/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
 * See https://github.com/openiddict/openiddict-core for more information concerning
 * the license and the contributors participating to this project.
 */

using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;

namespace OpenIddict.Extensions;

/// <summary>
/// Exposes common helpers used by the OpenIddict assemblies.
/// </summary>
internal static class OpenIddictHelpers
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified array contains at least one value present in the specified set.
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the elements.</typeparam>
    /// <param name="array">The array.</param>
    /// <param name="set">The set.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the specified array contains at least one
    /// value present in the specified set, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IncludesAnyFromSet<T>(IReadOnlyList<T> array, ISet<T> set)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(set);

        for (var index = 0; index < array.Count; index++)
        {
            var value = array[index];
            if (set.Contains(value))
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="exception"/> is considered fatal.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="exception">The exception.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the exception is considered fatal, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsFatal(Exception exception)
    {
        RuntimeHelpers.EnsureSufficientExecutionStack();

        return exception switch
        {
            ThreadAbortException => true,
            OutOfMemoryException and not InsufficientMemoryException => true,

            AggregateException { InnerExceptions: var exceptions } => IsAnyFatal(exceptions),
            Exception { InnerException: Exception inner } => IsFatal(inner),

            _ => false
        };

        static bool IsAnyFatal(ReadOnlyCollection<Exception> exceptions)
        {
            for (var index = 0; index < exceptions.Count; index++)
            {
                if (IsFatal(exceptions[index]))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes an absolute URI from the specified <paramref name="left"/> and <paramref name="right"/> URIs.
    /// Note: if the <paramref name="right"/> URI is already absolute, it is directly returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="left">The left part.</param>
    /// <param name="right">The right part.</param>
    /// <returns>An absolute URI from the specified <paramref name="left"/> and <paramref name="right"/>.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException"><paramref name="left"/> is not an absolute URI.</exception>
    [return: NotNullIfNotNull(nameof(right))]
    public static Uri? CreateAbsoluteUri(Uri? left, string? right)
        => CreateAbsoluteUri(left, !string.IsNullOrEmpty(right) ? new Uri(right, UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute) : null);

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes an absolute URI from the specified <paramref name="left"/> and <paramref name="right"/> URIs.
    /// Note: if the <paramref name="right"/> URI is already absolute, it is directly returned.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="left">The left part.</param>
    /// <param name="right">The right part.</param>
    /// <returns>An absolute URI from the specified <paramref name="left"/> and <paramref name="right"/>.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException"><paramref name="left"/> is not an absolute URI.</exception>
    [return: NotNullIfNotNull(nameof(right))]
    public static Uri? CreateAbsoluteUri(Uri? left, Uri? right)
    {
        if (right is null)
        {
            return null;
        }

        if (right.IsAbsoluteUri)
        {
            return right;
        }

        if (left is not { IsAbsoluteUri: true })
        {
            throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID0144), nameof(left));
        }

        // Ensure the left part ends with a trailing slash, as it is necessary
        // for Uri's constructor to include the last path segment in the base URI.
        left = left.AbsolutePath switch
        {
            null or { Length: 0 } => new UriBuilder(left) { Path = "/" }.Uri,
            [.., not '/'] => new UriBuilder(left) { Path = left.AbsolutePath + "/" }.Uri,
            ['/'] or _ => left
        };

        return new Uri(left, right);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the <paramref name="left"/> URI is a base of the <paramref name="right"/> URI.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="left">The left part.</param>
    /// <param name="right">The right part.</param>
    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> if <paramref name="left"/> is base of
    /// <paramref name="right"/>, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="left"/> or
    /// <paramref name="right"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException"><paramref name="left"/> is not an absolute URI.</exception>
    public static bool IsBaseOf(Uri left, Uri right)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(left);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(right);

        if (left is not { IsAbsoluteUri: true })
        {
            throw new ArgumentException(SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID0144), nameof(left));
        }

        // Ensure the left part ends with a trailing slash, as it is necessary
        // for Uri's constructor to include the last path segment in the base URI.
        left = left.AbsolutePath switch
        {
            null or { Length: 0 } => new UriBuilder(left) { Path = "/" }.Uri,
            [.., not '/'] => new UriBuilder(left) { Path = left.AbsolutePath + "/" }.Uri,
            ['/'] or _ => left
        };

        return left.IsBaseOf(right);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="uri"/> represents an implicit file URI.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="uri">The URI.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if <paramref name="uri"/> represents
    /// an implicit file URI, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="uri"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static bool IsImplicitFileUri(Uri uri)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(uri);

        return uri.IsAbsoluteUri && uri.IsFile &&
            !uri.OriginalString.StartsWith(uri.Scheme, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Adds a query string parameter to the specified <see cref="Uri"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="uri">The URI to which the query string parameter will be appended.</param>
    /// <param name="name">The name of the query string parameter to append.</param>
    /// <param name="value">The value of the query string parameter to append.</param>
    /// <returns>The final <see cref="Uri"/> instance, with the specified parameter appended.</returns>
    public static Uri AddQueryStringParameter(Uri uri, string name, string? value)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(uri);

        var builder = new StringBuilder(uri.Query);
        if (builder.Length is > 0)
        {
            builder.Append('&');
        }

        builder.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(name));

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
        {
            builder.Append('=');
            builder.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(value));
        }

        return new UriBuilder(uri) { Query = builder.ToString() }.Uri;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Adds query string parameters to the specified <see cref="Uri"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="uri">The URI to which the query string parameters will be appended.</param>
    /// <param name="parameters">The query string parameters to append.</param>
    /// <returns>The final <see cref="Uri"/> instance, with the specified parameters appended.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="uri"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="parameters"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static Uri AddQueryStringParameters(Uri uri, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, StringValues> parameters)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(uri);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(parameters);

        if (parameters.Count is 0)
        {
            return uri;
        }

        var builder = new StringBuilder(uri.Query);

        foreach (var parameter in parameters)
        {
            // If the parameter doesn't include any string value,
            // only append the parameter key to the query string.
            if (parameter.Value.Count is 0)
            {
                if (builder.Length is > 0)
                {
                    builder.Append('&');
                }

                builder.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(parameter.Key));
            }

            // Otherwise, iterate the string values and create
            // a new "name=value" pair for each iterated value.
            else
            {
                foreach (var value in parameter.Value)
                {
                    if (builder.Length is > 0)
                    {
                        builder.Append('&');
                    }

                    builder.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(parameter.Key));

                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
                    {
                        builder.Append('=');
                        builder.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(value));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return new UriBuilder(uri) { Query = builder.ToString() }.Uri;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Extracts the parameters from the specified query string.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="query">The query string, which may start with a '?'.</param>
    /// <returns>The parameters extracted from the specified query string.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="query"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static IReadOnlyDictionary<string, StringValues> ParseQuery(string query)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(query);

        return query.TrimStart(Separators.QuestionMark[0])
            .Split([Separators.Ampersand[0], Separators.Semicolon[0]], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
            .Select(static parameter => parameter.Split(Separators.EqualsSign, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
            .Select(static parts => (
                Key: parts[0] is string key ? Uri.UnescapeDataString(key) : null,
                Value: parts.Length is > 1 && parts[1] is string value ? Uri.UnescapeDataString(value) : null))
            .Where(static pair => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(pair.Key))
            .GroupBy(static pair => pair.Key)
            .ToDictionary(static pair => pair.Key!, static pair => new StringValues([.. pair.Select(parts => parts.Value)]));
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Extracts the parameters from the specified fragment.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="fragment">The fragment string, which may start with a '#'.</param>
    /// <returns>The parameters extracted from the specified fragment.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="fragment"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static IReadOnlyDictionary<string, StringValues> ParseFragment(string fragment)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(fragment);

        return fragment.TrimStart(Separators.Hash[0])
            .Split([Separators.Ampersand[0], Separators.Semicolon[0]], StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries)
            .Select(static parameter => parameter.Split(Separators.EqualsSign, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
            .Select(static parts => (
                Key: parts[0] is string key ? Uri.UnescapeDataString(key) : null,
                Value: parts.Length is > 1 && parts[1] is string value ? Uri.UnescapeDataString(value) : null))
            .Where(static pair => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(pair.Key))
            .GroupBy(static pair => pair.Key)
            .ToDictionary(static pair => pair.Key!, static pair => new StringValues([.. pair.Select(parts => parts.Value)]));
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Extracts the parameters from the specified stream.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="stream">The stream containing the formurl-encoded data.</param>
    /// <param name="encoding">The encoding used to decode the data.</param>
    /// <param name="cancellationToken">The <see cref="CancellationToken"/> that can be used to abort the operation.</param>
    /// <returns>The parameters extracted from the specified stream.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="stream"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static async ValueTask<IReadOnlyDictionary<string, StringValues>> ParseFormAsync(
        Stream stream, Encoding encoding, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(stream);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(encoding);

        var reader = new FormReader(stream, encoding);
        return await reader.ReadFormAsync(cancellationToken);
    }

#if SUPPORTS_ECDSA
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new <see cref="ECDsa"/> key.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>A new <see cref="ECDsa"/> key.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static ECDsa CreateEcdsaKey()
    {
        return GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            ECDsa result => result,
            null => ECDsa.Create(),
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict ECDSA Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new <see cref="ECDsa"/> key.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="curve">The EC curve to use to create the key.</param>
    /// <returns>A new <see cref="ECDsa"/> key.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static ECDsa CreateEcdsaKey(ECCurve curve)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            ECDsa result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom algorithm was registered, use either the static Create() API
        // on platforms that support it or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
            return ECDsa.Create(curve);
        }

        try
        {
            algorithm.GenerateKey(curve);
        }

        catch
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();

            throw;
        }

        return algorithm;

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict ECDSA Cryptographic Provider");
    }
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new <see cref="RSA"/> key.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="size">The key size to use to create the key.</param>
    /// <returns>A new <see cref="RSA"/> key.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static RSA CreateRsaKey(int size)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            RSA result => result,

#if SUPPORTS_RSA_KEY_CREATION_WITH_SPECIFIED_SIZE
            // Note: on .NET Framework >= 4.7.2, the new RSA.Create(int keySizeInBits) uses
            // CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("RSAPSS") internally, which returns by default
            // a RSACng instance instead of a RSACryptoServiceProvider based on CryptoAPI.
            null => RSA.Create(size),
#else
            // Note: while a RSACng object could be manually instantiated and returned on
            // .NET Framework < 4.7.2, the static RSA.Create() factory (which returns a
            // RSACryptoServiceProvider instance by default) is always preferred to RSACng
            // as this type is known to have compatibility issues on .NET Framework < 4.6.2.
            //
            // Developers who prefer using a CNG-based implementation on .NET Framework 4.6.1
            // can do so by tweaking machine.config or by using CryptoConfig.AddAlgorithm().
            null => RSA.Create(),
#endif
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // Note: on .NET Framework, the RSA.Create() overload uses CryptoConfig.CreateFromName()
        // and always returns a RSACryptoServiceProvider instance unless the default name mapping was
        // explicitly overridden in machine.config or via CryptoConfig.AddAlgorithm(). Unfortunately,
        // RSACryptoServiceProvider still uses 1024-bit keys by default and doesn't support changing
        // the key size via RSACryptoServiceProvider.KeySize (setting it has no effect on the object).
        //
        // To ensure the key size matches the requested size, this method replaces the instance by a
        // new RSACryptoServiceProvider using the constructor allowing to override the default key size.
        try
        {
            if (algorithm.KeySize != size)
            {
                if (algorithm is RSACryptoServiceProvider)
                {
                    algorithm.Dispose();
                    algorithm = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size);
                }

                else
                {
                    algorithm.KeySize = size;
                }

                if (algorithm.KeySize != size)
                {
                    throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0059(algorithm.GetType().FullName));
                }
            }
        }

        catch
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();

            throw;
        }

        return algorithm;

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict RSA Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the SHA-256 message authentication code (HMAC) of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="key">The cryptographic key.</param>
    /// <param name="data">The data to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The SHA-256 message authentication code (HMAC) of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] ComputeSha256MessageAuthenticationCode(byte[] key, byte[] data)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig(key) switch
        {
            HMACSHA256 result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom algorithm was registered, use either the static/one-shot HashData() API
        // on platforms that support it or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_HASHING_METHODS
            return HMACSHA256.HashData(key, data);
#else
            algorithm = new HMACSHA256(key);
#endif
        }

        try
        {
            return algorithm.ComputeHash(data);
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig(byte[] key) => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict HMAC SHA-256 Cryptographic Provider", [key]);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the SHA-256 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="data">The data to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The SHA-256 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] ComputeSha256Hash(byte[] data)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            SHA256 result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom algorithm was registered, use either the static/one-shot HashData() API
        // on platforms that support it or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_HASHING_METHODS
            return SHA256.HashData(data);
#else
            algorithm = SHA256.Create();
#endif
        }

        try
        {
            return algorithm.ComputeHash(data);
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict SHA-256 Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the SHA-384 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="data">The data to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The SHA-384 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] ComputeSha384Hash(byte[] data)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            SHA384 result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom algorithm was registered, use either the static/one-shot HashData() API
        // on platforms that support it or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_HASHING_METHODS
            return SHA384.HashData(data);
#else
            algorithm = SHA384.Create();
#endif
        }

        try
        {
            return algorithm.ComputeHash(data);
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict SHA-384 Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Computes the SHA-512 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="data">The data to hash.</param>
    /// <returns>The SHA-512 hash of the specified <paramref name="data"/> array.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] ComputeSha512Hash(byte[] data)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            SHA512 result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom algorithm was registered, use either the static/one-shot HashData() API
        // on platforms that support it or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_HASHING_METHODS
            return SHA512.HashData(data);
#else
            algorithm = SHA512.Create();
#endif
        }

        try
        {
            return algorithm.ComputeHash(data);
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict SHA-512 Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new array of <see cref="byte"/> containing random data.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="size">The desired entropy, in bits.</param>
    /// <returns>A new array of <see cref="byte"/> containing random data.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] CreateRandomArray(int size)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            RandomNumberGenerator result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom random number generator was registered, use either the static GetBytes() or
        // Fill() APIs on platforms that support them or create a default instance provided by the BCL.
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_METHODS
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
            var array = new byte[size / 8];
            algorithm.GetBytes(array);

            return array;
        }
#endif
        var array = new byte[size / 8];

#if SUPPORTS_STATIC_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_METHODS
        if (algorithm is null)
        {
            RandomNumberGenerator.Fill(array);
            return array;
        }
#else
        algorithm ??= RandomNumberGenerator.Create();
#endif
        try
        {
            algorithm.GetBytes(array);
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm.Dispose();
        }

        return array;

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict RNG Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new <see cref="string"/> containing characters
    /// randomly selected in the specified <paramref name="charset"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="charset">The characters allowed to be included in the <see cref="string"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="count">The number of characters.</param>
    /// <returns>A new <see cref="string"/> containing random data.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static string CreateRandomString(ReadOnlySpan<string> charset, int count)
    {
        var algorithm = GetAlgorithmFromConfig() switch
        {
            RandomNumberGenerator result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        try
        {
            var builder = new StringBuilder();

            for (var index = 0; index < count; index++)
            {
                // Pick a character in the specified charset by generating a random index.
                builder.Append(charset[index: algorithm switch
                {
#if SUPPORTS_INT32_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_METHODS
                    // If no custom random number generator was registered, use
                    // the static GetInt32() API on platforms that support it.
                    null => RandomNumberGenerator.GetInt32(0, charset.Length),
#endif
                    // Otherwise, create a default implementation if necessary
                    // and use the local function that achieves the same result.
                    _ => GetInt32(algorithm ??= RandomNumberGenerator.Create(), 0..charset.Length)
                }]);
            }

            return builder.ToString();
        }

        finally
        {
            algorithm?.Dispose();
        }

        static int GetInt32(RandomNumberGenerator algorithm, Range range)
        {
            // Note: the logic used here is directly taken from the official implementation
            // of the RandomNumberGenerator.GetInt32() method introduced in .NET Core 3.0.
            //
            // See https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/pull/31243 for more information.

            var count = (uint) range.End.Value - (uint) range.Start.Value - 1;
            if (count is 0)
            {
                return range.Start.Value;
            }

            var mask = count;
            mask |= mask >> 1;
            mask |= mask >> 2;
            mask |= mask >> 4;
            mask |= mask >> 8;
            mask |= mask >> 16;

            var buffer = new byte[sizeof(uint)];
            uint value;

            do
            {
                algorithm.GetBytes(buffer);

                value = mask & BitConverter.ToUInt32(buffer, 0);
            }

            while (value > count);

            return (int) value + range.Start.Value;
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig() => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict RNG Cryptographic Provider");
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines the equality of two byte sequences in an amount of time
    /// which depends on the length of the sequences, but not the values.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="left">The first buffer to compare.</param>
    /// <param name="right">The second buffer to compare.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if <paramref name="left"/> and <paramref name="right"/> have the same values
    /// for <see cref="ReadOnlySpan{T}.Length"/> and the same contents, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
#if !SUPPORTS_TIME_CONSTANT_COMPARISONS
    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining | MethodImplOptions.NoOptimization)]
#endif
    public static bool FixedTimeEquals(ReadOnlySpan<byte> left, ReadOnlySpan<byte> right)
    {
#if SUPPORTS_TIME_CONSTANT_COMPARISONS
        return CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(left, right);
#else
        // Note: the logic used here is directly taken from the official implementation of
        // the CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals() method introduced in .NET Core 2.1.
        //
        // See https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/pull/27103 for more information.

        // Note: these null checks can be theoretically considered as early checks
        // (which would defeat the purpose of a time-constant comparison method),
        // but the expected string length is the only information an attacker
        // could get at this stage, which is not critical where this method is used.

        if (left.Length != right.Length)
        {
            return false;
        }

        var length = left.Length;
        var accumulator = 0;

        for (var index = 0; index < length; index++)
        {
            accumulator |= left[index] - right[index];
        }

        return accumulator is 0;
#endif
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes the characters that are not part of <paramref name="charset"/>
    /// from the specified <paramref name="value"/> string.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Note: if no character is present in <paramref name="charset"/>, all characters are considered valid.
    /// </remarks>
    /// <param name="value">The original string.</param>
    /// <param name="charset">The list of allowed characters.</param>
    /// <returns>The original string with the disallowed characters removed.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="charset"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
    public static string? RemoveDisallowedCharacters(string? value, IReadOnlyCollection<string> charset)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(charset);

        if (charset.Count is 0 || string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
        {
            return value;
        }

        var builder = new StringBuilder();

        var enumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(value);
        while (enumerator.MoveNext())
        {
            var element = enumerator.GetTextElement();
            if (charset.Contains(element))
            {
                builder.Append(element);
            }
        }

        return builder.ToString();
    }

#if SUPPORTS_KEY_DERIVATION_WITH_SPECIFIED_HASH_ALGORITHM
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a derived key based on the specified <paramref name="secret"/> using PBKDF2.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="secret">The secret from which the derived key is created.</param>
    /// <param name="salt">The salt.</param>
    /// <param name="algorithm">The hash algorithm to use.</param>
    /// <param name="iterations">The number of iterations to use.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The desired length of the derived key.</param>
    /// <returns>A derived key based on the specified <paramref name="secret"/>.</returns>
    /// <exception cref="CryptographicException">
    /// The implementation resolved from <see cref="CryptoConfig.CreateFromName(string)"/> is not valid.
    /// </exception>
    public static byte[] DeriveKey(string secret, byte[] salt, HashAlgorithmName algorithm, int iterations, int length)
    {
        // Warning: the type and order of the arguments specified here MUST exactly match the parameters used with
        // Rfc2898DeriveBytes(string password, byte[] salt, int iterations, HashAlgorithmName hashAlgorithm).
        var generator = GetAlgorithmFromConfig(secret, salt, iterations, algorithm) switch
        {
            Rfc2898DeriveBytes result => result,
            null => null,
            var result => throw new CryptographicException(SR.FormatID0351(result.GetType().FullName))
        };

        // If no custom generator was registered, use either the static/one-shot Pbkdf2() API
        // on platforms that support it or create an instance using the dedicated constructor.
        if (generator is null)
        {
#if SUPPORTS_ONE_SHOT_KEY_DERIVATION_METHODS
            return Rfc2898DeriveBytes.Pbkdf2(secret, salt, iterations, algorithm, length);
#else
#pragma warning disable CA5379
            generator = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(secret, salt, iterations, algorithm);
#pragma warning restore CA5379
#endif
        }

        try
        {
            return generator.GetBytes(length);
        }

        finally
        {
            generator.Dispose();
        }

        [UnconditionalSuppressMessage("Trimming", "IL2026",
            Justification = "The default implementation is always used when no custom algorithm was registered.")]
        static object? GetAlgorithmFromConfig(string secret, byte[] salt, int iterations, HashAlgorithmName algorithm)
            => CryptoConfig.CreateFromName("OpenIddict PBKDF2 Cryptographic Provider", [secret, salt, iterations, algorithm]);
    }
#endif

#if SUPPORTS_ECDSA
    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="parameters"/> represent a specific EC curve.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="parameters">The <see cref="ECParameters"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="curve">The <see cref="ECCurve"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if <see cref="ECParameters.Curve"/> is identical to
    /// the specified <paramref name="curve"/>, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsEcCurve(ECParameters parameters, ECCurve curve)
    {
        Debug.Assert(parameters.Curve.Oid is not null, SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID4011));
        Debug.Assert(curve.Oid is not null, SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID4011));

        // Warning: on .NET Framework 4.x and .NET Core 2.1, exported ECParameters generally have
        // a null OID value attached. To work around this limitation, both the raw OID values and
        // the friendly names are compared to determine whether the curve is of the specified type.
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(parameters.Curve.Oid.Value) &&
            !string.IsNullOrEmpty(curve.Oid.Value))
        {
            return string.Equals(parameters.Curve.Oid.Value,
                curve.Oid.Value, StringComparison.Ordinal);
        }

        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(parameters.Curve.Oid.FriendlyName) &&
            !string.IsNullOrEmpty(curve.Oid.FriendlyName))
        {
            return string.Equals(parameters.Curve.Oid.FriendlyName,
                curve.Oid.FriendlyName, StringComparison.Ordinal);
        }

        Debug.Fail(SR.GetResourceString(SR.ID4012));
        return false;
    }
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="element"/> represents a null, undefined or empty JSON node.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="element">The <see cref="JsonElement"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the JSON node is null, undefined or empty <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsNullOrEmpty(JsonElement element)
    {
        switch (element.ValueKind)
        {
            case JsonValueKind.Undefined or JsonValueKind.Null:
                return true;

            case JsonValueKind.String:
                return string.IsNullOrEmpty(element.GetString());

            case JsonValueKind.Array:
                return element.GetArrayLength() is 0;

            case JsonValueKind.Object:
#if SUPPORTS_JSON_ELEMENT_PROPERTY_COUNT
                return element.GetPropertyCount() is 0;
#else
                using (var enumerator = element.EnumerateObject())
                {
                    return !enumerator.MoveNext();
                }
#endif
            default: return false;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="node"/> represents a null or empty JSON node.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="node">The <see cref="JsonNode"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the JSON node is null or empty, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsNullOrEmpty([NotNullWhen(false)] JsonNode? node) => node switch
    {
        null => true,

        JsonArray value  => value.Count is 0,
        JsonObject value => value.Count is 0,

        JsonValue value when value.TryGetValue(out string? result) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(result),
        JsonValue value when value.TryGetValue(out JsonElement element) => IsNullOrEmpty(element),

        // If the JSON node cannot be mapped to a primitive type, convert it to
        // a JsonElement instance and infer the corresponding claim value type.
        JsonNode value => IsNullOrEmpty(value.Deserialize(OpenIddictSerializer.Default.JsonElement))
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="certificate"/> is a certificate authority.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="certificate">The <see cref="X509Certificate2"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the certificate is a certificate authority, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsCertificateAuthority(X509Certificate2 certificate)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(certificate);

        return certificate.Extensions.OfType<X509BasicConstraintsExtension>()
            .Any(static extension => extension.CertificateAuthority);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="certificate"/> has the specified extended key usage.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="certificate">The <see cref="X509Certificate2"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="usage">The extended key usage.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the certificate has the specified extended key usage, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool HasExtendedKeyUsage(X509Certificate2 certificate, string usage)
    {
        for (var index = 0; index < certificate.Extensions.Count; index++)
        {
            if (certificate.Extensions[index] is X509EnhancedKeyUsageExtension extension &&
                HasOid(extension.EnhancedKeyUsages, usage))
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;

        static bool HasOid(OidCollection collection, string value)
        {
            for (var index = 0; index < collection.Count; index++)
            {
                if (collection[index] is Oid oid && string.Equals(oid.Value, value, StringComparison.Ordinal))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="certificate"/> has the specified key usage.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="certificate">The <see cref="X509Certificate2"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="usage">The <see cref="X509KeyUsageFlags"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the certificate has the specified key usage, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool HasKeyUsage(X509Certificate2 certificate, X509KeyUsageFlags usage)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(certificate);

        for (var index = 0; index < certificate.Extensions.Count; index++)
        {
            if (certificate.Extensions[index] is X509KeyUsageExtension extension &&
                extension.KeyUsages.HasFlag(usage))
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the specified <paramref name="certificate"/> is self-issued.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="certificate">The <see cref="X509Certificate2"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the certificate is self-issued, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool IsSelfIssuedCertificate(X509Certificate2 certificate)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(certificate);

        return certificate.SubjectName.RawData.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(certificate.IssuerName.RawData);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the items contained in <paramref name="element"/>
    /// are of the specified <paramref name="kind"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="element">The <see cref="JsonElement"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="kind">The expected <see cref="JsonValueKind"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the array doesn't contain any value or if all the items
    /// are of the specified <paramref name="kind"/>, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool ValidateArrayElements(JsonElement element, JsonValueKind kind)
    {
        if (element.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Array)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(element));
        }

        foreach (var item in element.EnumerateArray())
        {
            if (item.ValueKind != kind)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines whether the items contained in <paramref name="element"/>
    /// are of the specified <paramref name="kind"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="element">The <see cref="JsonElement"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="kind">The expected <see cref="JsonValueKind"/>.</param>
    /// <returns>
    /// <see langword="true"/> if the object doesn't contain any value or if all the items
    /// are of the specified <paramref name="kind"/>, <see langword="false"/> otherwise.
    /// </returns>
    public static bool ValidateObjectElements(JsonElement element, JsonValueKind kind)
    {
        if (element.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Object)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(element));
        }

        foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject())
        {
            if (property.Value.ValueKind != kind)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Note: this implementation was taken from ASP.NET Core.
    /// </summary>
    private class FormReader
    {
        public const int DefaultValueCountLimit = 1024;
        public const int DefaultKeyLengthLimit = 1024 * 2;
        public const int DefaultValueLengthLimit = 1024 * 1024 * 4;

        private readonly TextReader _reader;
        private readonly char[] _buffer;
        private readonly StringBuilder _builder = new();
        private int _bufferOffset;
        private int _bufferCount;
        private string? _currentKey;
        private string? _currentValue;
        private bool _endOfStream;

        public FormReader(Stream stream, Encoding encoding)
        {
            _buffer = new char[8192];
            _reader = new StreamReader(stream, encoding, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true, bufferSize: 1024 * 2, leaveOpen: true);
        }

        public int ValueCountLimit { get; set; } = DefaultValueCountLimit;
        public int KeyLengthLimit { get; set; } = DefaultKeyLengthLimit;
        public int ValueLengthLimit { get; set; } = DefaultValueLengthLimit;

        public KeyValuePair<string, string>? ReadNextPair()
        {
            ReadNextPairImpl();
            if (ReadSucceeded())
            {
                return KeyValuePair.Create(_currentKey, _currentValue);
            }
            return null;
        }

        private void ReadNextPairImpl()
        {
            StartReadNextPair();
            while (!_endOfStream)
            {
                // Empty
                if (_bufferCount == 0)
                {
                    Buffer();
                }
                if (TryReadNextPair())
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        public async Task<KeyValuePair<string, string>?> ReadNextPairAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            await ReadNextPairAsyncImpl(cancellationToken);
            if (ReadSucceeded())
            {
                return KeyValuePair.Create(_currentKey, _currentValue);
            }
            return null;
        }

        private async Task ReadNextPairAsyncImpl(CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            StartReadNextPair();
            while (!_endOfStream)
            {
                if (_bufferCount == 0)
                {
                    await BufferAsync(cancellationToken);
                }
                if (TryReadNextPair())
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        private void StartReadNextPair()
        {
            _currentKey = null;
            _currentValue = null;
        }

        private bool TryReadNextPair()
        {
            if (_currentKey == null)
            {
                if (!TryReadWord('=', KeyLengthLimit, out _currentKey))
                {
                    return false;
                }

                if (_bufferCount == 0)
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            if (_currentValue == null)
            {
                if (!TryReadWord('&', ValueLengthLimit, out _currentValue))
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

        private bool TryReadWord(char separator, int limit, [NotNullWhen(true)] out string? value)
        {
            do
            {
                if (ReadChar(separator, limit, out value))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            } while (_bufferCount > 0);
            return false;
        }

        private bool ReadChar(char separator, int limit, [NotNullWhen(true)] out string? word)
        {
            if (_bufferCount == 0)
            {
                word = BuildWord();
                return true;
            }

            var c = _buffer[_bufferOffset++];
            _bufferCount--;

            if (c == separator)
            {
                word = BuildWord();
                return true;
            }
            if (_builder.Length >= limit)
            {
                throw new InvalidDataException($"Form key or value length limit {limit} exceeded.");
            }
            _builder.Append(c);
            word = null;
            return false;
        }

        private string BuildWord()
        {
            _builder.Replace('+', ' ');
            var result = _builder.ToString();
            _builder.Clear();
            return Uri.UnescapeDataString(result);
        }

        private void Buffer()
        {
            _bufferOffset = 0;
            _bufferCount = _reader.Read(_buffer, 0, _buffer.Length);
            _endOfStream = _bufferCount == 0;
        }

        private async Task BufferAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
            _bufferOffset = 0;
            _bufferCount = await _reader.ReadAsync(_buffer, 0, _buffer.Length);
            _endOfStream = _bufferCount == 0;
        }

        public Dictionary<string, StringValues> ReadForm()
        {
            var accumulator = new KeyValueAccumulator();
            while (!_endOfStream)
            {
                ReadNextPairImpl();
                Append(ref accumulator);
            }
            return accumulator.GetResults();
        }

        public async Task<Dictionary<string, StringValues>> ReadFormAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken())
        {
            var accumulator = new KeyValueAccumulator();
            while (!_endOfStream)
            {
                await ReadNextPairAsyncImpl(cancellationToken);
                Append(ref accumulator);
            }
            return accumulator.GetResults();
        }

        [MemberNotNullWhen(true, nameof(_currentKey), nameof(_currentValue))]
        private bool ReadSucceeded()
        {
            return _currentKey != null && _currentValue != null;
        }

        private void Append(ref KeyValueAccumulator accumulator)
        {
            if (ReadSucceeded())
            {
                accumulator.Append(_currentKey, _currentValue);
                if (accumulator.ValueCount > ValueCountLimit)
                {
                    throw new InvalidDataException($"Form value count limit {ValueCountLimit} exceeded.");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Note: this implementation was taken from ASP.NET Core.
    /// </summary>
    private struct KeyValueAccumulator
    {
        private Dictionary<string, StringValues> _accumulator;
        private Dictionary<string, List<string>> _expandingAccumulator;

        public void Append(string key, string value)
        {
            if (_accumulator == null)
            {
                _accumulator = new Dictionary<string, StringValues>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
            }

            StringValues values;
            if (_accumulator.TryGetValue(key, out values))
            {
                if (values.Count == 0)
                {
                    _expandingAccumulator[key].Add(value);
                }
                else if (values.Count == 1)
                {
                    _accumulator[key] = new string[] { values[0]!, value };
                }
                else
                {
                    _accumulator[key] = default(StringValues);

                    if (_expandingAccumulator == null)
                    {
                        _expandingAccumulator = new Dictionary<string, List<string>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
                    }

                    var list = new List<string>(8);
                    var array = values.ToArray();

                    list.Add(array[0]!);
                    list.Add(array[1]!);
                    list.Add(value);

                    _expandingAccumulator[key] = list;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                _accumulator[key] = new StringValues(value);
            }

            ValueCount++;
        }

        public bool HasValues => ValueCount > 0;
        public int KeyCount => _accumulator?.Count ?? 0;
        public int ValueCount { get; private set; }

        public Dictionary<string, StringValues> GetResults()
        {
            if (_expandingAccumulator != null)
            {
                foreach (var entry in _expandingAccumulator)
                {
                    _accumulator[entry.Key] = new StringValues([.. entry.Value]);
                }
            }

            return _accumulator ?? new Dictionary<string, StringValues>(0, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
    }
}