diff --git a/src/OpenIddict.Abstractions/OpenIddictResources.resx b/src/OpenIddict.Abstractions/OpenIddictResources.resx
index 5541fcaf..52ef7548 100644
--- a/src/OpenIddict.Abstractions/OpenIddictResources.resx
+++ b/src/OpenIddict.Abstractions/OpenIddictResources.resx
@@ -3312,6 +3312,9 @@ This may indicate that the hashed entry is corrupted or malformed.</value>
   <data name="ID6291" xml:space="preserve">
     <value>The revocation response returned by {Uri} was successfully extracted: {Response}.</value>
   </data>
+  <data name="ID6292" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>The payload of the '{0}' reference token was used instead of its reference identifier, which may indicate that the payload stored in the database has leaked and is being used as a regular token.</value>
+  </data>
   <data name="ID8000" xml:space="preserve">
     <value>https://documentation.openiddict.com/errors/{0}</value>
   </data>
diff --git a/src/OpenIddict.Client/OpenIddictClientHandlers.Protection.cs b/src/OpenIddict.Client/OpenIddictClientHandlers.Protection.cs
index d2239576..c49c5ced 100644
--- a/src/OpenIddict.Client/OpenIddictClientHandlers.Protection.cs
+++ b/src/OpenIddict.Client/OpenIddictClientHandlers.Protection.cs
@@ -580,6 +580,21 @@ public static partial class OpenIddictClientHandlers
                     return;
                 }
 
+                // If the token was not validated as a reference token but has a reference identifier attached, this
+                // may indicate that the payload stored in the database has leaked and is being used as a regular,
+                // non-reference token. To prevent this, reject the token if the reference identifier is not null.
+                if (!context.IsReferenceToken && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(await _tokenManager.GetReferenceIdAsync(token)))
+                {
+                    context.Logger.LogWarning(6292, SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID6292), await _tokenManager.GetIdAsync(token));
+
+                    context.Reject(
+                        error: Errors.InvalidToken,
+                        description: SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2019),
+                        uri: SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2019));
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 // Restore the creation/expiration dates/identifiers from the token entry metadata.
                 context.Principal
                     .SetCreationDate(await _tokenManager.GetCreationDateAsync(token))
diff --git a/src/OpenIddict.Server/OpenIddictServerHandlers.Protection.cs b/src/OpenIddict.Server/OpenIddictServerHandlers.Protection.cs
index 7b704c49..bd229029 100644
--- a/src/OpenIddict.Server/OpenIddictServerHandlers.Protection.cs
+++ b/src/OpenIddict.Server/OpenIddictServerHandlers.Protection.cs
@@ -817,6 +817,35 @@ public static partial class OpenIddictServerHandlers
                     return;
                 }
 
+                // If the token was not validated as a reference token but has a reference identifier attached, this
+                // may indicate that the payload stored in the database has leaked and is being used as a regular,
+                // non-reference token. To prevent this, reject the token if the reference identifier is not null.
+                if (!context.IsReferenceToken && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(await _tokenManager.GetReferenceIdAsync(token)))
+                {
+                    context.Logger.LogWarning(6292, SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID6292), await _tokenManager.GetIdAsync(token));
+
+                    context.Reject(
+                        error: Errors.InvalidToken,
+                        description: context.Principal.GetTokenType() switch
+                        {
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.Private.AuthorizationCode => SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2001),
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.Private.DeviceCode        => SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2002),
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.RefreshToken              => SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2003),
+
+                            _ => SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2004)
+                        },
+                        uri: context.Principal.GetTokenType() switch
+                        {
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.Private.AuthorizationCode => SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2001),
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.Private.DeviceCode        => SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2002),
+                            TokenTypeIdentifiers.RefreshToken              => SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2003),
+
+                            _ => SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2004)
+                        });
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 // Restore the creation/expiration dates/identifiers from the token entry metadata.
                 context.Principal
                     .SetCreationDate(await _tokenManager.GetCreationDateAsync(token))
diff --git a/src/OpenIddict.Validation/OpenIddictValidationHandlers.Protection.cs b/src/OpenIddict.Validation/OpenIddictValidationHandlers.Protection.cs
index 9edf40d6..0dbf133c 100644
--- a/src/OpenIddict.Validation/OpenIddictValidationHandlers.Protection.cs
+++ b/src/OpenIddict.Validation/OpenIddictValidationHandlers.Protection.cs
@@ -567,6 +567,21 @@ public static partial class OpenIddictValidationHandlers
                     return;
                 }
 
+                // If the token was not validated as a reference token but has a reference identifier attached, this
+                // may indicate that the payload stored in the database has leaked and is being used as a regular,
+                // non-reference token. To prevent this, reject the token if the reference identifier is not null.
+                if (!context.IsReferenceToken && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(await _tokenManager.GetReferenceIdAsync(token)))
+                {
+                    context.Logger.LogWarning(6292, SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID6292), await _tokenManager.GetIdAsync(token));
+
+                    context.Reject(
+                        error: Errors.InvalidToken,
+                        description: SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID2019),
+                        uri: SR.FormatID8000(SR.ID2019));
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 // Restore the creation/expiration dates/identifiers from the token entry metadata.
                 context.Principal
                     .SetCreationDate(await _tokenManager.GetCreationDateAsync(token))
diff --git a/test/OpenIddict.Server.IntegrationTests/OpenIddictServerIntegrationTests.Protection.cs b/test/OpenIddict.Server.IntegrationTests/OpenIddictServerIntegrationTests.Protection.cs
index e9e02640..9c5aa557 100644
--- a/test/OpenIddict.Server.IntegrationTests/OpenIddictServerIntegrationTests.Protection.cs
+++ b/test/OpenIddict.Server.IntegrationTests/OpenIddictServerIntegrationTests.Protection.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Immutable;
 using System.Security.Claims;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Moq;
 using Xunit;
 using static OpenIddict.Server.OpenIddictServerEvents;
 using static OpenIddict.Server.OpenIddictServerHandlers.Protection;
@@ -467,6 +469,78 @@ public abstract partial class OpenIddictServerIntegrationTests
         Assert.Equal<IEnumerable<string?>?>([Scopes.OpenId, Scopes.Profile], (ImmutableArray<string?>?) response[Claims.Private.Scope]);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ValidateToken_TokenPayloadUsedInsteadOfTokenReferenceIdentifierIsRejected()
+    {
+        // Arrange
+        var token = new OpenIddictToken();
+
+        var manager = CreateTokenManager(mock =>
+        {
+            mock.Setup(manager => manager.FindByIdAsync("3E228451-1555-46F7-A471-951EFBA23A56", It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync(token);
+
+            mock.Setup(manager => manager.GetIdAsync(token, It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync("3E228451-1555-46F7-A471-951EFBA23A56");
+
+            mock.Setup(manager => manager.GetTypeAsync(token, It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync(TokenTypeIdentifiers.AccessToken);
+
+            mock.Setup(manager => manager.HasStatusAsync(token, Statuses.Valid, It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync(true);
+
+            mock.Setup(manager => manager.GetReferenceIdAsync(token, It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync("reference_id");
+        });
+
+        await using var server = await CreateServerAsync(options =>
+        {
+            options.SetUserInfoEndpointUris("/authenticate");
+
+            options.AddEventHandler<HandleUserInfoRequestContext>(builder =>
+                builder.UseInlineHandler(context =>
+                {
+                    context.SkipRequest();
+
+                    return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+                }));
+
+            options.AddEventHandler<ValidateTokenContext>(builder =>
+            {
+                builder.UseInlineHandler(context =>
+                {
+                    Assert.Equal("token_payload", context.Token);
+                    Assert.Equal([TokenTypeIdentifiers.AccessToken], context.ValidTokenTypes);
+
+                    context.Principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity("Bearer"))
+                        .SetTokenType(TokenTypeIdentifiers.AccessToken)
+                        .SetTokenId("3E228451-1555-46F7-A471-951EFBA23A56")
+                        .SetClaim(Claims.Subject, "Bob le Magnifique")
+                        .SetClaims(Claims.Scope, [Scopes.OpenId, Scopes.Profile]);
+
+                    return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+                });
+
+                builder.SetOrder(ValidateIdentityModelToken.Descriptor.Order - 500);
+            });
+
+            options.Services.AddSingleton(manager);
+        });
+
+        await using var client = await server.CreateClientAsync();
+
+        // Act
+        var response = await client.GetAsync("/authenticate", new OpenIddictRequest
+        {
+            AccessToken = "token_payload"
+        });
+
+        // Assert
+        Assert.Null((string?) response[Claims.Subject]);
+
+        Mock.Get(manager).Verify(manager => manager.GetReferenceIdAsync(token, It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()), Times.Once());
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task ValidateToken_MissingTokenTypeThrowsAnException()
     {