBlockContext = new();
@@ -548,6 +718,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         int k = 0;
         int mask = (1 << Av1Constants.CoefficientContextBitCount) - 1;
 
+        // The high bits of each neighbor value encode its DC sign class. Summing both edges maps
+        // negative, balanced, and positive neighborhoods to the AV1 DC-sign context.
         do
         {
             uint sign = (uint)aboveContext[k] >> Av1Constants.CoefficientContextBitCount;
@@ -575,6 +747,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             }
             else
             {
+                // Luma skip contexts preserve both the weakest neighboring level and whether either edge is stronger.
                 int top = 0;
                 int left = 0;
 
@@ -602,6 +775,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
         else
         {
+            // Chroma needs only the presence of nonzero levels on each edge, plus an offset that
+            // distinguishes a transform smaller than its containing plane block.
             int contextBase = GetEntropyContext(transformSize, aboveContext, leftContext);
             int contextOffset = planeBlockSize.GetPelsLog2Count() > transformSize.ToBlockSize().GetPelsLog2Count() ? 10 : 7;
             transformBlockContext.SkipContext = contextBase + contextOffset;
@@ -610,11 +785,20 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         return transformBlockContext;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether the above and left edges contain nonzero chroma coefficient contexts.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The transform size that selects how many edge entries to inspect.</param>
+    /// <param name="above">The above coefficient contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="left">The left coefficient contexts.</param>
+    /// <returns>The sum of the nonzero-above and nonzero-left flags.</returns>
     private static int GetEntropyContext(Av1TransformSize transformSize, int[] above, int[] left)
     {
         bool aboveEntropyContext = false;
         bool leftEntropyContext = false;
 
+        // The reference implementation tests packed 16, 32, 64, or 128-bit edge groups. Enumerating
+        // each transform shape keeps those exact edge widths without unaligned native memory reads.
         switch (transformSize)
         {
             case Av1TransformSize.Size4x4:
@@ -742,8 +926,15 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.15. TX size syntax.
+    /// Selects the transform size for a coding block from lossless, explicit-selection, or maximum-size rules.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="allowSelect">A value indicating whether transform-size selection syntax is allowed at this node.</param>
+    /// <returns>The selected transform size.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.15.</remarks>
     private Av1TransformSize ReadTransformSize(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, bool allowSelect)
     {
         Av1BlockModeInfo modeInfo = partitionInfo.ModeInfo;
@@ -760,6 +951,14 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         return modeInfo.BlockSize.GetMaximumTransformSize();
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a transform size using the available above and left transform-size contexts.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <returns>The decoded transform size.</returns>
     private Av1TransformSize ReadSelectedTransformSize(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         int context = 0;
@@ -792,22 +991,34 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Section 5.11.16. Block TX size syntax.
+    /// Reads a coding block's transform size, updates neighbor contexts, and creates its transform geometry records.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>SVT: read_block_tx_size</remarks>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.16 and corresponds to <c>read_block_tx_size</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private void ReadBlockTransformSize(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Point modeInfoLocation, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1TileInfo tileInfo)
     {
         Av1BlockSize blockSize = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize;
         int block4x4Width = blockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
         int block4x4Height = blockSize.Get4x4HighCount();
 
-        // First condition in spec is for INTER frames, implemented only the INTRA condition.
+        // HEIF still-image decoding follows the independently decodable intra-frame transform-size branch.
         Av1TransformSize transformSize = this.ReadTransformSize(ref reader, partitionInfo, superblockInfo, tileInfo, true);
         this.aboveNeighborContext.UpdateTransformation(modeInfoLocation, tileInfo, transformSize, blockSize, false);
         this.leftNeighborContext.UpdateTransformation(modeInfoLocation, superblockInfo, transformSize, blockSize, false);
         this.UpdateTransformInfo(partitionInfo, superblockInfo, blockSize, transformSize);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Populates luma and chroma transform-information records in residual traversal order.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock and transform storage.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The coding block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The selected luma transform size.</param>
     private unsafe void UpdateTransformInfo(Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Av1TransformSize transformSize)
     {
         int transformInfoYIndex = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.FirstTransformLocation[(int)Av1PlaneType.Y];
@@ -829,6 +1040,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         bool isLossLess = this.FrameHeader.LosslessArray[partitionInfo.ModeInfo.SegmentId];
         Av1TransformSize transformSizeUv = isLossLess ? Av1TransformSize.Size4x4 : blockSize.GetMaxUvTransformSize(subX, subY);
 
+        // Residual syntax visits at most 64x64 luma regions. Record transform geometry in the same
+        // nested region/row/column order so coefficient parsing and reconstruction consume matching spans.
         for (int idy = 0; idy < maxBlockHigh; idy += height)
         {
             for (int idx = 0; idx < maxBlockWide; idx += width, forceSplitCount++)
@@ -836,7 +1049,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
                 int lumaTransformUnitCount = 0;
                 int chromaTransformUnitCount = 0;
 
-                // Update Luminance Transform Info.
+                // Luma transform offsets remain relative to the coding block in 4x4 luma units.
                 int stepColumn = transformSize.Get4x4WideCount();
                 int stepRow = transformSize.Get4x4HighCount();
 
@@ -861,7 +1074,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                // Update Chroma Transform Info.
+                // Chroma geometry is rounded to the subsampling grid before stepping its transform size.
                 stepColumn = transformSizeUv.Get4x4WideCount();
                 stepRow = transformSizeUv.Get4x4HighCount();
 
@@ -884,7 +1097,7 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             }
         }
 
-        // Cr Transform Info Update from Cb.
+        // U and V share transform geometry, so append a second copy for V after the complete U sequence.
         if (totalChromaTransformUnitCount != 0)
         {
             DebugGuard.IsTrue(
@@ -911,26 +1124,31 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.49. Palette tokens syntax.
+    /// Reads luma and chroma palette-map tokens when a block selects palette prediction.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">The block selects a nonempty luma or chroma palette.</exception>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.49.</remarks>
     private static void ReadPaletteTokens(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         if (partitionInfo.ModeInfo.GetPaletteSize(Av1PlaneType.Y) != 0)
         {
-            // TODO: Implement.
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
 
         if (partitionInfo.ModeInfo.GetPaletteSize(Av1PlaneType.Uv) != 0)
         {
-            // TODO: Implement.
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.6. Mode info syntax.
+    /// Reads the prediction, segmentation, skip, quantizer, and filter mode information for a still-image block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements the intra-frame branch of AV1 section 5.11.6.</remarks>
     private void ReadModeInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         DebugGuard.IsTrue(this.FrameHeader.FrameType is ObuFrameType.KeyFrame or ObuFrameType.IntraOnlyFrame, "Only INTRA frames supported.");
@@ -938,8 +1156,11 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.7. Intra frame mode info syntax.
+    /// Reads all intra-frame mode syntax for a coding block in bitstream order.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block and its neighbors.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.7.</remarks>
     private void ReadIntraFrameModeInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         if (this.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.SegmentIdPrecedesSkip)
@@ -947,7 +1168,6 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             this.IntraSegmentId(ref reader, partitionInfo);
         }
 
-        // this.skipMode = false;
         partitionInfo.ModeInfo.Skip = this.ReadSkip(ref reader, partitionInfo);
         if (!this.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.SegmentIdPrecedesSkip)
         {
@@ -962,8 +1182,9 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             this.ReadDeltaLoopFilter(ref reader, partitionInfo);
         }
 
-        partitionInfo.ReferenceFrame[0] = 0; // IntraFrame;
+        // Independently decodable still-image blocks reference only the current intra frame.
-        partitionInfo.ReferenceFrame[1] = -1; // None;
+        partitionInfo.ReferenceFrame[0] = 0;
+        partitionInfo.ReferenceFrame[1] = -1;
         partitionInfo.ModeInfo.SetPaletteSizes(0, 0);
         bool useIntraBlockCopy = false;
         if (this.AllowIntraBlockCopy())
@@ -978,10 +1199,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
         else
         {
-            // this.IsInter = false;
             partitionInfo.ModeInfo.YMode = reader.ReadYMode(partitionInfo.AboveModeInfo, partitionInfo.LeftModeInfo);
 
-            // 5.11.42.Intra angle info luma syntax.
             partitionInfo.ModeInfo.AngleDelta[(int)Av1PlaneType.Y] = IntraAngleInfo(ref reader, partitionInfo.ModeInfo.YMode, partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize);
             if (partitionInfo.IsChroma && !this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.IsMonochrome)
             {
@@ -991,7 +1210,6 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
                     ReadChromaFromLumaAlphas(ref reader, partitionInfo.ModeInfo);
                 }
 
-                // 5.11.43.Intra angle info chroma syntax.
                 partitionInfo.ModeInfo.AngleDelta[(int)Av1PlaneType.Uv] = IntraAngleInfo(ref reader, partitionInfo.ModeInfo.UvMode, partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize);
             }
             else
@@ -1011,27 +1229,41 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether the frame header permits intra block copy for an intra still image.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the frame and sequence enable intra block copy; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     private bool AllowIntraBlockCopy()
         => (this.FrameHeader.FrameType is ObuFrameType.KeyFrame or ObuFrameType.IntraOnlyFrame) &&
             (this.SequenceHeader.ForceScreenContentTools > 0) &&
             this.FrameHeader.AllowIntraBlockCopy;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether chroma-from-luma prediction is available for a coding block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the lossless transform or block dimensions permit chroma-from-luma prediction; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     private bool IsChromaForLumaAllowed(Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         if (this.FrameHeader.LosslessArray[partitionInfo.ModeInfo.SegmentId])
         {
-            // In lossless, CfL is available when the partition size is equal to the
+            // Lossless mode fixes transforms at 4x4, so CfL is available only when the subsampled
-            // transform size.
+            // plane block is itself 4x4 and therefore has no smaller transform partition.
             bool subX = this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.SubSamplingX;
             bool subY = this.SequenceHeader.ColorConfig.SubSamplingY;
             Av1BlockSize planeBlockSize = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize.GetSubsampled(subX, subY);
             return planeBlockSize == Av1BlockSize.Block4x4;
         }
 
-        // Spec: CfL is available to luma partitions lesser than or equal to 32x32
+        // Outside lossless mode, AV1 limits CfL to luma blocks no larger than 32x32.
         return partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize.GetWidth() <= 32 && partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize.GetHeight() <= 32;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads filter-intra selection for an eligible DC-predicted luma block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
     private void FilterIntraModeInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         partitionInfo.ModeInfo.FilterIntraModeInfo.UseFilterIntra = false;
@@ -1050,16 +1282,21 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.46. Palette mode info syntax.
+    /// Reads palette size and color syntax for an eligible screen-content block.
     /// </summary>
-    private void PaletteModeInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo) =>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
-
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
-        // TODO: Implement.
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">Palette-mode syntax is not implemented.</exception>
-        throw new NotImplementedException();
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.46.</remarks>
+    private void PaletteModeInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
+        => throw new NotImplementedException();
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.45. Read CFL alphas syntax.
+    /// Reads the joint signs and nonzero alpha magnitudes for chroma-from-luma prediction.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfo">The block mode information to populate.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.45.</remarks>
     private static void ReadChromaFromLumaAlphas(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1BlockModeInfo modeInfo)
     {
         int jointSignPlus1 = reader.ReadChromFromLumaSign() + 1;
@@ -1079,8 +1316,13 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.42. and 5.11.43.
+    /// Reads a directional intra-prediction angle adjustment when the block and mode permit one.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="mode">The selected luma or chroma prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns>The signed angle adjustment.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 sections 5.11.42 and 5.11.43.</remarks>
     private static int IntraAngleInfo(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PredictionMode mode, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
         int angleDelta = 0;
@@ -1093,12 +1335,20 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         return angleDelta;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a prediction mode belongs to the AV1 directional-mode range.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="mode">The prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> for a directional mode; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     private static bool IsDirectionalMode(Av1PredictionMode mode)
         => mode is >= Av1PredictionMode.Vertical and <= Av1PredictionMode.Directional67Degrees;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.8. Intra segment ID syntax.
+    /// Reads or inherits a segment identifier and writes it over every 4x4 position covered by the block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.8.</remarks>
     private void IntraSegmentId(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         if (this.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.Enabled)
@@ -1111,6 +1361,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         int modeInfoCountX = Math.Min(this.FrameHeader.ModeInfoColumnCount - partitionInfo.ColumnIndex, blockWidth4x4);
         int modeInfoCountY = Math.Min(this.FrameHeader.ModeInfoRowCount - partitionInfo.RowIndex, blockHeight4x4);
         int segmentId = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.SegmentId;
+
+        // Later blocks predict from 4x4 positions, so replicate one block ID over its clipped frame coverage.
         for (int y = 0; y < modeInfoCountY; y++)
         {
             int[] segmentRow = this.segmentIds[partitionInfo.RowIndex + y];
@@ -1122,8 +1374,11 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.9. Read segment ID syntax.
+    /// Predicts and, when required, decodes the segment identifier for an intra block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block and its available neighbors.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.9.</remarks>
     private void ReadSegmentId(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         int predictor;
@@ -1166,7 +1421,9 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
         else
         {
-            int ctx = prevUL < 0 ? 0 /* Edge cases */
+            // Any unavailable neighbor selects the edge context; otherwise, agreement among two
+            // or three neighbors increases the specificity of the segment-ID distribution.
+            int ctx = prevUL < 0 ? 0
                 : prevUL == prevU && prevUL == prevL ? 2
                 : prevUL == prevU || prevUL == prevL || prevU == prevL ? 1 : 0;
             int lastActiveSegmentId = this.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.LastActiveSegmentId;
@@ -1175,9 +1432,11 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// 5.11.56. Read CDEF syntax.
+    /// Reads the constrained directional enhancement filter strength for the block's 64x64 filter unit.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>SVT: read_cdef</remarks>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Implements AV1 section 5.11.56 and corresponds to <c>read_cdef</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private void ReadCdef(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         if (partitionInfo.ModeInfo.Skip || this.FrameHeader.CodedLossless || !this.SequenceHeader.EnableCdef || this.FrameHeader.AllowIntraBlockCopy)
@@ -1194,7 +1453,8 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
             int cdfStrength = reader.ReadCdfStrength(this.FrameHeader.CdefParameters.BitCount);
             partitionInfo.CdefStrength[index] = cdfStrength;
 
-            // Populate to nearby 64x64s if needed based on h4 & w4
+            // A block in a 128x128 superblock can cover multiple 64x64 CDEF units. Replicate the
+            // first decoded strength so subsequent blocks in every covered unit observe it as assigned.
             if (this.SequenceHeader.SuperblockSize == Av1BlockSize.Block128x128)
             {
                 int w4 = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.BlockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
@@ -1210,6 +1470,11 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads and accumulates the loop-filter delta values carried by a coding block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block and superblock delta storage.</param>
     private void ReadDeltaLoopFilter(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         Av1BlockSize superBlockSize = this.SequenceHeader.Use128x128Superblock ? Av1BlockSize.Block128x128 : Av1BlockSize.Block64x64;
@@ -1237,6 +1502,12 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads or infers the residual-skip flag for a coding block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block and its available neighbors.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the block omits residual coefficients; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     private bool ReadSkip(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         int segmentId = partitionInfo.ModeInfo.SegmentId;
@@ -1254,8 +1525,11 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: read_delta_qindex
+    /// Reads and accumulates a superblock quantizer-index delta when the block carries one.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="reader">The tile symbol decoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionInfo">The current coding block and superblock quantizer storage.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>read_delta_qindex</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private void ReadDeltaQuantizerIndex(ref Av1SymbolDecoder reader, Av1PartitionInfo partitionInfo)
     {
         Av1BlockSize superBlockSize = this.SequenceHeader.Use128x128Superblock ? Av1BlockSize.Block128x128 : Av1BlockSize.Block64x64;
@@ -1274,28 +1548,30 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a frame-relative mode-information position lies inside the active tile.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="rowIndex">The frame-relative mode-information row.</param>
+    /// <param name="columnIndex">The frame-relative mode-information column.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the position lies within the active tile; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
     private bool IsInside(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) =>
         columnIndex >= this.FrameHeader.TilesInfo.TileColumnCount &&
         columnIndex < this.FrameHeader.TilesInfo.TileColumnCount &&
         rowIndex >= this.FrameHeader.TilesInfo.TileRowCount &&
         rowIndex < this.FrameHeader.TilesInfo.TileRowCount;
 
-    /*
-    private static bool IsChroma(int rowIndex, int columnIndex, Av1BlockModeInfo blockMode, bool subSamplingX, bool subSamplingY)
-    {
-        int block4x4Width = blockMode.BlockSize.Get4x4WideCount();
-        int block4x4Height = blockMode.BlockSize.Get4x4HighCount();
-        bool xPos = (columnIndex & 0x1) > 0 || (block4x4Width & 0x1) > 0 || !subSamplingX;
-        bool yPos = (rowIndex & 0x1) > 0 || (block4x4Height & 0x1) > 0 || !subSamplingY;
-        return xPos && yPos;
-    }*/
-
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: partition_plane_context
+    /// Derives the partition entropy context from the current split bit of the above and left neighbors.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="location">The partition origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The square parent block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileInfo">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <returns>The partition entropy context.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>partition_plane_context</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private int GetPartitionPlaneContext(Point location, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Av1TileInfo tileInfo, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo)
     {
-        // Maximum partition point is 8x8. Offset the log value occordingly.
+        // The five stored split bits begin at the 8x8 partition point, so normalize the block-size log to that bit index.
         int aboveCtx = this.aboveNeighborContext.AbovePartitionWidth[location.X - tileInfo.ModeInfoColumnStart];
         int leftCtx = this.leftNeighborContext.LeftPartitionHeight[(location.Y - superblockInfo.ModeInfoPosition.Y) & Av1PartitionContext.Mask];
         int blockSizeLog = blockSize.Get4x4WidthLog2() - Av1BlockSize.Block8x8.Get4x4WidthLog2();
@@ -1306,6 +1582,15 @@ internal class Av1TileReader : IAv1TileReader
         return ((left << 1) + above) + (blockSizeLog * Av1Constants.PartitionProbabilitySet);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Publishes the decoded partition sizes to the above and left neighbor contexts.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoLocation">The parent block origin in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileLoc">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblockInfo">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="subSize">The primary size produced by the partition.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The parent block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="partition">The decoded partition type.</param>
     private void UpdatePartitionContext(Point modeInfoLocation, Av1TileInfo tileLoc, Av1SuperblockInfo superblockInfo, Av1BlockSize subSize, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Av1PartitionType partition)
     {
         if (blockSize >= Av1BlockSize.Block8x8)

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TileWriter.cs

@@ -10,11 +10,18 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Writes the partition, mode, transform, and coefficient syntax for one AV1 tile.
+/// </summary>
 internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 {
-    // Generates 5 bit field in which each bit set to 1 represents
+    /// <summary>
-    // a BlockSize partition  11111 means we split 128x128, 64x64, 32x32, 16x16
+    /// Maps each AV1 block size to the five-bit partition contexts written to its bottom and right edges.
-    // and 8x8.  10000 means we just split the 128x128 to 64x64
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Each set bit represents a split level from 128x128 through 8x8. For example, <c>11111</c>
+    /// records every split level, while <c>10000</c> records only the 128x128 split.
+    /// </remarks>
     private static readonly Av1PartitionContext[] PartitionContextLookup =
         [
             new(31, 31),  // 4X4   - {0b11111, 0b11111}
@@ -41,11 +48,21 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             new(16, 28),  // 64X16 - {0b10000, 0b11100}
     ];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps neighboring intra prediction modes to the key-frame luma-mode entropy contexts.
+    /// </summary>
     private static readonly byte[] IntraModeContextLookup = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0];
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_write_sb
+    /// Writes the partition tree and each final coding block for a superblock.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="ec_ctx">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="superblock">The encoder decisions for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="frameBuffer">The transformed coefficients for the frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileIndex">The zero-based tile index.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_write_sb</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     public static void WriteSuperblock(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext ec_ctx,
@@ -57,7 +74,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         Av1SequenceControlSet scs = pcs.Sequence;
         Av1NeighborArrayUnit<Av1PartitionContext> partitionContextNeighbors = pcs.PartitionContexts[tileIndex];
 
-        // CU Varaiables
+        // The geometry scan includes both partition nodes and final coding blocks. These two indices
+        // advance independently because a split node consumes geometry without consuming FinalBlocks.
         int blockIndex = 0;
         uint finalBlockIndex = 0;
 
@@ -67,7 +85,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         bool check_blk_out_of_bound = !sb_geom.IsComplete;
         do
         {
-            bool code_blk_cond = true; // Code cu only if it is inside the picture
+            bool code_blk_cond = true;
             Av1EncoderBlockStruct blk_ptr = superblock.FinalBlocks[finalBlockIndex];
             Av1BlockGeometry blk_geom = Av1BlockGeometryFactory.GetBlockGeometryByModeDecisionScanIndex(blockIndex);
 
@@ -75,9 +93,10 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             Point blockOrigin = blk_geom.Origin;
             Guard.IsTrue(bsize < Av1BlockSize.AllSizes, nameof(bsize), "Block size must be a valid value.");
 
-            // assert(blk_geom->shape == PART_N);
             if (check_blk_out_of_bound)
             {
+                // Edge superblocks retain their complete geometry tree, but only nodes whose center or
+                // origin reaches the visible frame can contribute coding syntax.
                 code_blk_cond = (((blockOrigin.X + (blk_geom.BlockWidth / 2)) < pcs.Parent.AlignedWidth) ||
                                  ((blockOrigin.Y + (blk_geom.BlockHeight / 2)) < pcs.Parent.AlignedHeight)) &&
                     (blockOrigin.X < pcs.Parent.AlignedWidth && blockOrigin.Y < pcs.Parent.AlignedHeight);
@@ -126,7 +145,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                         }*/
                     }
 
-                    // Code Split Flag
+                    // Blocks below 8x8 cannot be partition points in the AV1 syntax.
                     EncodePartition(
                         pcs,
                         ref writer,
@@ -136,7 +155,6 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                         partitionContextNeighbors);
                 }
 
-                // assert(blk_geom.Shape == PART_N);
                 Guard.IsTrue(Av1Math.Implies(bsize == Av1BlockSize.Block4x4, superblock.CodingUnitPartitionTypes[blockIndex] == Av1PartitionType.None), nameof(bsize), string.Empty);
                 switch (superblock.CodingUnitPartitionTypes[blockIndex])
                 {
@@ -281,8 +299,15 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: encode_partition_av1
+    /// Writes a partition symbol using the above and left partition contexts available at a block origin.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The square parent block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="partitionType">The selected partition type.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="partition_context_na">The partition neighbor arrays for the tile.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>encode_partition_av1</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void EncodePartition(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer,
@@ -322,6 +347,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         Guard.IsTrue(blockSize.Get4x4WidthLog2() == blockSize.Get4x4HeightLog2(), nameof(blockSize), "Blocks need to be square.");
         Guard.IsTrue(blockSizeLog2 >= 0, nameof(blockSizeLog2), "bsl needs to be a positive integer.");
 
+        // Each square block-size level owns four contexts selected by the current split bit of its neighbors.
         context_index = ((left * 2) + above) + (blockSizeLog2 * Av1Constants.PartitionProbabilitySet);
 
         if (!has_rows && !has_cols)
@@ -347,8 +373,16 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: write_modes_b
+    /// Writes the segmentation, prediction, transform, coefficient, and filter syntax for one final coding block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="entropyCodingContext">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="tb_ptr">The containing superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The final encoder decisions for the block.</param>
+    /// <param name="tile_idx">The zero-based tile index.</param>
+    /// <param name="coeff_ptr">The transformed coefficients for the frame.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>write_modes_b</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void WriteModesBlock(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext entropyCodingContext,
@@ -402,8 +436,6 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             blk_ptr.MacroBlock.LeftMacroBlock = null;
         }
 
-        // Not required, part of Av1SymbolEncoder.
-        // blk_ptr.MacroBlock.tile_ctx = frame_context;
         SetModeInfoRowAndColumn(
             pcs,
             blk_ptr.MacroBlock,
@@ -414,10 +446,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             pcs.Parent.Common.ModeInfoRowCount,
             pcs.Parent.Common.ModeInfoColumnCount);
 
-        // if (pcs.slice_type == I_SLICE)
+        // This encoder path currently writes intra frames only, so every block follows the key-frame mode syntax.
-        // We implement only INTRA frames.
         {
-            // const int32_t skip = write_skip(cm, xd, mbmi->segment_id, mi, w)
             if (pcs.Parent.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.Enabled && pcs.Parent.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters.SegmentIdPrecedesSkip)
             {
                 WriteSegmentId(pcs, ref writer, blockGeometry.BlockSize, blockOrigin, blk_ptr, skipWritingCoefficients);
@@ -548,7 +578,6 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 
             if (!skipWritingCoefficients)
             {
-                // SVT: av1_encode_coeff_1d
                 EncodeCoefficients1d(
                     pcs,
                     entropyCodingContext,
@@ -565,7 +594,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             }
         }
 
-        // Update the neighbors
+        // Neighbor state must be updated after all symbols for the block have used the preceding contexts.
         UpdateNeighbors(pcs, entropyCodingContext, blockOrigin, blk_ptr, tile_idx, blockSize);
 
         if (IsPaletteAllowed(pcs.Parent.PaletteLevel, blockGeometry.BlockSize))
@@ -579,6 +608,16 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes the chroma intra mode, chroma-from-luma alpha values, and directional angle adjustment for a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="macroBlockModeInfo">The selected block modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder prediction-unit state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="lumaMode">The selected luma prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <param name="chromaMode">The selected chroma prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <param name="isChromaFromLumaAllowed">A value indicating whether chroma-from-luma mode is available.</param>
     private static void EncodeIntraChromaMode(
         ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer,
         Av1MacroBlockModeInfo macroBlockModeInfo,
@@ -604,26 +643,24 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Get the contexts (left and top) for writing the intra luma mode for key frames.
+    /// Gets the above and left key-frame contexts used to write an intra luma mode.
-    /// Intended to be used for key frame only.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>SVT: svt_aom_get_kf_y_mode_ctx</remarks>
+    /// <param name="xd">The current macroblock and its mapped neighbors.</param>
+    /// <param name="above_ctx">The context derived from the above luma mode.</param>
+    /// <param name="left_ctx">The context derived from the left luma mode.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_get_kf_y_mode_ctx</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void GetYModeContext(Av1MacroBlockD xd, out byte above_ctx, out byte left_ctx)
     {
         Av1PredictionMode intraLumaLeftMode = Av1PredictionMode.DC;
         Av1PredictionMode intraLumaTopMode = Av1PredictionMode.DC;
         if (xd.IsLeftAvailable)
         {
-            // When called for key frame, neighbouring mode should be intra
+            // Key-frame neighbors are intra blocks, so their luma modes directly select the context class.
-            // assert(!is_inter_block(&xd->mi[-1]->mbmi.block_mi) || is_intrabc_block(&xd->mi[-1]->mbmi.block_mi));
             intraLumaLeftMode = xd.ModeInfo[-1].MacroBlockModeInfo.Block.Mode;
         }
 
         if (xd.IsUpAvailable)
         {
-            // When called for key frame, neighbouring mode should be intra
-            // assert(!is_inter_block(&xd->mi[-xd->mi_stride]->mbmi.block_mi) ||
-            //       is_intrabc_block(&xd->mi[-xd->mi_stride]->mbmi.block_mi));
             intraLumaTopMode = xd.ModeInfo[-xd.ModeInfoStride].MacroBlockModeInfo.Block.Mode;
         }
 
@@ -632,8 +669,14 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: encode_intra_luma_mode_kf_av1
+    /// Writes the key-frame luma prediction mode and any directional angle adjustment.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="macroBlockModeInfo">The selected block modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder prediction-unit state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="lumaMode">The selected luma prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>encode_intra_luma_mode_kf_av1</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void EncodeIntraLumaMode(
         ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer,
         Av1MacroBlockModeInfo macroBlockModeInfo,
@@ -650,6 +693,16 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes luma and chroma palette-mode syntax for a block.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="scs">The sequence coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="macroBlockModeInfo">The selected block modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="point">The block position in mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">Palette-mode encoding is not implemented.</exception>
     private static void WritePaletteModeInfo(
         Av1SequenceControlSet scs,
         ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer,
@@ -687,8 +740,14 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_filter_intra_allowed
+    /// Determines whether filter-intra syntax is available for a block mode.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="enableFilterIntra">A value indicating whether the sequence enables filter-intra prediction.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="paletteSize">The selected luma palette size.</param>
+    /// <param name="mode">The selected luma prediction mode.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the block can use filter-intra prediction; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_filter_intra_allowed</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static bool IsFilterIntraAllowed(
         bool enableFilterIntra,
         Av1BlockSize blockSize,
@@ -697,8 +756,12 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         => mode == Av1PredictionMode.DC && paletteSize == 0 && IsFilterIntraAllowedBlockSize(enableFilterIntra, blockSize);
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_filter_intra_allowed_bsize
+    /// Determines whether filter-intra prediction is enabled for a block size.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="enableFilterIntra">A value indicating whether the sequence enables filter-intra prediction.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when filter-intra prediction supports the block dimensions; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_filter_intra_allowed_bsize</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static bool IsFilterIntraAllowedBlockSize(bool enableFilterIntra, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
         if (!enableFilterIntra)
@@ -710,8 +773,13 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: write_intrabc_info
+    /// Writes the intra-block-copy selection and displacement-vector syntax for a block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="macroBlockModeInfo">The selected block modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="block">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">The displacement-vector syntax is not implemented when intra block copy is selected.</exception>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>write_intrabc_info</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void WriteIntraBlockCopyInfo(
         ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer,
         Av1MacroBlockModeInfo macroBlockModeInfo,
@@ -734,14 +802,24 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_allow_intrabc
+    /// Determines whether the current frame permits intra block copy.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="frameHeader">The current frame header.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when both screen-content tools and intra block copy are enabled; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_allow_intrabc</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static bool IsIntraBlockCopyAllowed(ObuFrameHeader frameHeader)
         => frameHeader.AllowScreenContentTools && frameHeader.AllowIntraBlockCopy;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: ec_update_neighbors
+    /// Updates partition and coefficient neighbor arrays after writing a block.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="entropyCodingContext">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="tile_idx">The zero-based tile index.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>ec_update_neighbors</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void UpdateNeighbors(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext entropyCodingContext,
@@ -758,7 +836,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         Av1MacroBlockModeInfo mbmi = pcs.GetMacroBlockModeInfo(blockOrigin);
         bool skip_coeff = mbmi.Block.Skip;
 
-        // Update the Leaf Depth Neighbor Array
+        // Store the block-size split mask across the edges that future partition symbols can observe.
         Av1PartitionContext partition = new(
             PartitionContextLookup[(int)blockSize].Above,
             PartitionContextLookup[(int)blockSize].Left);
@@ -771,6 +849,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             Av1NeighborArrayUnit<Av1PartitionContext>.UnitMask.Left | Av1NeighborArrayUnit<Av1PartitionContext>.UnitMask.Top);
         if (skip_coeff)
         {
+            // A skipped block has an all-zero residual, so publish a zero sign/level context over its edges
+            // and advance coefficient positions without reading transform units.
             byte dcSignLevelCoefficient = 0;
             Span<byte> dcSignSpan = new(ref dcSignLevelCoefficient);
 
@@ -800,8 +880,12 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_av1_allow_palette
+    /// Determines whether the encoder palette level and block dimensions permit palette mode.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="allowPalette">The nonzero encoder palette level.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when palette mode is enabled for the block; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_av1_allow_palette</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static bool IsPaletteAllowed(int allowPalette, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
     {
         Guard.MustBeLessThan((int)blockSize, (int)Av1BlockSize.AllSizes, nameof(blockSize));
@@ -812,8 +896,12 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_allow_palette
+    /// Determines whether screen-content tools and block dimensions permit palette mode.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="allowScreenContentTools">A value indicating whether screen-content tools are enabled.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when palette mode is available for the block; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_allow_palette</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static bool IsPaletteAllowed(bool allowScreenContentTools, Av1BlockSize blockSize)
         => allowScreenContentTools &&
             blockSize.GetWidth() <= 64 &&
@@ -821,8 +909,15 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             blockSize >= Av1BlockSize.Block8x8;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: write_cdef
+    /// Writes the constrained directional enhancement filter strength at its first coded block in a filter unit.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="scs">The sequence coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="tileIndex">The zero-based tile index.</param>
+    /// <param name="skip">A value indicating whether the current block omits residual coefficients.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoPosition">The block position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>write_cdef</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void WriteCdef(
         Av1SequenceControlSet scs,
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
@@ -836,7 +931,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 
         if (frameHeader.CodedLossless || frameHeader.AllowIntraBlockCopy)
         {
-            // Initialize to indicate no CDEF for safety.
+            // Lossless and intra-block-copy frames disable CDEF, so normalize the header to its single zero-strength form.
             frameHeader.CdefParameters.BitCount = 0;
             frameHeader.CdefParameters.YStrength[0] = 0;
             frameHeader.CdefParameters.UvStrength[0] = 0;
@@ -849,18 +944,17 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         // cm->mi_grid_visible[(mi_row & m) * cm->mi_stride + (mi_col & m)];
         Av1ModeInfo mi = pcs.GetFromModeInfoGrid(modeInfoPosition)[0];
 
-        // Initialise when at top left part of the superblock
+        // Each superblock begins with all contained 64x64 filter units unassigned.
         if ((modeInfoPosition.Y & (scs.SequenceHeader.SuperblockModeInfoSize - 1)) == 0 &&
             (modeInfoPosition.X & (scs.SequenceHeader.SuperblockModeInfoSize - 1)) == 0)
         {
-            // Top left?
             pcs.CdefPreset[tileIndex][0] = -1;
             pcs.CdefPreset[tileIndex][1] = -1;
             pcs.CdefPreset[tileIndex][2] = -1;
             pcs.CdefPreset[tileIndex][3] = -1;
         }
 
-        // Emit CDEF param at first non-skip coding block
+        // The strength is coded once, at the first non-skipped block in each 64x64 CDEF filter unit.
         int mask = 1 << (6 - Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2);
         int index = scs.SequenceHeader.Use128x128Superblock ? Math.Max(1, modeInfoPosition.X & mask) + (2 * Math.Max(1, modeInfoPosition.Y & mask)) : 0;
 
@@ -872,8 +966,17 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: set_mi_row_col
+    /// Populates a macroblock's frame edges, tile-neighbor availability, and rectangular-partition context.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="macroBlock">The macroblock state to populate.</param>
+    /// <param name="tile">The active tile boundaries.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoPosition">The block position in 4x4 mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoStride">The row stride of the mode-information grid.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoRowCount">The coded frame height in mode-information rows.</param>
+    /// <param name="modeInfoColumnCount">The coded frame width in mode-information columns.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>set_mi_row_col</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void SetModeInfoRowAndColumn(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1MacroBlockD macroBlock,
@@ -891,7 +994,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 
         macroBlock.ModeInfoStride = modeInfoStride;
 
-        // Are edges available for intra prediction?
+        // Prediction cannot cross tile boundaries even when frame mode information exists there.
         macroBlock.IsUpAvailable = modeInfoPosition.Y > tile.ModeInfoRowStart;
         macroBlock.IsLeftAvailable = modeInfoPosition.X > tile.ModeInfoColumnStart;
         macroBlock.ModeInfo = pcs.GetFromModeInfoGrid(modeInfoPosition);
@@ -918,9 +1021,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         macroBlock.IsSecondRectangle = false;
         if (macroBlock.N8Size.Width < macroBlock.N8Size.Height)
         {
-            // Only mark is_sec_rect as 1 for the last block.
+            // Only the last sub-block of a rectangular partition selects the secondary transform context.
-            // For PARTITION_VERT_4, it would be (0, 0, 0, 1);
+            // Vertical-four therefore maps to (0, 0, 0, 1), while two-way partitions map to (0, 1).
-            // For other partitions, it would be (0, 1).
             if (((modeInfoPosition.X + macroBlock.N8Size.Width) & (macroBlock.N8Size.Height - 1)) == 0)
             {
                 macroBlock.IsSecondRectangle = true;
@@ -937,8 +1039,22 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: av1_encode_coeff_1d
+    /// Writes luma and chroma transform coefficients for a block in plane order.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="ec_ctx">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="mbmi">The selected macroblock modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="intraLumaDir">The luma prediction direction.</param>
+    /// <param name="planeBlockSize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="coeff_ptr">The transformed coefficients for the frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="luma_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The luma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="cr_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The red-difference chroma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="cb_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The blue-difference chroma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">The transform-depth path required by the block is not implemented.</exception>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>av1_encode_coeff_1d</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void EncodeCoefficients1d(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext ec_ctx,
@@ -987,8 +1103,19 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: av1_encode_tx_coef_y
+    /// Writes each luma transform block and updates its DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="entropyCodingContext">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="mbmi">The selected macroblock modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="intraLumaDir">The luma prediction direction.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane_bsize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="coeff_ptr">The transformed coefficients for the frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="luma_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The luma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>av1_encode_tx_coef_y</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     public static void EncodeTransformCoefficientsY(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext entropyCodingContext,
@@ -1001,7 +1128,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         Av1FrameBuffer<int> coeff_ptr,
         Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte> luma_dc_sign_level_coeff_na)
     {
-        // Removed any code related to INTER frames.
+        // This writer currently emits intra frames, so coefficient contexts use only intra prediction state.
         Av1BlockGeometry blockGeometry = Av1BlockGeometryFactory.GetBlockGeometryByModeDecisionScanIndex(blk_ptr.ModeDecisionScanIndex);
         int tx_depth = mbmi.Block.TransformDepth;
         int txb_count = blockGeometry.TransformBlockCount[mbmi.Block.TransformDepth];
@@ -1031,7 +1158,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             int eob = blk_ptr.TransformBlocks[txb_itr].NzCoefficientCount[0];
             if (eob == 0)
             {
-                // INTRA
+                // AV1 requires the canonical DCT_DCT transform type when a transform block has no coefficients.
                 tx_type = blk_ptr.TransformBlocks[txb_itr].TransformType[(int)Av1PlaneType.Y] = Av1TransformType.DctDct;
                 Guard.IsTrue(tx_type == Av1TransformType.DctDct, nameof(tx_type), string.Empty);
             }
@@ -1047,7 +1174,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                 frameHeader.UseReducedTransformSet,
                 blk_ptr.FilterIntraMode);
 
-            // Update the luma Dc Sign Level Coeff Neighbor Array
+            // WriteCoefficients packs the DC sign and cumulative level into one integer; publish its bytes
+            // across the transform edges so the next blocks derive identical entropy contexts.
             Span<int> culLevelSpan = new(ref cul_level_y);
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> dc_sign_level_coeff = MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(culLevelSpan);
 
@@ -1064,8 +1192,20 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: av1_encode_tx_coef_uv
+    /// Writes both chroma transform blocks and updates their DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="entropyCodingContext">The entropy-coding position state for the superblock.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="mbmi">The selected macroblock modes.</param>
+    /// <param name="blk_ptr">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The luma block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="intraLumaDir">The luma prediction direction used by coefficient contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane_bsize">The luma block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="coeff_ptr">The transformed coefficients for the frame.</param>
+    /// <param name="cr_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The red-difference chroma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="cb_dc_sign_level_coeff_na">The blue-difference chroma coefficient neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>av1_encode_tx_coef_uv</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void EncodeTransformCoefficientsUv(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1EntropyCodingContext entropyCodingContext,
@@ -1098,7 +1238,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 
             if (blockGeometry.HasUv)
             {
-                // cb
+                // Both chroma planes share transform geometry but retain independent coefficient contexts.
                 Span<int> coeff_buffer = coeff_ptr.BufferCb!.DangerousGetSingleSpan().Slice(entropyCodingContext.CodedAreaSuperblockUv);
                 Av1TransformBlockContext blockContext = new();
                 Point transformOrigin = blockGeometry.TransformOrigin[tx_depth][tx_index];
@@ -1123,7 +1263,6 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                     frameHeader.UseReducedTransformSet,
                     blk_ptr.FilterIntraMode);
 
-                // cr
                 coeff_buffer = coeff_ptr.BufferCr!.DangerousGetSingleSpan().Slice(entropyCodingContext.CodedAreaSuperblockUv);
                 blockContext = new();
                 int endOfBlockCr = blk_ptr.TransformBlocks[tx_index].NzCoefficientCount[2];
@@ -1148,7 +1287,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                     frameHeader.UseReducedTransformSet,
                     blk_ptr.FilterIntraMode);
 
-                // Update the cb Dc Sign Level Coeff Neighbor Array
+                // Publish each plane's packed sign/level summary across its transform edges.
                 Span<int> culLevelCbSpan = new(ref cul_level_cb);
                 ReadOnlySpan<byte> dc_sign_level_coeff = MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(culLevelCbSpan);
                 cb_dc_sign_level_coeff_na.UnitModeWrite(
@@ -1157,7 +1296,6 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
                     new Size(transformWidth, transformHeight),
                     Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>.UnitMask.Top | Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>.UnitMask.Left);
 
-                // Update the cr DC Sign Level Coeff Neighbor Array
                 Span<int> culLevelCrSpan = new(ref cul_level_cr);
                 dc_sign_level_coeff = MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(culLevelCrSpan);
                 cr_dc_sign_level_coeff_na.UnitModeWrite(
@@ -1171,11 +1309,24 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Rounds a luma sample position down to the 8-sample alignment used before chroma subsampling.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="point">The luma sample position.</param>
+    /// <returns>The aligned luma position.</returns>
     private static Point RoundUv(Point point) => (point >> 3) << 3;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_aom_get_txb_ctx
+    /// Derives coefficient skip and DC-sign contexts from the transform block's above and left neighbors.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="plane">The luma or chroma component class.</param>
+    /// <param name="dcSignLevelCoefficientNeighborArray">The packed DC-sign and coefficient-level neighbor contexts.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The transform-block origin in samples of the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="planeBlockSize">The containing block size on the target plane.</param>
+    /// <param name="transformSize">The transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockContext">The context object to populate.</param>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_aom_get_txb_ctx</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static void GetTransformBlockContexts(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1ComponentType plane,
@@ -1207,6 +1358,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
 
         byte sign;
 
+        // The high bits encode the DC sign class: zero, negative, or positive. Summing classes over
+        // both edges selects whether neighboring DC coefficients bias the current sign context.
         if (dcSignLevelCoefficientNeighborArray.Top[dcSignLevelCoefficientTopNeighborIndex] != Av1NeighborArrayUnit<byte>.InvalidNeighborData)
         {
             do
@@ -1253,6 +1406,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             }
             else
             {
+                // Luma skip contexts depend on the minimum and union of the clipped edge levels.
                 byte[][] skip_contexts = [
                     [1, 2, 2, 2, 3], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 5], [1, 4, 4, 4, 6]
                 ];
@@ -1292,6 +1446,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         }
         else
         {
+            // Chroma contexts use only the presence of nonzero levels on each edge, plus an offset
+            // that distinguishes a transform smaller than its containing plane block.
             short ctx_base_left = 0;
             short ctx_base_top = 0;
 
@@ -1324,6 +1480,15 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes or predicts a block segment identifier and updates the frame segmentation map.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockSize">The block size.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="block">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="skip">A value indicating whether residual coefficients are omitted.</param>
     private static void WriteSegmentId(Av1PictureControlSet pcs, ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer, Av1BlockSize blockSize, Point blockOrigin, Av1EncoderBlockStruct block, bool skip)
     {
         ObuSegmentationParameters segmentation_params = pcs.Parent.FrameHeader.SegmentationParameters;
@@ -1335,6 +1500,7 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         int spatial_pred = GetSpatialSegmentationPrediction(pcs, block.MacroBlock, blockOrigin, out int cdf_num);
         if (skip)
         {
+            // With segment-id-before-skip syntax, a skipped block inherits the spatial predictor without coding a residual ID.
             pcs.UpdateSegmentation(blockSize, blockOrigin, spatial_pred);
             block.SegmentId = spatial_pred;
             return;
@@ -1346,17 +1512,24 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// SVT: svt_av1_get_spatial_seg_prediction
+    /// Derives a segment identifier predictor and entropy context from the upper-left, above, and left neighbors.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="pcs">The picture coding state.</param>
+    /// <param name="xd">The current macroblock and its neighbor availability.</param>
+    /// <param name="blockOrigin">The block origin in samples.</param>
+    /// <param name="cdf_index">The entropy context selected by matching neighbor identifiers.</param>
+    /// <returns>The spatially predicted segment identifier.</returns>
+    /// <remarks>Corresponds to <c>svt_av1_get_spatial_seg_prediction</c> in SVT-AV1.</remarks>
     private static int GetSpatialSegmentationPrediction(
         Av1PictureControlSet pcs,
         Av1MacroBlockD xd,
         Point blockOrigin,
         out int cdf_index)
     {
-        int prev_ul = -1; // top left segment_id
+        const int unavailableSegmentId = -1;
-        int prev_l = -1; // left segment_id
+        int prev_ul = unavailableSegmentId;
-        int prev_u = -1; // top segment_id
+        int prev_l = unavailableSegmentId;
+        int prev_u = unavailableSegmentId;
 
         int mi_col = blockOrigin.X >> Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2;
         int mi_row = blockOrigin.Y >> Av1Constants.ModeInfoSizeLog2;
@@ -1380,8 +1553,8 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             prev_l = Av1SymbolContextHelper.GetSegmentId(cm, segmentation_map, Av1BlockSize.Block4x4, new Point(mi_row - 0, mi_col - 1));
         }
 
-        // Pick CDF index based on number of matching/out-of-bounds segment IDs.
+        // The entropy context records whether zero, two, or all three neighboring IDs agree.
-        // Edge case
+        // Any unavailable neighbor falls back to the least-specific context.
         if (prev_ul < 0 || prev_u < 0 || prev_l < 0)
         {
             cdf_index = 0;
@@ -1399,15 +1572,13 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
             cdf_index = 0;
         }
 
-        // If 2 or more are identical returns that as predictor, otherwise prev_l.
+        // Select the majority value when possible; otherwise AV1 gives the left neighbor precedence.
-        // edge case
+        if (prev_u == unavailableSegmentId)
-        if (prev_u == -1)
         {
-            return prev_l == -1 ? 0 : prev_l;
+            return prev_l == unavailableSegmentId ? 0 : prev_l;
         }
 
-        // edge case
+        if (prev_l == unavailableSegmentId)
-        if (prev_l == -1)
         {
             return prev_u;
         }
@@ -1415,6 +1586,12 @@ internal partial class Av1TileWriter
         return (prev_ul == prev_u) ? prev_u : prev_l;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Writes the block skip flag using the sum of available above and left skip states as its context.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="writer">The tile symbol encoder.</param>
+    /// <param name="block">The encoder block state.</param>
+    /// <param name="skip">The skip value to write.</param>
     internal static void EncodeSkipCoefficients(ref Av1SymbolEncoder writer, Av1EncoderBlockStruct block, bool skip)
     {
         Av1MacroBlockModeInfo? above_mi = block.MacroBlock.AboveMacroBlock;

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TransformBlockContext.cs

@@ -3,9 +3,18 @@
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Carries the neighboring coefficient contexts used to entropy-code an AV1 transform block.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1TransformBlockContext
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the context used to decode the sign of the DC coefficient.
+    /// </summary>
     public int DcSignContext { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the neighboring transform-block skip context.
+    /// </summary>
     public int SkipContext { get; set; }
 }

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TransformInfo.cs

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
 /// <summary>
-/// Information of a single Transform Block.
+/// Describes the size, position, type, and residual state of one AV1 transform block.
 /// </summary>
 internal class Av1TransformInfo
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TransformInfo"/> class.
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TransformInfo"/> class with a 4x4 transform at the origin.
     /// </summary>
     public Av1TransformInfo()
         : this(Av1TransformSize.Size4x4, 0, 0)
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ internal class Av1TransformInfo
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Av1TransformInfo"/> class.
     /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="size">The transform size.</param>
+    /// <param name="offsetX">The horizontal offset in mode-information units.</param>
+    /// <param name="offsetY">The vertical offset in mode-information units.</param>
     public Av1TransformInfo(Av1TransformSize size, int offsetX, int offsetY)
     {
         this.Size = size;
@@ -40,35 +43,35 @@ internal class Av1TransformInfo
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the transform size to be used for this Transform Block.
+    /// Gets or sets the transform size used for this transform block.
     /// </summary>
     public Av1TransformSize Size { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the transform type to be used for this Transform Block.
+    /// Gets or sets the transform type used for this transform block.
     /// </summary>
     public Av1TransformType Type { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the X offset of this block in ModeInfo units.
+    /// Gets or sets the horizontal offset of this block in mode-information units.
     /// </summary>
     public int OffsetX { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets the Y offset of this block in ModeInfo units.
+    /// Gets or sets the vertical offset of this block in mode-information units.
     /// </summary>
     public int OffsetY { get; internal set; }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the Code block flag is set.
+    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the transform block contains a coded residual.
     /// <list type="table">
     /// <item>
     /// <term>false</term>
-    /// <description>No residual for the block</description>
+    /// <description>The block has no residual.</description>
     /// </item>
     /// <item>
     /// <term>true</term>
-    /// <description>Residual exists for the block</description>
+    /// <description>The block has a residual.</description>
     /// </item>
     /// </list>
     /// </summary>

src/ImageSharp/Formats/Heif/Av1/Tiling/Av1TransformUnit.cs

@@ -5,9 +5,18 @@ using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Transform;
 
 namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Heif.Av1.Tiling;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Stores the transform syntax and coefficient range for one AV1 transform unit.
+/// </summary>
 internal class Av1TransformUnit
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the nonzero-coefficient count for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public ushort[] NzCoefficientCount { get; } = new ushort[3];
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the transform type selected for each color plane.
+    /// </summary>
     public Av1TransformType[] TransformType { get; } = new Av1TransformType[Av1Constants.PlaneTypeCount];
 }