How claim type works in ASP NET Core and ABP Framework.

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+# How claim type works in ASP NET Core and ABP Framework
+
+## The Claim Type
+
+A web application may use one or more authentication schemes to obtain the current user's information, Such as `Cookies`, `JwtBearer`, `OpenID Connect`, `Google` etc.
+
+After authentication, we will get a set of claims that can be issued using a trusted identity provider. A claim is a type/name-value pair representing the subject. The type property provides the semantic content of the claim; that is, it states what the claim is about. 
+
+The [`ICurrentUser`](https://docs.abp.io/en/abp/latest/CurrentUser) service of the ABP framework provides a convenient way to access the current user's information from the claims.
+
+The claim type is the key to getting the correct value of the current user, and We have a static `AbpClaimTypes` class that defines the names of the standard claims in the abp framework.
+
+```cs
+public static class AbpClaimTypes
+{
+    public static string UserId { get; set; } = ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier;
+    public static string UserName { get; set; } = ClaimTypes.Name;
+    public static string Role { get; set; } = ClaimTypes.Role;
+    public static string Email { get; set; } = ClaimTypes.Email;
+    //...
+}
+```
+
+As you can see, the default claim type of `AbpClaimTypes` comes from the [`System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.claims.claimtypes) class. Which is the recommended practice in NET.
+
+## Claim type in different authentication schemes
+
+We usually see two types of claim types in our daily development. One is the [`System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.claims.claimtypes) and the other one is the `OpenId Connect` [standard claims](https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#StandardClaims)
+
+### OpenIddict AuthServer
+
+The `OpenIddict` will use the [standard claims](https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#StandardClaims) as the claim type of the `id_token` or `access_token` and `UserInfo` endpoint response.
+
+### ASP NET Core Identity
+
+There is a [`ClaimsIdentityOptions`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.identity.claimsidentityoptions) property in the `IdentityOptions` which can be used to configure the claim type.
+
+| Property             | Description                                                                                                   |
+|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| EmailClaimType       | Gets or sets the ClaimType used for the user email claim. Defaults to Email.                                  |
+| RoleClaimType        | Gets or sets the ClaimType used for a Role claim. Defaults to Role.                                           |
+| SecurityStampClaimType | Gets or sets the ClaimType used for the security stamp claim. Defaults to "AspNet.Identity.SecurityStamp".  |
+| UserIdClaimType      | Gets or sets the ClaimType used for the user identifier claim. Defaults to NameIdentifier.                    |
+| UserNameClaimType    | Gets or sets the ClaimType used for the user name claim. Defaults to Name.                                    |
+
+The Identity will create a `ClaimsIdentity` object with the claim type that you have configured in the `ClaimsIdentityOptions` class. 
+The ABP framework will configure it based on `AbpClaimTypes,` so you shouldn't usually worry about it.
+
+### JwtBearer/OpenID Connect Client
+
+The `JwtBearer/OpenID Connect` will get claims from `id_token` or fetch user information from the `AuthServer`, and then map/add it to the current `ClaimsIdentity`.
+
+To map the [standard claim](https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#StandardClaims) type to the [`System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.claims.claimtypes) via [azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet](https://github.com/AzureAD/azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet) library by default, which is maintained by the Microsoft team.
+
+```cs
+Dictionary<string, string> ClaimTypeMapping = new Dictionary<string, string>
+{
+    { "actort", ClaimTypes.Actor },
+    { "birthdate", ClaimTypes.DateOfBirth },
+    { "email", ClaimTypes.Email },
+    { "family_name", ClaimTypes.Surname },
+    { "gender", ClaimTypes.Gender },
+    { "given_name", ClaimTypes.GivenName },
+    { "nameid", ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier },
+    { "sub", ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier },
+    { "website", ClaimTypes.Webpage },
+    { "unique_name", ClaimTypes.Name },
+    { "oid", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/objectidentifier" },
+    { "scp", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/scope" },
+    { "tid", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/tenantid" },
+    { "acr", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/claims/authnclassreference" },
+    { "adfs1email", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/claims/EmailAddress" },
+    { "adfs1upn", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/claims/UPN" },
+    { "amr", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/claims/authnmethodsreferences" },
+    { "authmethod", ClaimTypes.AuthenticationMethod },
+    { "certapppolicy", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/applicationpolicy" },
+    { "certauthoritykeyidentifier", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/authoritykeyidentifier" },
+    { "certbasicconstraints", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/basicconstraints" },
+    { "certeku", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/eku" },
+    { "certissuer", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/issuer" },
+    { "certissuername", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/issuername" },
+    { "certkeyusage", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/keyusage" },
+    { "certnotafter", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/notafter" },
+    { "certnotbefore", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/notbefore" },
+    { "certpolicy", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/certificatepolicy" },
+    { "certpublickey", ClaimTypes.Rsa },
+    { "certrawdata", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/rawdata" },
+    { "certserialnumber", ClaimTypes.SerialNumber },
+    { "certsignaturealgorithm", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/signaturealgorithm" },
+    { "certsubject", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/subject" },
+    { "certsubjectaltname", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/san" },
+    { "certsubjectkeyidentifier", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/subjectkeyidentifier" },
+    { "certsubjectname", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/subjectname" },
+    { "certtemplateinformation", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/certificatetemplateinformation" },
+    { "certtemplatename", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/extension/certificatetemplatename" },
+    { "certthumbprint", ClaimTypes.Thumbprint },
+    { "certx509version", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/12/certificatecontext/field/x509version" },
+    { "clientapplication", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-client-application" },
+    { "clientip", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-client-ip" },
+    { "clientuseragent", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-client-user-agent" },
+    { "commonname", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/claims/CommonName" },
+    { "denyonlyprimarygroupsid", ClaimTypes.DenyOnlyPrimaryGroupSid },
+    { "denyonlyprimarysid", ClaimTypes.DenyOnlyPrimarySid },
+    { "denyonlysid", ClaimTypes.DenyOnlySid },
+    { "devicedispname", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/displayname" },
+    { "deviceid", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/identifier" },
+    { "deviceismanaged", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/ismanaged" },
+    { "deviceostype", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/ostype" },
+    { "deviceosver", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/osversion" },
+    { "deviceowner", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/userowner" },
+    { "deviceregid", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/registrationid" },
+    { "endpointpath", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-endpoint-absolute-path" },
+    { "forwardedclientip", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-forwarded-client-ip" },
+    { "group", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/claims/Group" },
+    { "groupsid", ClaimTypes.GroupSid },
+    { "idp", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/identityprovider" },
+    { "insidecorporatenetwork", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2012/01/insidecorporatenetwork" },
+    { "isregistereduser", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/devicecontext/claims/isregistereduser" },
+    { "ppid", "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/privatepersonalidentifier" },
+    { "primarygroupsid", ClaimTypes.PrimaryGroupSid },
+    { "primarysid", ClaimTypes.PrimarySid },
+    { "proxy", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/x-ms-proxy" },
+    { "pwdchgurl", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2012/01/passwordchangeurl" },
+    { "pwdexpdays", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2012/01/passwordexpirationdays" },
+    { "pwdexptime", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2012/01/passwordexpirationtime" },
+    { "relyingpartytrustid", "http://schemas.microsoft.com/2012/01/requestcontext/claims/relyingpartytrustid" },
+    { "role", ClaimTypes.Role },
+    { "roles", ClaimTypes.Role },
+    { "upn", ClaimTypes.Upn },
+    { "winaccountname", ClaimTypes.WindowsAccountName },
+};
+```
+
+#### Disable JwtBearer/OpenID Connect Client Claim Type Mapping
+
+To turn off the claim type mapping, you can set the `MapInboundClaims` property of `JwtBearerOptions` or `OpenIdConnectOptions` to `false`. Then, you can get the original claim types from the token(`access_token` or `id_token`).
+
+JWT Example:
+
+```json
+{
+  "iss": "https://localhost:44305/",
+  "exp": 1714466127,
+  "iat": 1714466127,
+  "aud": "MyProjectName",
+  "scope": "MyProjectName offline_access",
+  "sub": "ed7f5cfd-7311-0402-245c-3a123ff787f9",
+  "unique_name": "admin",
+  "preferred_username": "admin",
+  "given_name": "admin",
+  "role": "admin",
+  "email": "admin@abp.io",
+  "email_verified": "False",
+  "phone_number_verified": "False",
+}
+```
+
+### OAuth2(Google, Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft) Extenal Login Client
+
+The `OAuth2 handler` will fetch a JSON containing user information from the `OAuth2` server. The third-party provider will issue the claim type based on their standard server and then map/add it to the current `ClaimsIdentity`.
+
+The ASP NET Core built-in some claim type mapping for different providers.
+
+Example: The `ClaimActions` of `GoogleOptions` will map the Google's claim types to [`System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.claims.claimtypes)
+
+```cs
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, "id"); // v2
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, "sub"); // v3
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Name, "name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.GivenName, "given_name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Surname, "family_name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey("urn:google:profile", "link");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Email, "email");
+```
+
+Example: The `ClaimActions` of `FacebookOptions` will map the Facebook's claim types to [`System.Security.Claims.ClaimTypes`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.claims.claimtypes)
+
+```cs
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, "id");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonSubKey("urn:facebook:age_range_min", "age_range", "min");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonSubKey("urn:facebook:age_range_max", "age_range", "max");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.DateOfBirth, "birthday");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Email, "email");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Name, "name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.GivenName, "first_name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey("urn:facebook:middle_name", "middle_name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Surname, "last_name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Gender, "gender");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey("urn:facebook:link", "link");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonSubKey("urn:facebook:location", "location", "name");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Locality, "locale");
+ClaimActions.MapJsonKey("urn:facebook:timezone", "timezone");
+```
+
+## Summary
+
+Once you find the claims you received do not meet your expectations, follow the instructions above to troubleshoot the problem. 
+
+This article can help you understand the claim type in the ABP framework and ASP NET Core.